Wikipedia

Common rail

For other uses, seeCommon rail (disambiguation).

Common rail direct fuel injectionis a directfuel injectionsystem built around a high-pressure(over 2,000baror 200MPaor 29,000psi) fuel rail feedingsolenoid valves,as opposed to a low-pressurefuel pumpfeedingunit injectors(or pump nozzles). High-pressure injection delivers power and fuel consumption benefits over earlier lower pressure fuel injection,[citation needed]by injecting fuel as a larger number of smaller droplets, giving a much higher ratio of surface area to volume. This provides improved vaporization from the surface of the fuel droplets, and so more efficient combining of atmospheric oxygen with vaporized fuel delivering more completecombustion.

Diesel fuel injector as installed in a MAN V8 Diesel engine

Common rail injection is widely used indiesel engines.It is also the basis ofgasoline direct injectionsystems used onpetrol engines.

History

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Common rail fuel system on a Volvo truck engine

In 1916Vickerspioneered the use of mechanical common rail systems inG-class submarineengines. For every 90° of rotation, four plunger pumps allowed a constant injection pressure of 3,000 pounds per square inch (210 bar; 21 MPa), with fuel delivery to individual cylinders being shut off by valves in the injector lines.[1]From 1921 to 1980Doxford Enginesused a common rail system in theiropposed-piston marine engines,where a multicylinder reciprocating fuel pump generated a pressure around 600 bars (60 MPa; 8,700 psi), with fuel stored in accumulator bottles.[2]Pressure control was achieved by an adjustable pump discharge stroke and a "spill valve". Camshaft-operated mechanical timing valves were used to supply the spring-loaded Brice/CAV/Lucas injectors, which injected through the side of the cylinder into the chamber formed between the pistons. Early engines had a pair of timing cams, one for ahead running and one for astern. Later engines had two injectors per cylinder, and the final series of constant-pressure turbocharged engines was fitted with four. This system was used for the injection of both diesel and heavy fuel oil (600cSt heated to a temperature near 130 °C).

Common rail engines have been used in marine andlocomotiveapplications for some time. TheCooper-BessemerGN-8 (circa1942) is an example of a hydraulically operated common rail diesel engine, also known as a modified common rail.

The common rail system prototype for automotive engines was developed in the late 1960s byRobert Huberof Switzerland, and the technology was further developed by Dr. MarcoGanserat theSwiss Federal Institute of Technologyin Zurich, later ofGanser-Hydromag AG(est. 1995) in Oberägeri.

The first common-rail-Diesel-engine used in a road vehicle was the MN 106-engine by East GermanVEBIFA Motorenwerke Nordhausen.It was built into a singleIFA W50in 1985. Due to a lack of funding, the development was cancelled and mass production was never achieved.[3]

The first successful mass production vehicle with common rail, was sold in Japan in 1995. Dr. Shohei Itoh and Masahiko Miyaki of theDenso Corporationdeveloped the ECD-U2 common rail system, mounted on theHino Rangertruck.[4]Denso claims the first commercial high-pressure common rail system in 1995.[5]

Modern common rail systems are governed by anengine control unit,which controls injectors electrically rather than mechanically. Prototyped in the 1990s byMagneti Marelli,Centro Ricerche Fiat inBari,and Elasis, with further development by physicist Mario RiccoFiat Group.Unfortunately Fiat were in a poor financial state at this time, so the design was acquired byRobert Bosch GmbHfor refinement and mass production.[6]The first passenger car to use this system was the 1997Alfa Romeo 156with a 2.4-LJTD engine,[7]and later that same year,Mercedes-Benzintroduced it in theirW202model. In 2001, common rail injection made its way into the 6.6 liter Duramax LB7 V8 used in the Chevrolet Silverado HD and GMC Sierra HD. In 2003 Dodge and Cummins launched common rail engines, and Ford followed in 2008 with the 6.4L Powerstroke. Today almost all non-commercial diesel vehicles use common rail systems.

Applications

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The common rail system is suitable for all types of road cars with diesel engines, ranging fromcity cars(such as theFiat Panda) toexecutive cars(such as theAudi A8). The main suppliers of modern common rail systems areBosch,Delphi Technologies,Denso,andSiemens VDO(now owned byContinental AG).[8]

Acronyms and branding used

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Bosch common rail diesel fuel injector from a Volvo truck engine

The automotive manufacturers refer to their common rail engines by their ownbrandnames:

Principles

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Diagram of the common rail system

Solenoid orpiezoelectricvalves make possible fineelectronic controlover the fuel-injection time and quantity, and the higher pressure that the common rail technology makes available provides better fuelatomisation.To lower enginenoise,the engine's electronic control unit can inject a small amount of diesel just before the main injection event ( "pilot" injection), thus reducing its explosiveness and vibration, as well as optimising injection timing and quantity for variations in fuel quality, cold starting, and so on. Some advanced common rail fuel systems perform as many as five injections per stroke.[9]

Common rail engines require a very short to no heating-up time, depending on the ambient temperature, and produce lower engine noise and emissions than older systems.[10]

Diesel engines have historically used various forms of fuel injection. Two common types include theunit-injectionsystem and thedistributor/inline-pump systems.While these older systems provide accurate fuel quantity and injection timing control, they are limited by several factors:

  • They are cam driven, and injection pressure is proportional to engine speed. This typically means that the highest injection pressure can only be achieved at the highest engine speed and the maximum achievable injection pressure decreases as engine speed decreases. This relationship is true with all pumps, even those used on common rail systems. With unit or distributor systems, the injection pressure is tied to the instantaneous pressure of a single pumping event with no accumulator, thus the relationship is more prominent and troublesome.
  • They are limited in the number and timing of injection events that can be commanded during a single combustion event. While multiple injection events are possible with these older systems, it is much more difficult and costly to achieve.
  • For the typical distributor/inline system, the start of injection occurs at a predetermined pressure (often referred to as pop pressure) and ends at a predetermined pressure. This characteristic results from "dumb" injectors in the cylinder head which open and close at pressures determined by the spring preload applied to the plunger in the injector. Once the pressure in the injector reaches a predetermined level, the plunger lifts and injection starts.

In common rail systems, a high-pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure — up to and above 2,000 bars (200 MPa; 29,000 psi). The term "common rail" refers to the fact that all of thefuel injectorsare supplied by a common fuel rail which is nothing more than a pressure accumulator where the fuel is stored at high pressure. This accumulator supplies multiple fuel injectors with high-pressure fuel. This simplifies the purpose of the high-pressure pump in that it only needs to maintain a target pressure (either mechanically or electronically controlled). The fuel injectors are typically controlled by theengine control unit(ECU). When the fuel injectors are electrically activated, a hydraulic valve (consisting of a nozzle and plunger) is mechanically or hydraulically opened and fuel is sprayed into the cylinders at the desired pressure. Since the fuel pressure energy is stored remotely and the injectors are electrically actuated, the injection pressure at the start and end of injection is very near the pressure in the accumulator (rail), thus producing a square injection rate. If the accumulator, pump, and plumbing are sized properly, the injection pressure and rate will be the same for each of the multiple injection events.

Third-generation[vague]common rail diesels now featurepiezoelectricinjectors for increased precision, with fuel pressures up to 2,500 bar (250 MPa; 36,000 psi).[11]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Cummins, C. Lyle (2007).Diesels for the First Stealth Weapon.Carnot Press. pp. 196–198.ISBN978-0-917308-06-2.
  2. ^"Doxford Engine Reference".Archivedfrom the original on 2007-12-20.
  3. ^"Nordhäuser an Entwicklung des weltweit ersten Common-Rail-Diesels beteiligt – IFA-Museum öffnet zur Nordhäuser Museumsnacht".meinanzeiger.de. 25 March 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 2020-10-28.Retrieved2022-03-03.
  4. ^"240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology - Common rail ECD-U2".Jsae.or.jp. Archived fromthe originalon 2009-09-08.Retrieved2009-04-29.
  5. ^"Diesel Fuel Injection".DENSO Global.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-08-07.Retrieved2011-08-03.
  6. ^"Fiat Rebirth of a carmaker".economist.2008-04-24.Archivedfrom the original on 2009-09-08.Retrieved2008-05-01.
  7. ^"New Powertrain Technologies Conference".autonews.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-07-03.Retrieved2008-04-08.
  8. ^"Denso targets French, US automakers: World's No. 4 supplier will grow organically, not by acquisitions".Europe.autonews.2005-10-17.Retrieved16 May2018.
  9. ^(multistroke injection) See BMW 2009 Brochure for 3 series
  10. ^"Archived copy".carservicesalisbury.Archived fromthe originalon 14 May 2018.Retrieved15 January2022.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^"DENSO Develops a New Diesel Common Rail System With the World's Highest Injection Pressure| News | DENSO Global Website".DENSO Global Website.2013-06-26.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-10-13.
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