Consul (representative)

"Honorary consul" redirects here. For the novel, seeThe Honorary Consul.

Aconsulis an official representative of a government who resides in a foreign country to assist and protectcitizensof the consul's country, and to promote and facilitate commercial and diplomatic relations between the two countries.

A consul is generally part of a government'sdiplomatic corpsorforeign service,and thus enjoys certain privileges and protections in the host state, albeit without fulldiplomatic immunity.Unlike anambassador,who serves as the single representative of one government to another, a state may appoint several consuls in a foreign nation, typically in major cities; consuls are usually tasked with providing assistance in bureaucratic issues to both citizens of their own country traveling or living abroad and to the citizens of the country in which the consul resides who wish to travel to or trade with the consul's country.

This building onLuís de Camões SquareinLisbon,Portugal was the site of the Consulate-General ofBrazilfor more than a century.

Origin and history

Antecedent: the classical Greekproxenos

Inclassical Greece,some of the functions of the modern consul were fulfilled by aproxenos,which means an arrangement which a citizen (chosen by the city) hosted foreign ambassadors at his own expense, in return for honorary titles from the state. Unlike the modern position, this was a citizen of the host polity (in Greece, acity-state). The proxenos was usually a wealthy merchant who hadsocioeconomicties with another city and who helped its citizens when they were in trouble in his own city. The position of proxenos was oftenhereditaryin a particular family. Modern honorary consuls fulfill a function that is to a degree similar to that of the ancient Greek institution.

Historical development of the term

Consulswere the highestmagistratesof theRoman RepublicandRoman Empire.The term was revived by theRepublic of Genoa,which, unlike Rome, bestowed it on various state officials, not necessarily restricted to the highest. Among these were Genoese officials stationed in various Mediterranean ports, whose role included duties similar to those of the modern consul (i.e., helping Genoese merchants and sailors in difficulties with the local authorities).

Theconsolat de marwas an institution established under the reign ofPeter IV of Aragonin the fourteenth century, and spread to 47 locations throughout the Mediterranean.It was primarily a judicial body, administeringmaritimeandcommercial lawaslex mercatoria.Although theconsolat de marwas established by theCortes of Aragon,the consuls were independent from the King. This distinction between consular and diplomatic functions remains (at least formally) to this day. Modern consuls retain limited judicial powers to settle disputes on ships from their country (notably regarding the payment of wages to sailors).

Theconsulado de mercadereswas set up in 1543 inSevilleas a merchant guild to control trade withLatin America.As such, it had branches in the principal cities of the Spanish colonies.

The connection of "consul" with trade and commercial law is retained in French. In Francophone countries, ajuge consulaire(consular judge) is a non-professional judge elected by thechamber of commerceto settle commercial disputes in the first instance (in France, sitting in panels of three; in Belgium, in conjunction with a professional magistrate).

Lübeck

In the social life of 19th-centuryLübeckas depicted inThomas Mann's novelBuddenbrooks– based on Mann's thorough personal knowledge of his own birthplace – an appointment as the consul of a foreign country was a source of considerable social prestige among the city's merchant elite. As depicted in the book, the position of a consul for a particular country was in practice hereditary in a specific family, whose mansion bore the represented country's coat of arms, and with that country confirming the consul's son or other heir in the position on the death of the previous consul. As repeatedly referenced by Mann, a consul's wife was known as "Konsulin" and continued to bear that title even on the death of her husband. Characters in the book are mentioned as consuls forDenmark,theNetherlandsandPortugal.

Colonial and similar roles

Main article:Administrative consul

Concessions and extraterritoriality

Main article:Consulates in extraterritorial jurisdictions

European consuls in the Ottoman Empire

Main article:History of European consuls in the Ottoman Empire

Role and duties

Main article:Consulate

Consulate-General of Indonesia in HoustonisIndonesia's representation inHouston,Texas,United States

Consulate ofKazakhstaninOmsk,Russia

The office of a consul is aconsulateand is usuallysubordinateto the state's main representation in the capital of that foreign country (host state), usually anembassyor – betweenCommonwealthcountries –high commission.Like the termsembassyorhigh commission,consulatemay refer not only to the office of consul, but also to the building occupied by the consul and their staff. The consulate may share premises with the embassy itself.

Consular rank

A consul of the highest rank is termed aconsul-general andis appointed to aconsulate-general.There is typically one or moredeputy consuls-general,consuls,vice-consuls,andconsular agentsworking under the consul-general. A country may appoint more than one consul-general to another nation.

A consul general (CG) (plural: consuls general) is an official who heads a consulate general and is a consul of the highest rank serving at a particular location.A consul general may also be responsible forconsular districtswhich contain other, subordinate consular offices within a country.The consul general serves as a representative of their state in the country where they are located, although ultimate jurisdiction over the right to speak on behalf of a home country within another country belongs to the single ambassador.

Another definition is the leader of the consular section of an embassy. This consul general is a diplomat and a member of the ambassador's country team.

Authority and activities

Consuls of various ranks may have specific legal authority for certain activities, such as notarizing documents. As such, diplomatic personnel with other responsibilities may receive consularletters patent(commissions). Aside from those outlined in theVienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations,there are few formal requirements outlining what a consular official must do. For example, for some countries, consular officials may be responsible for the issue of visas; other countries may limit "consular services" to providing assistance to compatriots, legalization of documents, etc. Nonetheless, consulates proper will be headed by consuls of various ranks, even if such officials have little or no connection with the more limited sense of consular service.

Activities of a consulate include protecting the interests of their citizens temporarily or permanently resident in the host country, issuingpassports;issuingvisasto foreigners andpublic diplomacy.However, the principal role of a consulate lies traditionally in promoting trade—assisting companies to invest and to import and export goods and services both inwardly to their home country and outward to their host country. Although it is not admitted publicly, consulates, like embassies, may also gatherintelligenceinformation from the assigned country.

Consular districts

Main article:Consular district

Contrary to popular belief, many of the staff of consulates may be career diplomats, but they do not generally havediplomatic immunityunless they are also accredited as such. Immunities and privileges for consuls and accredited staff of consulates (consular immunity) are generally limited to actions undertaken in their official capacity and, with respect to the consulate itself, to those required for official duties. In practice, the extension and application of consular privileges and immunities can differ widely from country to country.

Consulates are more numerous than diplomatic missions, such asembassies.Ambassadors are posted only in a foreign nation's capital (but exceptionally outside the country, as in the case of a multiple mandate, e.g., a minor power may accredit a single ambassador with several neighbouring states of modest relative importance that are not considered important allies).

Consuls are posted in a nation's capital, and in other cities throughout that country, especially centres of economic activity and cities with large populations ofexpatriates.In the United States for example, most countries have a consulate-general inNew York City(the home of theUnited Nations), and some have consulates-general inother major cities.

Consulates are subordinate posts of their home country's diplomatic mission (typically anembassy,in the capital city of the host country). Diplomatic missions are established ininternational lawunder theVienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations,while consulates-general and consulates are established in international law under theVienna Convention on Consular Relations.Formally, at least within the US system, the consular career (ranking in descending order: consul-general, consul, vice-consul, honorary consul) forms a different hierarchy from the diplomats in the strict sense. However, it is common for individuals to be transferred from one hierarchy to the other, and for consular officials to serve in a capital carrying out strictly consular duties within theconsular sectionof a diplomatic post, e.g., within an embassy.

BetweenCommonwealthcountries, both diplomatic and consular activities may be undertaken by aHigh Commissionin the capital, although larger Commonwealth nations generally also have consulates and consulates-general in major cities. For example,Toronto,SydneyandAucklandare of greater economic importance than their respective national capitals, hence the need for consulates there.

Hong Kong

WhenHong Kongwas underBritish administration,diplomatic missionsofCommonwealthcountries, such as Canada,Australia,New Zealand,India,Malaysia,andSingaporewere known ascommissions.After thetransfer of sovereigntytoChinain 1997, they were renamedconsulates-general,with the last commissioner becoming consul-general.However, the Australian commission had been renamed the consulate-general in 1986.

Owing to Hong Kong's status as aspecial administrative regionofChina,some countries' consulates-general in Hong Kong report directly to their respectiveforeign ministries,rather than to their embassies inBeijing,such as those ofCanada,theUnited Kingdomand theUnited States.

Honorary consul

Honorary consulate ofPolandinJerusalem

Honorary consulate ofPortugalinMindelo,Cape Verde

Some consuls are not career officials of the represented state. They may be local people with the nationality of the sending country,and in smaller cities, or in cities that are very distant from full-time diplomatic missions, a foreign government which feels that some form of representation is nevertheless desirable may appoint a person who has not hitherto been part of their diplomatic service to fulfill this role. Such a consul may well combine the job with their own (often commercial) private activities, and in some instances may not even be a citizen of the sending country. Such consular appointments are usually given the title ofhonorary consulorconsulad honorem.

Such hosting and appointing varies from nation to nation, with some doing both, one or the other, or neither. The transparency also varies, with some nation-states not even including such information on the websites of their foreign ministries. Furthermore, some do not use the honorary consul system at all.

The United States of America limits whom it will recognise as honorary consuls and grants only some limited rights.In some cases "accused terror financiers, arms traffickers and drug runners" have misused their position as honorary consuls.

Despite their other roles, honorary consular officers (in the widest use of the term) in some instances also have responsibility for the welfare of citizens of the appointing country within theirbailiwick.For example, the Embassy ofFinlandstates that the tasks ofFinland's Honorary Consulateinclude monitoring the rights of Finns and permanent residents of Finland residing in the area in which the consulate is located, providing advice and guidance for distressed Finnish citizens and permanent residents traveling abroad to that area, and assisting them in their contacts with local authorities or the nearest Finnish embassy or consulate. Certain types of notarized certificates can be acquired through an honorary consul. Together with diplomatic missions, an honorary consul promotes economic and cultural relations between Finland and the country in question and takes part in strengthening Finland's image abroad. An honorary consul can advise Finnish companies, for instance, in obtaining information about local business culture and in finding cooperation partners.Over the years, Honorary Consulates have assumed growing importance particularly for Low and Middle Income Countries and for countries looking at cutting costs and has emerged as a powerful diplomatic pillar of strength.

See also

• Consul
• Administrative consul
• Agent general
• Capitulation (treaty)
• Consular corps
• Diplomacy

References

• De Groot, Alexander (1978),The Ottoman Empire and the Dutch Republic: a History of the Earliest Diplomatic Relations, 1610–1630,Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut Leiden/Istanbul,ISBN978-90-6258-043-9
• Dursteler, Eric R. (2001), "The Bailo in Constantinople: Crisis and Career in Venice's Early Modern Diplomatic Corps",Mediterranean Historical Review,16(2): 1–30,doi:10.1080/714004583,ISSN0951-8967,S2CID159980567
• Eldem, Edhem (1999),French Trade in Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century,Boston: Brill Academic Publishers,ISBN978-90-04-11353-4
• Epstein, Steven A. (2006),Purity Lost: Transgressing Boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean 1000–1400,Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,ISBN978-0-8018-8484-9
• Goffman, Daniel; Aksan, Virginia H. (2007), "Negotiation With the Renaissance State: The Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy",The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,pp. 61–74,ISBN978-0-521-81764-6
• Goffman, Daniel (2002),The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe,New York: Cambridge University Press,ISBN978-0-521-45280-9
• Mattingly, Garrett (1963),Renaissance Diplomacy,The Bedford Historical Series, London: Cape,OCLC270845938
• Steensgaard, Neils (1967), "Consuls and Nations in the Levant From 1570 to 1650",The Scandinavian Economic History Review,15(1): 13–55,doi:10.1080/03585522.1967.10414351,ISSN0358-5522

External links

• Vienna Convention on Consular Relations(1963)
• Conditions of the Ahd-name granted by Mehmed II to the Genoese of Galata
• Gilbert, Wesley John (April 2011).Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837–1845)(free)(B.A. Thesis). Departmental Honors in History. Middletown, Connecticut:Wesleyan University.Retrieved3 May2012.