Coercion

Coercioninvolves compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner by the use ofthreats,including threats to useforceagainst that party.^[1]^[2]^{[need quotation to verify]}^[3]It involves a set of forceful actions which violate thefree willof an individual in order to induce a desired response. These actions may includeextortion,blackmail,or eventortureandsexual assault.

Common-lawsystems codify the act of violating a law while under coercion as aduress crime.^{[citation needed]}

Coercion used as leverage may force victims to act in a way contrary to their own interests. Coercion can involve not only the infliction of bodily harm, but alsopsychological abuse(the latter intended to enhance the perceivedcredibilityof the threat). The threat of further harm may also lead to the acquiescence of the person being coerced.

The concepts of coercion andpersuasionare similar, but various factors distinguish the two. These include the intent, the willingness to cause harm, the result of the interaction, and the options available to the coerced party.^[4]^: 126

John Rawls,Thomas Nagel,Ronald Dworkin,and other political authors argue thatthe state is coercive.^[5]^: 28In 1919,Max Weber(1864–1920), building on the view ofIhering(1818–1892),^[6] defined astateas "a human community that (successfully) claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force".^[7]^[8] Morris argues that the state can operate through incentives rather than coercion.^[5]^: 42Healthcare systems may useinformal coercionto make a patientadhereto a doctor's treatment plan. Under certain circumstances, medical staff may use physical coercion totreat a patient involuntarily.^[9]

Overview

The purpose of coercion is to substitute one's aims with weaker ones that the aggressor wants the victim to have. For this reason, many social philosophers have considered coercion as the polar opposite tofreedom.^[10]

Various forms of coercion are distinguished: first on the basis of thekind of injurythreatened, second according to itsaimsandscope,and finally according to itseffects,from which its legal, social, and ethical implications mostly depend.

Physical

Physical coercion is the most commonly considered form of coercion, where the content of the conditional threat is the use of force against a victim, their relatives or property. An often used example is "putting a gun to someone's head" (at gunpoint) or putting a "knife under the throat" (at knifepointor cut-throat) to compel action under the threat that non-compliance may result in the attacker harming or even killing the victim. These are so common that they are also used asmetaphorsfor other forms of coercion.

Armed forces in many countries usefiring squadsto maintaindisciplineand intimidate the masses, or opposition, into submission or silentcompliance.However, there also are nonphysical forms of coercion, where the threatened injury does not immediately imply the use of force. Byman and Waxman (2000) define coercion as "the use of threatened force, including the limited use of actual force to back up the threat, to induce an adversary to behave differently than it otherwise would."^[11]Coercion does not in many cases amount todestruction of propertyor life since compliance is the goal.

Pain compliance

Pain complianceis the use of painful stimulus to control or direct an organism.

The purpose of pain compliance is to direct the actions of the subject, and to this end, the pain is lessened or removed when compliance is achieved. This provides incentive to the subject to carry out the action required.^[12]

The stimulus can be manual through brute force and placing pressure on pain-sensitive areas on the body. Painfulhyperextensionorhyperflexionon joints is also used.^[13]Tools such as awhip,abaton,anelectroshock weaponor use chemicals such astear gasorpepper sprayare commonly used as well.^[14]

Psychological

In psychological coercion, the threatened injury regards the victim's relationships with other people. The most obvious example isblackmail,where the threat consists of the dissemination of damaging information. However, many other types are possible e.g. "emotional blackmail",which typically involves threats ofrejection fromor disapproval by a peer-group, orcreating feelings of guilt/obligationvia a display of anger or hurt by someone whom the victim loves or respects.

Notes

^"Definition of coercion".Merriam-Webster.December 2023.the act, process, or power of coercing
^Schelling, Thomas C. (1966).Arms and Influence.Yale University Press.doi:10.2307/j.ctt5vm52s.ISBN 978-0-300-00221-8.JSTOR j.ctt5vm52s.
^Pape, Robert A. (1996).Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War(1 ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 4.ISBN 978-0-8014-3134-0.JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v.'Coercion' means efforts to change the behavior of a state by manipulating costs and benefits.
^Powers, Penny (12 June 2007)."Persuasion and Coercion: A Critical Review of Philosophical and Empirical Approaches".HEC Forum.19(2): 125–143.doi:10.1007/s10730-007-9035-4.ISSN 0956-2737.PMID 17694994.S2CID 32041658.
^^a ^bMorris, Christopher W. (January 2012)."State Coercion and Force".Social Philosophy and Policy.29(1): 28–49.doi:10.1017/S0265052511000094.ISSN 0265-0525.S2CID 143472087.
^ Turner, Stephen;Factor, Regis (4 April 2014) [1987]. "Decisionism and Politics: Weber as Constitutional Theorist". In Whimster, Sam;Lash, Scott(eds.).Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity(reprint ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 337.ISBN 9781317833369.Retrieved28 March2023.The state, as Ihering defined it, is an association that is distinguished as a type of association by its claim of an exclusive right to exercise certain forms of coercion.
^ Quoted in: Stanger, Allison(27 October 2009)."State Power in a Privatized World".One Nation Under Contract: The Outsourcing of American Power and the Future of Foreign Policy.Yale University Press. p. 45.ISBN 9780300156324.Retrieved28 March2023.In Max Weber's classic definition, the state is 'a human community that (successfully) claims themonopoly of the legitimate use of physical forcewithin a territory.'
^ Weber, Max(1919) [28 January 1919]."Politics as a Vocation"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 March 2013.Retrieved28 March2023.In the past, the most varied institutions - beginning with the sib - have known the use of physical force as quite normal. Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.
^Hotzy, Florian; Jaeger, Matthias (2016)."Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review".Frontiers in Psychiatry.7:197.doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197.ISSN 1664-0640.PMC5149520.PMID 28018248.
^Bhatia, K. L. (2010).Textbook on Legal Language and Legal Writing.Universal Law Publishing.ISBN 978-81-7534-894-3.
^Byman, Daniel L.; Waxman, Matthew C.:Kosovo and the Great Air Power Debate,International Security,Vol. 24, No. 4 (Spring, 2000), pp. 5–38.
^Terrill, William; Paoline, Eugene A. (March 2013). "Examining Less Lethal Force Policy and the Force Continuum: Results From a National Use-of-Force Study".Police Quarterly.16(1): 38–65.doi:10.1177/1098611112451262.S2CID 154365926.
^"USMC Martial Arts Gray Belt Instructor Manual".Retrieved30 April2015.
^Simpson, Fiona (2 March 2020). "Fall in YOI staff linked to restraint increase".Children and Young People Now.2020(3): 14–15.doi:10.12968/cypn.2020.3.14.S2CID 253113380.

References

Anderson, Scott A. (n.d.)."Towards a Better Theory of Coercion, and a Use for It"(PDF).The University of Chicago. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 8 March 2005.Retrieved12 October2018.
Lifton, Robert J. (1961)Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism,Penguin Books.ISBN 9781614276753

External links

Media related toCoercionat Wikimedia Commons
Anderson, Scott."Coercion".InZalta, Edward N.(ed.).Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy..
Carter, Barry E.Economic Coercion,Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law(subscription required)

[1] "Definition of coercion".Merriam-Webster.December 2023.the act, process, or power of coercing

[2] Schelling, Thomas C. (1966).Arms and Influence.Yale University Press.doi:10.2307/j.ctt5vm52s.ISBN 978-0-300-00221-8.JSTOR j.ctt5vm52s.

[3] Pape, Robert A. (1996).Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War(1 ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 4.ISBN 978-0-8014-3134-0.JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v.'Coercion' means efforts to change the behavior of a state by manipulating costs and benefits.

[4] Powers, Penny (12 June 2007)."Persuasion and Coercion: A Critical Review of Philosophical and Empirical Approaches".HEC Forum.19(2): 125–143.doi:10.1007/s10730-007-9035-4.ISSN 0956-2737.PMID 17694994.S2CID 32041658.

[:1-5] Morris, Christopher W. (January 2012)."State Coercion and Force".Social Philosophy and Policy.29(1): 28–49.doi:10.1017/S0265052511000094.ISSN 0265-0525.S2CID 143472087.

[6] Turner, Stephen;Factor, Regis (4 April 2014) [1987]. "Decisionism and Politics: Weber as Constitutional Theorist". In Whimster, Sam;Lash, Scott(eds.).Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity(reprint ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 337.ISBN 9781317833369.Retrieved28 March2023.The state, as Ihering defined it, is an association that is distinguished as a type of association by its claim of an exclusive right to exercise certain forms of coercion.

[7] Quoted in: Stanger, Allison(27 October 2009)."State Power in a Privatized World".One Nation Under Contract: The Outsourcing of American Power and the Future of Foreign Policy.Yale University Press. p. 45.ISBN 9780300156324.Retrieved28 March2023.In Max Weber's classic definition, the state is 'a human community that (successfully) claims themonopoly of the legitimate use of physical forcewithin a territory.'

[8] Weber, Max(1919) [28 January 1919]."Politics as a Vocation"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 March 2013.Retrieved28 March2023.In the past, the most varied institutions - beginning with the sib - have known the use of physical force as quite normal. Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.

[:0-9] Hotzy, Florian; Jaeger, Matthias (2016)."Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review".Frontiers in Psychiatry.7:197.doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197.ISSN 1664-0640.PMC5149520.PMID 28018248.

[10] Bhatia, K. L. (2010).Textbook on Legal Language and Legal Writing.Universal Law Publishing.ISBN 978-81-7534-894-3.

[11] Byman, Daniel L.; Waxman, Matthew C.:Kosovo and the Great Air Power Debate,International Security,Vol. 24, No. 4 (Spring, 2000), pp. 5–38.

[12] Terrill, William; Paoline, Eugene A. (March 2013). "Examining Less Lethal Force Policy and the Force Continuum: Results From a National Use-of-Force Study".Police Quarterly.16(1): 38–65.doi:10.1177/1098611112451262.S2CID 154365926.

[13] "USMC Martial Arts Gray Belt Instructor Manual".Retrieved30 April2015.

[14] Simpson, Fiona (2 March 2020). "Fall in YOI staff linked to restraint increase".Children and Young People Now.2020(3): 14–15.doi:10.12968/cypn.2020.3.14.S2CID 253113380.

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