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Clyde Tombaugh

"Tombaugh" redirects here. For other uses, seeTombaugh (disambiguation).

Clyde William Tombaugh(/ˈtɒmbaʊ/;February 4, 1906 – January 17, 1997) was an Americanastronomer.He discoveredPlutoin 1930, the first object to be discovered in what would later be identified as theKuiper belt.At the time of discovery, Pluto was considered the ninthplanet,but was reclassified as adwarf planetin 2006. Tombaugh also discovered manyasteroids,and called for the serious scientific research ofunidentified flying objects.

Clyde Tombaugh
Tombaugh at his family's farm with his homemade telescope (1928)
Born
Clyde William Tombaugh

(1906-02-04)February 4, 1906
Streator, Illinois,U.S.
DiedJanuary 17, 1997(1997-01-17)(aged 90)
Las Cruces, New Mexico,U.S.
Alma materUniversity of Kansas
OccupationAstronomer
Known forDiscovery ofPluto
Spouse
Patricia Edson
​
(m.1934)​
Children2
RelativesClayton Kershaw(great-nephew)
Awards

Early life

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Tombaugh was born inStreator, Illinois,son of Muron Dealvo Tombaugh, a farmer ofPennsylvania Dutchdescent,[1]and his wife Adella Pearl Chritton on February 4, 1906.[2]He was the first of six children in the family with his sister, Esther being born2+1⁄2years after Clyde followed by his brother Roy in 1912, Charles in 1914, Robert in 1923 and Anita Rachel in 1929.[3]Tombaugh's interest in astronomy appears to have begun when he visited theYerkes ObservatoryinLake Geneva, Wisconsinwhen he was 12 years old in 1918. His uncle Lee also helped spark his interest in astronomy as he was an amateur astronomer who used a 3-inch (76 mm) diameter non-achromatic refractor telescope and gave him several astronomy-related books.[4]

The family's poor finances, due to years of bad weather on the farm and a bad corn harvest in 1921, caused them to move to a new farm inBurdett, Kansasin 1922.[5][6]As the family had moved to the farm in August 1922 and the crops needed to be prepared urgently, Tombaugh had to drop out of high school for a year to help his father prepare the crops on the family farm.[7]Tombaugh graduated from high school in 1925.[8]Tombaugh's plans for attending college were frustrated when ahailstormin June 1928 ruined his family's farm crops.[9][10]Tombaugh read an article inPopular Astronomyin 1924 by an amateur astronomer named Latimer J. Wilson, titled "The Drift of Jupiter's Markings" showing sketches of Jupiter and decided he wanted to make his own telescope so he could see the features shown on Jupiter in sketches.[11][12]

Astronomy career

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Beginning in 1926, he built severaltelescopeswithlensesandmirrorsby himself.[10]To better test his telescope mirrors, Tombaugh, with just a pick and shovel, dug a pit 24 feet long, 8 feet deep, and 7 feet wide. This provided a constant air temperature, free of air currents, and was also used by the family as a root cellar and emergency shelter.[13]He sent drawings ofJupiterandMarsto theLowell Observatory,at Flagstaff, Arizona, which offered him a job.[14]Tombaugh worked there from 1929 to 1945.

Pluto

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Tombaugh created his photographic plates using this 13-inch (330 mm)astrograph

It was at Lowell in 1930 that Tombaugh discovered Pluto. Following his discovery, Tombaugh earned bachelor's and master's degrees in astronomy from theUniversity of Kansasin 1936 and 1938.[10] While a young researcher working for theLowell ObservatoryinFlagstaff, Arizona,Tombaugh was given the job to perform a systematic search for atrans-Neptunianplanet (also calledPlanet X), which had been predicted byPercival Lowellbased on calculations performed by his student mathematicianElizabeth Williams[15]andWilliam Pickering.

Starting April 6, 1929, Tombaugh used the observatory's 13-inch (330 mm)astrographto take photographs of the same section of sky several nights apart. He then used ablink comparatorto compare the different images. When he shifted between the two images, a moving object, such as a planet, would appear to jump from one position to another, while the more distant objects such as stars would appear stationary. Tombaugh noticed such a moving object in his search, near the place predicted by Lowell, and subsequent observations showed it to have an orbit beyond that ofNeptune.This ruled out classification as an asteroid, and they decided this was the ninth planet that Lowell had predicted. The discovery was made on Tuesday, February 18, 1930,[16]using images taken the previous month.[17]

Three classical mythological names were about equally popular among proposals for the new planet:Minerva,CronusandPluto.However, Minerva was already in use and the primary supporter of Cronus was widely disliked, leaving Pluto as the front-runner. Outside of Lowell staff, it was first proposed by an 11-year-old English schoolgirl,Venetia Burney.In its favor was that the Pluto ofRoman mythologywas able to render himself invisible, and that its first two letters formedPercival Lowell's initials. In order to avoid the name changes suffered by Neptune, the name was proposed to both theAmerican Astronomical Societyand theRoyal Astronomical Society,both of which approved it unanimously.[18]The name was officially adopted on May 1, 1930.

Pluto

Following the discovery, it was recognized that Pluto wasn't massive enough to be the expected ninth planet, and some astronomers began to consider it the first of a new class of object – and indeed Tombaugh searched for additional trans-Neptunian objects for years, though due to the lack of any further discoveries he concluded that Pluto was indeed a planet. The idea that Pluto was not a true planet remained a minority position until the discovery of otherKuiper beltobjects in the late 1990s, which showed that it did not orbit alone but was at best the largest of a number of icy bodies in its region of space. After it was shown that at least one such body, dubbedEris,was more massive than Pluto, theInternational Astronomical Union(IAU) reclassified Pluto on August 24, 2006, as adwarf planet,leaving eight planets in the Solar System.

Tombaugh's widow Patricia stated after the IAU's decision that while he might have been disappointed with the change since he had resisted attempts to remove Pluto's planetary status in his lifetime, he would have accepted the decision now if he were alive. She noted that he "was a scientist. He would understand they had a real problem when they start finding several of these things flying around the place."[19]Hal Levisonoffered this perspective on Tombaugh's place in history: "Clyde Tombaugh discovered the Kuiper Belt. That's a helluva lot more interesting than the ninth planet."[20]

Further research

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Tombaugh continued searching for over a decade after the discovery of Pluto, and the lack of further discoveries left him satisfied that no other object of a comparableapparent magnitudeexisted near theecliptic.No moretrans-Neptunian objectswere discovered until15760 Albion,in 1992.

However, in 2005 the relatively bright objectMakemakewas discovered. It has a relatively high orbitalinclination,but at the time of Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto, Makemake was only a few degrees from the ecliptic, near the border ofTaurusandAuriga,[21]at an apparent magnitude of 16.[22]This position was also very near thegalactic equator,making it almost impossible to find such an object within the dense concentration of background stars of theMilky Way.In the fourteen years of looking for planets, until he was drafted in July 1943, Tombaugh looked for motion in 90 million star images (two each of 45 million stars).[23]

Asteroids

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Tombaugh compared his photographic plates using this blink comparator.

Tombaugh is officially credited by the Minor Planet Center with discovering 15 asteroids, and he observed nearly 800asteroids[24]during his search for Pluto and years of follow-up searches looking for another candidate for the postulated Planet X. Tombaugh is also credited with the discovery of periodic comet 274P/Tombaugh–Tenagra.[25]He also discovered hundreds ofvariable stars,as well asstar clusters,galaxy clusters,and a galaxysupercluster.[10]

Minor planets discovered by Tombaugh
Designation Discovery
2839 Annette October 5, 1929
2941 Alden December 24, 1930
3310 Patsy October 9, 1931
3583 Burdett October 5, 1929
3754 Kathleen March 16, 1931
3775 Ellenbeth October 6, 1931
3824 Brendalee October 5, 1929
4510 Shawna December 13, 1930
4755 Nicky October 6, 1931
5701 Baltuck November 3, 1929
6618 Jimsimons September 16, 1936
7101 Haritina October 17, 1930
7150 McKellar October 11, 1929
(8778) 1931 TD3 October 10, 1931
134340 Pluto January 23, 1930

Theasteroid1604 Tombaugh,[26]discovered in 1931, is named after him. He discovered hundreds of asteroids, beginning with 2839 Annette in 1929, mostly as a by-product of his search for Pluto and his searches for other celestial objects.[10]Tombaugh named some of them after his wife, children and grandchildren. TheRoyal Astronomical Societyawarded him theJackson-Gwilt Medalin 1931.[27]

UFOs

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Tombaugh was probably the most eminent astronomer to have reported seeingunidentified flying objects.On August 20, 1949, Tombaugh saw several unidentified objects nearLas Cruces, New Mexico.He described them as six to eight rectangular lights, stating: "I doubt that the phenomenon was any terrestrial reflection, because... nothing of the kind has ever appeared before or since... I was so unprepared for such a strange sight that I was really petrified with astonishment.".[28]

Tombaugh observed these rectangles of light for about 3 seconds and his wife saw them for about1+1⁄2seconds. He never supported the interpretation as a spaceship that has often been attributed to him. He considered other possibilities, with a temperature inversion as the most likely cause.[29]

From my own studies of the solar system I cannot entertain any serious possibility for intelligent life on other planets, not even for Mars... The logistics of visitations from planets revolving around the nearer stars is staggering. In consideration of the hundreds of millions of years in the geologic time scale when such visits may have possibly occurred, the odds of a single visit in a given century or millennium are overwhelmingly against such an event.[29]

A much more likely source of explanation is some natural optical phenomenon in our own atmosphere. In my 1949 sightings the faintness of the object, together with the manner of fading in intensity as it traveled away from the zenith towards the southeastern horizon, is quite suggestive of a reflection from an optical boundary or surface of slight contrast in refractive index, as in an inversion layer.[29]

I have never seen anything like it before or since, and I have spent a lot of time where the night sky could be seen well. This suggests that the phenomenon involves a comparatively rare set of conditions or circumstances to produce it, but nothing like the odds of an interstellar visitation.[29]

Another sighting by Tombaugh a year or two later while at a White Sands observatory was of an object of −6 magnitude, four times brighter than Venus at its brightest, going from the zenith to the southern horizon in about 3 seconds. The object executed the same maneuvers as in Tombaugh's first sighting.[30]

Tombaugh later reported having seen three of the mysteriousgreen fireballs,which suddenly appeared over New Mexico in late 1948 and continued at least through the early 1950s. A researcher onProject Twinklereported that Tombaugh "... never observed an unexplainable aerial object despite his continuous and extensive observations of the sky."[31]

Shortly after this, in January 1957, in anAssociated Pressarticle in theAlamogordo Daily Newstitled "Celestial Visitors May Be Invading Earth's Atmosphere", Tombaugh was again quoted on his sightings and opinion about them. "Although our own solar system is believed to support no other life than on Earth, other stars in the galaxy may have hundreds of thousands of habitable worlds. Races on these worlds may have been able to utilize the tremendous amounts of power required to bridge the space between the stars...". Tombaugh stated that he had observed celestial phenomena which he could not explain, but had seen none personally since 1951 or 1952. "These things, which do appear to be directed, are unlike any other phenomena I ever observed. Their apparent lack of obedience to the ordinary laws of celestial motion gives credence."[32]

In 1949, Tombaugh had also told the Naval missile director atWhite Sands Missile Range,Commander Robert McLaughlin, that he had seen a bright flash on Mars on August 27, 1941, which he now attributed to an atomic blast.[33]Tombaugh also noted that the first atomic bomb tested in New Mexico would have lit up the dark side of the Earth like a neon sign and that Mars was coincidentally quite close at the time, the implication apparently being that the atomic test would have been visible from Mars.

In June 1952, Dr.J. Allen Hynek,an astronomer acting as a scientific consultant to the Air Force'sProject Blue BookUFO study, secretly conducted a survey of fellow astronomers on UFO sightings and attitudes while attending an astronomy convention. Tombaugh and four other astronomers, including Dr.Lincoln LaPazof the University of New Mexico, told Hynek about their sightings. Tombaugh also told Hynek that his telescopes were at the Air Force's disposal for taking photos of UFOs, if he was properly alerted.[34]

Near-Earth objects

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Tombaugh's offer may have led to his involvement in a search forNear-Earth objects,first announced in late 1953 and sponsored by the Army Office of Ordnance Research. Another public statement was made on the search in March 1954, emphasizing the rationale that such an orbiting object would serve as a naturalspace station.[35]However, according toDonald Keyhoe,later director of theNational Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena(NICAP), the real reason for the sudden search was because two near-Earth orbiting objects had been picked up on new long-range radar in the summer of 1953, according to hisPentagonsource.

By May 1954, Keyhoe was making public statements that his sources told him the search had indeed been successful, and either one or two objects had been found.[36]However, the story did not break until August 23, 1954, whenAviation Weekmagazine stated that two satellites had been found only 400 and 600 miles out. They were termed "natural satellites" and implied that they had been recently captured, despite this being a virtual impossibility. The next day, the story was in many major newspapers. Dr. LaPaz was implicated in the discovery in addition to Tombaugh. LaPaz had earlier conducted secret investigations on behalf of the Air Force on thegreen fireballsand other unidentified aerial phenomena over New Mexico.The New York Timesreported on August 29 that "a source close to the O. O. R. unit here described as 'quite accurate' the report in the magazine Aviation Week that two previously unobserved satellites had been spotted and identified by Dr. Lincoln LaPaz of the University of New Mexico as natural and not artificial objects. This source also said there was absolutely no connection between the reported satellites andflying saucerreports. "[37]However, in the October 10 issue, LaPaz said the magazine article was "false in every particular, in so far as reference to me is concerned."[38]

Both LaPaz and Tombaugh were to issue public denials that anything had been found. The October 1955 issue ofPopular Mechanicsmagazine reported: "Professor Tombaugh is closemouthed about his results. He won't say whether or not any small natural satellites have been discovered. He does say, however, that newspaper reports of 18 months ago announcing the discovery of natural satellites at 400 and 600 miles out are not correct. He adds that there is no connection between the search program and the reports of so-called flying saucers."[39]

At a meteor conference in Los Angeles in 1957, Tombaugh reiterated that his four-year search for "natural satellites" had been unsuccessful.[40]In 1959, Tombaugh was to issue a final report stating that nothing had been found in his search. His personal 16-inchtelescopewas reassembled and dedicated on September 17, 2009, atRancho Hidalgo, New Mexico (near Animas, New Mexico),adjacent toAstronomy's new observatory.[41]

Other ventures

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DuringWorld War IIhe taught naval personnel navigation atNorthern Arizona University.[10]He worked atWhite Sands Missile Rangein the early 1950s, and taught astronomy atNew Mexico State Universityfrom 1955 until his retirement in 1973. In 1980 he was inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Fame.[42]In 1991, he received theAmerican Academy of Achievement'sGolden Plate Award presented by Awards Council memberGlenn T. Seaborg.[43][44]

Later life

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Direct visual observation became rare in astronomy. By 1965,Robert S. Richardsoncalled Tombaugh one of two great living experienced visual observers as talented asPercival LowellorGiovanni Schiaparelli.[45]In 1980, Tombaugh andPatrick Moorewrote a bookOut of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto.[46]In August 1992,JPLscientist Robert Staehle called Tombaugh, requesting permission to visit his planet. "I told him he was welcome to it," Tombaugh later remembered, "though he's got to go one long, cold trip."[47]The call eventually led to the launch of theNew Horizonsspace probe to Pluto in 2006. Following the passage ofPlutobyNew Horizonson July 14, 2015, the "Heart of Pluto" was namedTombaugh Regio.

Personal life

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Clyde Tombaugh had five siblings. Through the daughter of his youngest brother, Robert, he is the great-uncle ofLos Angeles DodgerspitcherClayton Kershaw.[48]He married to Patricia Edson in 1934. They had two children, Annette and Alden.[49]

Tombaugh was an activeUnitarian Universalist,and he and his wife helped found the Unitarian Universalist Church of Las Cruces, New Mexico.[50]

Death

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Tombaugh died on January 17, 1997, inLas Cruces, New Mexico,at the age of 90, and he was cremated. A small portion of his ashes was placed aboard theNew Horizonsspacecraft. The container includes the inscription: "Interred herein are remains of American Clyde W. Tombaugh, discoverer of Pluto and the Solar System's 'third zone'. Adelle and Muron's boy, Patricia's husband, Annette and Alden's father, astronomer, teacher, punster and friend: Clyde W. Tombaugh (1906–1997)".[51]Tombaugh was survived by his wife, Patricia (1912–2012), and their children, Annette and Alden.[52]

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  • Clyde Tombaugh's fame for his discovery of Pluto was enough for him to qualify as a contestant on the October 24, 1956, episode of the game showI've Got A Secret.
  • The 2006 releaseThe Avalancheby musical artistSufjan Stevenscontains an instrumental track titled "For Clyde Tombaugh".[53]
  • The ninth episode of the fourth season ofFargofeatured a visit to a memorial marking the site of Tombaugh's boyhood home.[54]
  • Robert Heinlein's 1958 juvenile science fiction novelHave Space Suit – Will Travelfeatures a scientific base on Earth's moon called Tombaugh Station.[55]When the hero arrives on Pluto, he reflects:

I had never been much interested in Pluto—too few facts and too much speculation, too far away and not desirable real estate. By comparison the Moon was a choice residential suburb. Professor Tombaugh (the one the station was named for) was working on a giant electronic telescope to photograph it, under a Guggenheim grant, but he had a special interest; he discovered Pluto years before I was born.

— Robert A. Heinlein,Have Space Suit – Will Travel, Ace paperback, p. 113

See also

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References

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  1. ^Tombaugh, Reno G. (1930)."Tombaugh History".genealogy.fulco.lib.in.us.Tombaugh Publishing House (published 1978).RetrievedSeptember 5,2024.
  2. ^Tombaugh, Clyde; Patrick Moore (1980).Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto.Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp.17.ISBN978-0811711630."I was born on a farm near Streator, Illinois, on 4 February 1906."
  3. ^Levy, David H. (1991)."The Educated Ones".Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto.Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 14.ISBN978-0-8165-1148-8– via Internet Archive.
  4. ^Levy, David H. (1991).Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto.Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp. 19 & 20.ISBN978-0-8165-1148-8– via Internet Archive.
  5. ^Levy, David H. (1991).Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto.Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 20.ISBN978-0-8165-1148-8– via Internet Archive.
  6. ^O'Hara, Elva R. (2006–2007)."Clyde W. Tombaugh: Farm Boy Reached for the Stars".EPCC Library Services: Library Research Guides.Archivedfrom the original on January 2, 2024.RetrievedJanuary 2,2024.
  7. ^Tombaugh, Clyde William; Moore, Patrick (1980).Out of the darkness, the planet Pluto.Stackpole Books. p. 19.ISBN978-0-8117-1163-0– via Internet Archive.My family moved to Kansas in August 1922. A great deal of urgent work had to be done in preparing over 250 acres of ground for the fall seeding of wheat. It was necessary for me to drop out of high school for one year to assist my father in this work.
  8. ^Tombaugh, Clyde William; Moore, Patrick (1980).Out of the darkness, the planet Pluto.Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. p. 19.ISBN978-0-8117-1163-0.I graduated from the small high school in Burdett, Kansas, in 1925.
  9. ^Levy, David H. (1991).Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto.Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 26.ISBN978-0-8165-1148-8– via Internet Archive.
  10. ^abcdef"A Man of Universal Wonder".achievement.org.American Academy of Achievement.September 9, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on August 5, 2020.RetrievedApril 25,2010.
  11. ^Levy, David H. (1991).Clyde Tombaugh: Discover of planet Pluto.University of Arizona Press. pp. 19 & 22.ISBN978-0-8165-1148-8– via Internet Archive.
  12. ^"Latimer J. Wilson papers".New Mexico Archives Online.Archivedfrom the original on January 29, 2023.RetrievedJanuary 2,2023.
  13. ^Tombaugh, Clyde; Patrick Moore (1980).Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto.Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp.17.ISBN978-0811711630.
  14. ^"BBC Sky at Night episode on Clyde Tombaugh".Archivedfrom the original on December 28, 2017.RetrievedFebruary 14,2018.
  15. ^"Meet the unknown female mathematician whose calculations helped discover Pluto".space.February 18, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on February 18, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 19,2020.
  16. ^The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th Ed.The Columbia University Press. 2015. Archived fromthe originalon November 16, 2018.RetrievedFebruary 24,2016.[ISBN missing]
  17. ^"Kansas State Historical Society portrait".Archivedfrom the original on June 13, 2010.RetrievedJanuary 23,2010.
  18. ^Patrick Moore & Clyde Tombaugh (1980)Out of the darkness: the planet Pluto,p. 136.
  19. ^"Pluto Discoverer Saw It Coming, Says His Widow".CTV. Associated Press. August 25, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon August 30, 2006.RetrievedFebruary 28,2007.
  20. ^Robert Irion (February 5, 2014)."Pluto Wins".Slate.Archived fromthe originalon February 5, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 6,2014.
  21. ^based on Minor Planet Center online Minor Planet Ephemeris Service: March 1, 1930: RA: 05h51m, Dec: +29.0
  22. ^"Horizons Web-Interface".JPL Solar System Dynamics.Archivedfrom the original on August 17, 2016.RetrievedJuly 1,2008.
  23. ^Tombaugh (1980:172)
  24. ^Darling, David."Tombaugh, Clyde William (1906–1997)".The Internet Encyclopedia of Science.Archivedfrom the original on July 17, 2017.RetrievedApril 25,2010.
  25. ^Levy, David (2003).David Levy's Guide to Observing and Discovering Comets.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0521520515.Archivedfrom the original on May 19, 2024.RetrievedDecember 9,2020.
  26. ^"(1604) Tombaugh".Asteroid Dynamic Site.Archivedfrom the original on February 23, 2006.RetrievedFebruary 28,2007.
  27. ^"Jackson-Gwilt Medal Winners"(PDF).RAS website.Royal Astronomical Society.Archivedfrom the original on August 5, 2020.RetrievedJuly 14,2015.
  28. ^Scott C. Waring (2010).Ufo Sightings of 2006–2009.iUniverse. p. 88.ISBN978-1450232395.
  29. ^abcdMenzel, Donald H.;Boyd, Lyle G. (1963).The World of Flying Saucers: A scientific examination of a major myth of the space age.Doubleday.pp. 266–270.LCCN63012989.OCLC1285191.
  30. ^Steiger, Brad (1976).Project Blue Book.Ballantine Books. p.280.ISBN978-0345345257.
  31. ^"Final report of Project Twinkle".Archivedfrom the original on May 19, 2024.RetrievedDecember 11,2005.
  32. ^Clark, Jerry (1997).UFO Encyclopedia.Vol. 2. p. 896.[ISBN missing]
  33. ^McLaughlin, Robert (May 12, 1949)."Letter from Robert McLaughlin to James Van Allen".Roswell Proof.Archivedfrom the original on February 8, 2007.RetrievedFebruary 28,2007.
  34. ^Steiger, Brad (1976).Project Blue Book.Ballantine Books. pp.268–285.ISBN978-0345345257.
  35. ^"Armed Forces Seeks" Steppingstone to Stars "".Los Angeles Times.March 4, 1954.Archivedfrom the original on February 5, 2012.RetrievedMay 12,2005.
  36. ^"1 or 2 Artificial Satellites Circling Earth, Says Expert".San Francisco Examiner.May 14, 1954. p. 14.Archivedfrom the original on February 5, 2012.RetrievedMay 12,2005.
  37. ^"Earth 'Satellites' Spur Army Study".New York Times.August 29, 1954. p. 35.Archivedfrom the original on May 24, 2005.RetrievedMay 12,2005.
  38. ^"Scientist denies space base find".New York Times.October 10, 1954.Archivedfrom the original on May 24, 2005.RetrievedMay 12,2005.
  39. ^Stimson, Jr., Thomas E. (October 1955)."He Spies on Satellites".Popular Mechanics.p. 106.Archivedfrom the original on February 5, 2012.RetrievedMay 12,2005.
  40. ^Berry, Graham (September 4, 1957)."Prospecting for Buried Meteorites Suggested: Nickel, Platinum and Cobalt Believed to Abound in Deposits, Society Told".Los Angeles Times.Vol. 76. part III, p. 9.RetrievedMay 19,2024.It begins to look as if the earth has no such satellite, or certainly very few, if any
  41. ^David J. Eicher (September 18, 2009)."Editors dedicate Astronomy magazine's new observatory".Astronomy.Archivedfrom the original on January 22, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 22,2019.
  42. ^McClellan, Doug (October 5, 1980)."Space Hall of Fame Honors Four".El Paso Times.El Paso, Texas. p. 1B.Archivedfrom the original on February 12, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 10,2019– via Newspapers.
  43. ^"Clyde Tombaugh Biography and Interview".achievement.org.American Academy of Achievement.Archivedfrom the original on July 5, 2022.RetrievedJune 7,2022.
  44. ^"Awards Council member Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg presents the Academy's Golden Plate Award to Clyde W. Tombaugh, eminent astronomer who discovered Pluto, at 1991 American Academy of Achievement Summit in New York City".Academy of Achievement.Archivedfrom the original on July 5, 2022.RetrievedJune 7,2022.
  45. ^Ley, Willy; Menzel, Donald H.; Richardson, Robert S. (June 1965)."The Observatory on the Moon".For Your Information.Galaxy Science Fiction.pp. 132–150.
  46. ^Tombaugh, Clyde W.; Moore, Patrick (1980).Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto.Stackpole Books.ISBN0811711633.
  47. ^Dava Sobel (1993)."The last world".Discover magazine.Archivedfrom the original on July 3, 2018.RetrievedApril 13,2007.
  48. ^Berg, Ted (July 30, 2013)."Clayton Kershaw disses International Astronomers Union over Pluto".USA Today.Archivedfrom the original on April 9, 2015.RetrievedAugust 1,2013.
  49. ^Nola Taylor Tillman (February 15, 2013)."Clyde Tombaugh: Astronomer Who Discovered Pluto".Space.RetrievedOctober 5,2024.
  50. ^French, Kimberly (Fall 2005)."He found a planet and founded a church".UU World.Archivedfrom the original on February 29, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 10,2016.
  51. ^Buckley, M.; Alan Stern (February 3, 2006)."Happy 100th Birthday, Clyde Tombaugh".JHU Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived fromthe originalon April 15, 2007.RetrievedMay 19,2009.
  52. ^Hill, Karl (Summer 2001)."Tombaugh Family Donates Astronomer's Papers to NMSU".Panorama. Archived fromthe originalon July 3, 2001.RetrievedFebruary 28,2007.
  53. ^Dahlen, C. (July 11, 2006).Sufjan Stevens The Avalanche[Review of the albumThe Avalanche,by S. Stevens]. Pitchfork.https://pitchfork /reviews/albums/9195-the-avalanche/ArchivedMarch 16, 2021, at theWayback Machine
  54. ^Schager, Nick (November 16, 2020)."Fargo recap: The future is now!".EW.Entertainment Weekly.Archivedfrom the original on November 17, 2020.RetrievedNovember 17,2020.The Discoverer of Pluto plaque begins, "On this spot in 1906 stood the boyhood home of Dr. Clyde Tombaugh, discoverer of the planet Pluto..."
  55. ^Cowan, M.E."A Heinlein Concordance: Have Space Suit – Will Travel".HeinleinSociety.org.The Heinlein Society. Archived fromthe originalon April 27, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 15,2021.Tombaugh Station – Lunar base named for the discoverer of Pluto.

Sources

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  • Falk, Dan, "More than a one-hit wonder",Astronomy,February 2006, 40–45.
  • David H. LevyClyde Tombaugh: Discoverer of the Planet Pluto(Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1991).ISBN0816511489;also Sky Publishing Corporation, March 2006.
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