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Corazon Aquino

In thisPhilippine nameformarried women,the birthmiddle nameor maternalfamily nameisSumulong,the birth surname or paternal family name isCojuangco,and themarital nameisAquino.

Maria Corazon"Cory"Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino[4]CCLH(Tagalog:[kɔɾaˈsɔnkɔˈhwaŋkɔaˈkino];January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009) was a Filipino politician who served as the eleventhPresident of the Philippinesfrom1986 to 1992.She was the most prominent figure of the 1986People Power Revolution,which ended thetwo-decade ruleof PresidentFerdinand Marcosand led to the establishment of the current democraticFifth Philippine Republic.

Corazon Aquino
Aquino in 1986
11thPresident of the Philippines
In office
February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992
Prime MinisterSalvador Laurel (Feb.–Mar. 1986)
Vice PresidentSalvador Laurel
Preceded byFerdinand Marcos
Succeeded byFidel V. Ramos
Personal details
Born
Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco

(1933-01-25)January 25, 1933
Paniqui, Tarlac,Philippines[a]
DiedAugust 1, 2009(2009-08-01)(aged 76)
Makati,Philippines
Resting placeManila Memorial Park – Sucat,Parañaque,Philippines
Political partyPDP–Laban(1986–2009)
Other political
affiliations		UNIDO(1986–88)
Spouse
​
​
(m.1954;died1983)​
Children
Parent
Relatives
List
Alma materCollege of Mount Saint Vincent(BA)
Far Eastern University(no degree)
OccupationPolitician
ProfessionHousewife
Activist
Signature
Websitecoryaquino.ph
NicknameCory

Corazon Aquino was married toSenatorBenigno Aquino Jr.,who was one of the most prominent critics of President Marcos. After theassassination of her husbandon August 21, 1983, she emerged as leader of the opposition against the president. In late 1985, Marcos called for asnap election,and Aquino ran for president with former SenatorSalvador Laurelas her running mate forvice president.After theelectionheld on February 7, 1986, theBatasang Pambansaproclaimed Marcos and his running mateArturo Tolentinoas the winners, which prompted allegations ofelectoral fraudand Aquino's call for massivecivil disobedienceactions. Subsequently, the People Power Revolution, anon-violentmass demonstrationmovement, took place from February 22 to 25. The People Power Revolution, along with defections from theArmed Forces of the Philippinesand support from thePhilippine Catholic Church,ousted Marcos and secured Aquino's accession to the presidency on February 25, 1986. Prior to her election as president, Aquino had not held any elected office. She was the first female president of the Philippines.

As president, Aquino oversaw the drafting of the1987 Constitution,which limited the powers of the presidency and re-established thebicameralCongress,removing the previous dictatorial government structure. Her economic policies focused on forging good economic standing amongst the international community as well as disestablishing Marcos-eracrony capitalistmonopolies, emphasizing thefree marketand responsible economy. Her administration pursued peace talks to resolve theMoro conflict,and the result of these talks was creation of theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.Aquino was criticized for theMendiola Massacre,which resulted in the shooting deaths of at least 12 peaceful protesters by Philippine state security forces. The Philippines faced various natural calamities in the latter part of Aquino's administration, such as the1990 Luzon earthquake,1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruptionandTropical Storm Thelma.Several coup attemptswere made against her government. She was succeeded as president byFidel V. Ramosand returned to civilian life in 1992.

Aquino was diagnosed withcolorectal cancerin 2008 anddied on August 1, 2009.Her sonBenigno Aquino IIIserved as president of the Philippines from2010 to 2016.After her death, monuments were built and public landmarks were named in honor of Corazon Aquino all around the Philippines. Aquino was regarded as theMother ofDemocracy.[5][6][7][8]

Early life and education

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María Corazón Sumulong Cojuangco was born on January 25, 1933, inPaniqui,Tarlac.[9]She was born to the prominentCojuangcofamily. Her father wasJosé Cojuangco,a prominent Tarlac businessman and former congressman, and her mother was Demetria Sumulong, a pharmacist. Both of Aquino's parents were from prominent political families. Aquino's grandfather from her father's side, Melecio Cojuangco, was a member of the historicMalolos Congress,and Aquino's mother belonged to the politically influential Sumulong family ofRizal province,which includedJuan Sumulong,who ran againstCommonwealthPresidentManuel L. Quezonin 1941 and SenatorLorenzo Sumulong,who was later appointed by Aquino in theConstitutional Commission.Aquino was the sixth of eight children, two of whom died in infancy. Her siblings were Pedro, Josephine, Teresita, Jose Jr., and Maria Paz.[10]

Aquino spent her elementary school days atSt. Scholastica's Collegein Manila, where she graduated at the top of her class as valedictorian. She transferred toAssumption Convent,then also in Manila, to pursue high school studies. After her family moved to the United States, she attended the Assumption-runRavenhill AcademyinPhiladelphia.She then transferred toNotre Dame Convent SchoolinNew York City,where she graduated from in 1949. During her high school years in the United States, Aquino volunteered for the campaign of U.S.Republicanpresidential candidateThomas DeweyagainstDemocraticincumbentU.S. PresidentHarry S. Trumanduring the1948 United States presidential election.[10]After graduating from high school, she pursued her college education at theCollege of Mount Saint Vincentin New York, graduating in 1953 with a major in French and minor in mathematics.

Wife of Benigno Aquino Jr.

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After graduating from college, she returned to the Philippines and studied law atFar Eastern Universityin 1953.[11]While attending, she metBenigno "Ninoy" S. Aquino Jr.,who was the son of the late SpeakerBenigno S. Aquino Sr.and a grandson of GeneralServillano Aquino.She discontinued her law education and married Benigno at theOur Lady of SorrowsParish inPasay,Rizalon October 11, 1954.[12]The couple had five children: Maria Elena ( "Ballsy"; born 1955), Aurora Corazon ( "Pinky"; born 1957),Benigno Simeon III( "Noynoy"; 1960–2021), Victoria Elisa ( "Viel"; born 1961) andKristina Bernadette( "Kris"; born 1971).[13][14]

Aquino had initially had difficulty adjusting to provincial life when she and her husband moved toConcepcion, Tarlacin 1955. Aquino found herself bored in Concepcion, and welcomed the opportunity to have dinner with her husband inside theAmerican military facility at nearby Clark Field.[15]Afterwards, the Aquino family moved to a bungalow in suburbanQuezon City.

Throughout her life, Aquino was known to be a devoutRoman Catholic.[11]

Corazon Aquino was fluent inFrench,Japanese,Spanish,andEnglishaside from her nativeTagalogandKapampangan.[11]

Benigno Aquino Jr., a member of theLiberal Party,rose to become the youngest governor in the country in 1961 and then the youngest senator ever elected to theSenate of the Philippinesin 1967. For most of her husband's political career, Aquino remained a housewife who raised their children and hosted her spouse's political allies who would visit their Quezon City home.[16]She would decline to join her husband on stage during campaign rallies, instead preferring to be in the back of the audience and listen to him.[15]Unbeknownst to many at the time, Corazon Aquino sold some of her prized inheritance to fund the candidacy of her husband.

As Benigno Aquino Jr. emerged as a leading critic of the government ofPresidentFerdinand Marcos,he became seen as a strong candidate for president to succeed Marcos in the 1973 elections. However, Marcos, who was barred by the1935 Constitutionto seek a third term,declared martial law on September 21, 1972and later abolished the constitution, thereby allowing him to remain in office. Benigno Aquino Jr. was among the first to be arrested at the onset of martial law, and was later sentenced to death. During her husband's incarceration, Corazon Aquino stopped going to beauty salons or buying new clothes and prohibited her children from attending parties, until a priest advised her and her children to try to live as normal lives as possible.[15]

Despite Corazon's initial opposition, Benigno Aquino Jr. decided to run in the1978 Batasang Pambansa electionsfrom his prison cell as party leader of the newly createdLABAN.Corazon Aquino campaigned on behalf of her husband and delivered a political speech for the first time in her life during this political campaign. In 1980 Benigno Aquino Jr. suffered a heart attack, and Marcos allowed Senator Aquino and his family to leave for exile in the United States upon intervention from U.S. PresidentJimmy Carterso that Aquino could seek medical treatment.[17][18]The family settled inBoston,and Corazon Aquino would later recall the next three years as the happiest days of her marriage and family life.

On August 21, 1983, Benigno Aquino Jr. ended his stay in the United States and returned without his family to the Philippines, where he wasimmediately assassinatedon a staircase leading to the tarmac ofManila International Airport.The airport is now named Ninoy Aquino International Airport, renamed by theCongressin his honor in 1987. Corazon Aquino returned to the Philippines a few days later and led her husband's funeral procession, in which more than two million people participated.[17]

1986 presidential campaign

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Main article:1986 Philippine presidential election

Following her husband's assassination in 1983, Corazon Aquino became active in various demonstrations held against the Marcos regime. She began to assume the mantle of leadership left by her husband and became a figurehead of the anti-Marcos political opposition. On November 3, 1985, during an interview with American journalistDavid BrinkleyonThis Week with David Brinkley,Marcos suddenly announcedsnap electionsthat would be held within three months to dispel doubt against his regime's legitimate authority, an action that surprised the nation.[19]The election was later scheduled to be held on February 7, 1986. A petition was organized to urge Aquino to run for president, headed by former newspaper publisherJoaquin Roces.[20]On December 1, the petition of 1.2 million signatures was publicly presented to Aquino in an event attended by 15,000 people, and on December 3, Aquino officially declared her candidacy.[21]United Opposition (UNIDO)party leaderSalvador Laurelwas chosen as Aquino's running mate as candidate for vice president.

During the campaign, Marcos attacked Corazon Aquino on her husband's previous ties tocommunists,[22]characterizing the election as a fight "between democracy and communism".[23]Aquino refuted Marcos' charge and stated that she would not appoint a single communist to her cabinet.[24]Marcos also accused Aquino of playing "political football"with the United States in regards to the continued United States military presence in the Philippines atClark Air BaseandSubic Naval Base.[25]Another point of attack for Marcos was Aquino's inexperience in public office. Marcos' campaign was characterized bysexistattacks, such as remarks by Marcos that Aquino was "just a woman" and that a woman's remarks should be limited to the bedroom.[26][17]

Thesnap electionwas held on February 7, 1986, and was marred by massive electoral fraud, violence, intimidation, coercion, and disenfranchisement of voters. On February 11, while votes were still being tabulated, formerAntiqueGovernorEvelio Javier,who had been director of Aquino's campaign in Antique, was assassinated. During the tallying of votes conducted by theCommission on Elections(COMELEC), 30 poll computer technicians walked out to contest the alleged election-rigging being done in favor of Marcos. Years later it was claimed that the walkout of computer technicians was led by Linda Kapunan,[27]wife of Lt Col Eduardo Kapunan, a leader ofReform the Armed Forces Movementthat plotted to attack theMalacañang Palaceand kill Marcos and his family, leading to a partial reevaluation of the walkout event.[28][29]

On February 15, 1986, theBatasang Pambansa,which was dominated by Marcos' ruling party and its allies, declared President Marcos as the winner of the election. However,NAMFREL's electoral count showed that Corazon Aquino had won. Aquino claimed victory according to NAMFREL's electoral count and called for a rally dubbed "Tagumpay ng Bayan" (People's Victory Rally) the following day to protest the declaration by the Batasang Pambansa.[30]Aquino also called for boycotts against products and services from companies controlled or owned by individuals closely allied with Marcos. The rally was held at the historicRizal Parkin Luneta, Manila and drew a pro-Aquino crowd of around two million people. The dubious election results drew condemnation from both domestic and foreign powers. TheCatholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippinesissued a statement strongly criticizing the conduct of the election, describing the election as violent and fraudulent. TheUnited States Senatelikewise condemned the election.[16][31]Aquino rejected a power-sharing agreement proposed by the American diplomatPhilip Habib,who had been sent as an emissary by U.S. PresidentRonald Reaganto help defuse the tension.[31]

Accession as president

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Main article:People Power Revolution
Aquino takes the oath of office beforeChief JusticeClaudio Teehankee Sr.inClub Filipino,San Juanon February 25, 1986

On February 22, 1986, disgruntled and reformist military officers led by Defense MinisterJuan Ponce Enrileand GeneralFidel V. Ramossurprised the nation and the international community by the announcement of their defection from the Marcos government, citing a strong belief that Aquino was the real winner in the contested presidential election. Enrile, Ramos, and the rebel soldiers then set up operations inCamp Aguinaldo,the headquarters of theArmed Forces of the Philippines,andCamp Crame,the headquarters of thePhilippine Constabulary,acrossEpifanio de los Santos Avenue(EDSA). Cardinal Sin appealed to the public in a broadcast over Church-runRadyo Veritas,and millions of Filipinos gathered to the part ofEpifanio De Los Santos Avenuebetween the two camps to give their support and prayers to the rebels.[32]At that time, Aquino was meditating in aCarmeliteconvent inCebu.Upon learning of the defection, Aquino and Cardinal Sin appeared on Radyo Veritas to rally behind Enrile and Ramos. Aquino then flew back to Manila to prepare for the takeover of the government.

Aquino was sworn in as the eleventh president of the Philippines on February 25, 1986. An hour after Aquino's inauguration, Marcos held his own inauguration ceremony at the Malacañang Palace. Later that same day, Ferdinand E. Marcos fled from the Philippines toHawaii.[33]

Presidency (1986–1992)

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Main article:Presidency of Corazon Aquino
Aquino during a ceremony honoring the United States Air Force

Corazon Aquino's accession to the presidency marked the end of authoritarian rule in the Philippines. Aquino is the first female president of the Philippines and is still the only president of the Philippines to have never held any prior political position. Aquino is regarded as the firstfemale presidentinAsia.

Transitional government and creation of new constitution

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Presidential styles of
Corazon Aquino
Reference styleHer Excellency
Spoken styleYour Excellency
Alternative styleMadam President

On February 25, 1986, the first day of her administration, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 1, which announced an intention to reorganize the government and called on all officials appointed by Marcos to resign, starting with members of theSupreme Court.[34]On March 25, 1986, President Aquino issuedProclamation No. 3,which announced a transitional government into a democratic system. She abolished the1973 Constitutionthat was in force during themartial law era,and by decree issued theprovisional1986 Freedom Constitution,pending the ratification of a more formal and comprehensive charter. This constitutional allowed her to exercise both executive and legislative powers during the period of transitional government.

After the issuance of Proclamation No. 1, all 15 members of the Supreme Court submitted their resignations.[35]Aquino then reorganized the membership of the Supreme Court with the stated purpose of restoring itsjudicial independence.On May 22, 1986, in the caseLawyers League v. President Aquino,the reorganized Supreme Court declared the Aquino government as "not merely ade factogovernment but in fact and law ade juregovernment ", and affirmed its legitimacy.[36]

Aquino appointed all 48 members of the1986 Constitutional Commission( "Con-Com" ), led by retired activist and former Supreme Court Associate JusticeCecilia Muñoz-Palma,which was tasked with writing a new constitution. The Commission completed its final draft of the Constitution in October 1986.[37]

On February 2, 1987, theConstitution of the Philippineswas ratified bynationwide plebiscite.It remains theconstitutionof the Philippines to the present day. The Constitution established abill of rightsand a three-branch government consisting of the executive department, the legislative department, and the judicial department. The Constitution restored thebicameralCongress, which in 1973 had been abolished by Marcos and replaced with first theBatasang Bayanand later the Batasang Pambansa.[38]The ratification of the new Constitution was soon followed by theelection of senatorsand theelection of House of Representatives memberson May 11, 1987, as well aslocal electionson January 18, 1988.

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After the ratification of the constitution, Aquino promulgated two landmarklegal codes,namely, theFamily Code of 1987,which reformed thecivil lawon family relations, and theAdministrative Code of 1987,which reorganized the structure of theexecutive department of government.Another landmark law that was enacted during her tenure was the 1991Local Government Code,which devolved national government powers to local government units (LGUs). The new Code enhanced the power of LGUs to enact local taxation measures and assured them of a share in the national revenue.

During Aquino's tenure, vital economic laws such as the Built-Operate-Transfer Law, Foreign Investments Act, and the Consumer Protection and Welfare Act were also enacted.

Socio-economic policies

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Economy of the Philippines under
President Corazon Aquino
1986–1992
Population[39][40]
198656 million
Gross Domestic Product (constant 1985 prices)[39][40]
1986PHP591,423 million
1991PHP716,522 million
Real GDP growth (% change)[41]
19863.4%
19874.3%
19886.8%
19896.2%
19903.0%
1991-0.4%
19920.4%
Average yearly growth rate, 1986-923.4%
Per capita income (constant 1985 prices)[39][40]
1986PHP10,622
1991PHP11,250
Total exports[39][40]
1986PHP160,571 million
1991PHP231,515 million
Exchange rates[39][40]
19861USD= 20.38PHP
1PHP= 0.05USD
19911USD= 27.61PHP
1PHP= 0.04USD

The economy posted a positive growth of 3.4% during Aquino's first year in office, and continued to grow at an overall positive rate throughout her tenure for an average rate of 3.4% from 1986 to 1992. Real GDP growth suffered a 0.4% decrease in 1991 in the aftermath of the1989 coup attemptby the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, which shook international confidence in the Philippine economy and hindered foreign investment.

Aquino made fighting inflation one of her priorities after the nation suffered from skyrocketing prices during the last years of the Marcos administration. The last six years of the Marcos administration recorded an average annual inflation rate of 20.9%, which peaked in 1984 at 50.3%. From 1986 to 1992, the Philippines recorded an average annual inflation rate of 9.2%. During the Aquino administration, the annual inflation rate peaked at 18.1% in 1991; a stated reason for this increase waspanic buyingduring theGulf War.[42][43]Overall, the economy under Aquino had an average growth of 3.8% from 1986 to 1992.[44]

De-monopolization

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One of Aquino's first actions as president was to seize Marcos' multi-billion dollarfortune of ill-gotten wealth.On February 28, 1986, four days into her presidency, Aquino formed thePresidential Commission on Good Government(PCGG), which was tasked with retrieving Marcos' domestic and international fortune.

After his declaration of martial law in 1972 and his consolidation of authoritarian power, President Ferdinand Marcos issued various government decrees that awardedmonopolyoroligopolypower over entire industries to variousclose associates,in a scheme later regarded ascrony capitalism.[45]President Aquino pursued amarket liberalizationagenda to combat this problem. President Aquino particularly targeted thesugar industryand thecoconut industryfor de-monopolization.

Debt

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Aquino with U.S. Vice PresidentDan Quayleparticipate in the Veterans' Day Service atArlington National Cemeteryon November 10, 1989.

Throughout the tenure of President Ferdinand Marcos, governmentforeign debthad ballooned from less than $3 billion in 1970 to $28 billion by the end of his administration, throughprivatizationof bad government assets andderegulationof many vital industries. The debt had badly tarnished the international credit standing and economic reputation of the country.

President Aquino inherited the debt of the Marcos administration and weighed all options on what to do with the debt, including not paying the debt. Aquino eventually chose to honor all the debts that were previously incurred in order to clear the country's economic reputation. Her decision proved to be unpopular but Aquino defended it, saying that was the most practical move. Beginning in 1986, the Aquino administration paid off $4 billion of the country's outstanding debts to improve its international credit ratings and attract the attention of foreign investors. This move also ensured lower interest rates and longer payment terms for future loans. During the Aquino administration, the Philippines acquired an additional $9 billion debt, increasing the net national debt by $5 billion within six years due to the need to infuse capital and money into the economy.[46]The Aquino administration was able to reduce the Philippines' externaldebt-to-GDP ratioby 30.1 percent, from 87.9 percent at the start of the administration to 67.8 percent in 1991.[47]

Agrarian reform

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See also:Land reform in the Philippines
Aquino holds talks with the officials from the International Rice Research Institute.

President Aquino envisioned agrarian and land reform as the centerpiece of her administration's social legislative agenda. However, her family background and social class as a privileged daughter of a wealthy and landed clan became a lightning rod of criticisms against her land reform agenda.

After the Mendiola Massacre and in response to calls for agrarian reform, President Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on July 22, 1987, which outlined her land reform program, including sugar lands. In 1988, with the backing of Aquino, the new Congress of the Philippines passed Republic Act No. 6657, more popularly known as the "Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law" (CARP), which paved the way for the redistribution of agricultural lands from landowners to tenant-farmers. Landowners were paid in exchange by the government throughjust compensation,and were also not allowed to retain more than five hectares of land.[48]: Section 6 The law also allowed corporate landowners to "voluntarily divest a proportion of theircapital stock,equity or participation in favor of their workers or other qualified beneficiaries ", in lieu of turning over their land to the government for redistribution.[48]: Section 31 Despite the flaws in the law, the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in 1989, declaring that the implementation of CARP was "a revolutionary kind of expropriation".[49]

Corazon Aquino herself was subject to a controversy that centered onHacienda Luisita,a 6,453-hectare estate located in the province of Tarlac which she and her siblings inherited from her father José Cojuangco. Instead of land distribution, Hacienda Luisita reorganized itself into a corporation and distributed stock. As such, ownership of agricultural portions of the hacienda was transferred to the corporation, which in turn, gave its shares of stocks to farmers. Critics argued that Aquino bowed to pressure from relatives by allowing stock redistribution in lieu of land redistribution under CARP.[50]

The stock redistribution scheme was revoked in 2006, when theDepartment of Agrarian Reformordered the mandatory redistribution of land to tenant-farmers of Hacienda Luisita. The Department of Agrarian Reform had looked into its revocation since 2004, when violence erupted in the hacienda over the retrenchment of workers, leaving seven people dead.[50]

Coup attempts on Aquino government

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Main article:1986–1990 Philippine coup attempts

From 1986 to 1990 numerouscoupattempts were enacted on the Aquino administration and the new Philippine government. Many of these attempts were conducted by the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, who attempted to establish amilitary government,while other attempts were conducted by loyalists to former President Marcos.

Mendiola massacre and cabinet infighting

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Main article:Mendiola Massacre

On January 22, 1987, during the era of transition government and shortly before the nationwide plebiscite to ratify the Constitution, 12 citizens were killed and 51 were injured in theMendiola Massacre.The incident was initially a peaceful protest by agrarian workers and farmers who had marched to the historic Mendiola Street near theMalacañan Palaceto demand genuine land reform. The massacre occurred when Marines fired at farmers who tried to go beyond the designated demarcation line set by the police.[51]The massacre resulted in several resignations from Aquino's cabinet, includingJose W. Diokno,head of the Presidential Committee on Human Rights, chairman of theCommission on Human Rights(CHR), and chairman of the government panel in charge of negotiations with rebel forces resigned from his government posts. His daughter Maris said, "It was the only time we saw him near tears."[52]

In September 1987, Vice President Doy Laurel resigned as secretary of foreign affairs. In his resignation letter to Aquino, Laurel stated, "the past years of Marcos are now beginning to look no worse than your first two years in office. And the reported controversies and scandals involving your closest relatives have become the object of our people's outrage. From 16,500 NPA regular when Marcos fell, the communists now claim an armed strength of 25,200. From city to countryside, anarchy has spread. There is anarchy within the government, anarchy within the ruling coalesced parties and anarchy in the streets."[53]

Finance MinisterJaime Ongpin,who had successfully advocated for paying external debt incurred during Marcos' administration, was dismissed by Aquino in September 1987 and later died in an apparent suicide in December 1987.[54]His widow stated that he had been depressed due to infighting in Aquino's cabinet and lack of significant change since the People Power Revolution.[55]

Soon after the Mendiola Massacre, the Aquino administration and Congress worked to pass significant agrarian reform, which culminated in the passage of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARP).

Peace talks with Moro and communist insurgencies

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See also:Moro conflictandCommunist rebellion in the Philippines

President Aquino conducted peace talks with theMoro National Liberation Front(MNLF), an armedMoroMusliminsurgency group that sought to establish an independent Moro state withinMindanao.Aquino met with MNLF leaderNur Misuariand various MNLF groups inSulu.In 1989, theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao(ARMM) was created under Republic Act No. 6734 or the ARMM Organic Act, which established the Moro majority areas in the Mindanao island group as anautonomous regionwith its own government.[56]The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao lasted from 1989 to 2019, after which it was succeeded by theBangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao(BARMM).

The establishment of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao was opposed by theMoro Islamic Liberation Front(MILF), a militant splinter group from the MNLF that sought tosecedefrom the Philippines to establish anIslamic statein Mindanao.[57]Peace talks with MILF began in 1997 under President Fidel Ramos and violent insurgency officially continued until 2014, when peace accords were formally signed between MILF and the administration of President Benigno Aquino III that would lead to the creation of the BARMM.[58]

The establishment of the ARMM also led to the establishment ofAbu Sayyaf,aterroristgroup founded in 1989 byAbdurajak Abubakar Janjalaniand composed of radical former members of the MNLF. Terrorist attacks by Abu Sayyaf would start in 1995 and continue to the present day, including the2004 bombing of the MVSuperferry 14that resulted in the deaths of 116 people.[59]

Shortly after becoming president, Aquino ordered the release of hundreds ofpolitical prisonersimprisoned during the Marcos era, includingcommunist insurgentsbelonging to theCommunist Party of the Philippines.These releases included leaders such as Communist Party of the Philippines founderJose Maria SisonandNew People's ArmyfounderBernabe Buscayno,[60]which the military strongly resisted.[61]Preliminary peace talks with the CPP ended after the Mendiola Massacre on January 22, 1987, during which at least 12 farmers were killed at a protest rally.[62][63]

Closing of United States military bases

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Aquino addresses base workers at a rally at Remy Field concerning jobs for Filipino workers after the Americans withdraw from the U.S. facilities.

Soon after Aquino took office, several Philippine senators declared that the presence of U.S. military forces in the Philippines was an affront to national sovereignty. The senators called for the United States military to vacateU.S. Naval Base Subic Bayand Clark Air Base, and Aquino opposed their demand.[64]The United States objected by stating that they had leased the property and that the leases were still in effect.[65]The United States stated that the facilities atSubic Baywere unequaled anywhere inSoutheast Asiaand a U.S. pullout could make all of that region of the world vulnerable to an incursion by the Soviet Union or by a resurgent Japan. Another issue with the demand was that thousands of Filipinos worked at these military facilities and they would lose their jobs if the U.S. military moved out. Aquino opposed the Senate's demand and believed that the bases should have remained. Aquino organized a protest against the pullout, which only gathered between 100,000 and 150,000 supporters, far short of the 500,000 to 1 million that had been originally expected.[66]

The matter was still being debated whenMount Pinatuboerupted in June 1991, covering the entire area withvolcanic ash.Despite attempts to continue the Subic Base, Aquino finally conceded. In December 1991, the government served notice that the U.S. had to close the base by the end of 1992.[67]

Natural disasters and calamities

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On December 20, 1987, theMVDoña Pazsank after a collision with the oil tanker MVVector.The final death toll exceeded 4,300 people, and the sinking has been called the deadliest peacetime maritime disaster of the 20th century.[68]In the aftermath, Aquino addressed the incident as "a national tragedy of harrowing proportions".[69]

The1990 Luzon earthquakewas a 7.8magnitudeearthquake that struck the island ofLuzon.It left an estimate of 1,621 people dead and massive property damage.

In 1991, avolcanic eruptionof Mount Pinatubo, then thought to be dormant, killed around 800 people and caused widespread long-term devastation of agricultural lands inCentral Luzon.[70]Around 20,000 residents had to be evacuated and around 10,000 people were left homeless by the event. It was the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century.

On November 1, 1991Tropical Storm Thelma(also known as Typhoon Uring) caused massive flooding inOrmoc City,leaving around 5,000 dead in what was then considered to be the deadliest typhoon in Philippine history. On November 8, Aquino declared all ofLeyteadisaster area.[71]

Electrical power grid inadequacy

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During Aquino's presidency, electricblackoutsbecame common in Manila. The city experienced 7–12 hours-long blackouts, which severely affected its businesses. By the departure of Aquino in June 1992, businesses in Manila and nearby provinces had lost nearly $800 million since the preceding March.

Corazon Aquino's decision to deactivate theBataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP),which was built during the Marcos administration, contributed to further electricity crises in the 1990s, as the 620 megawatts capacity of the plant would have been enough to cover the shortfall at that time.[72]Critics of the BNPP had stated that the power plant was unsafe, and cited the millions of dollars in bribes paid to President Marcos to allow its construction.[72]The administration had failed to provide for an adequate replacement for the plant before her term had completed, and President Corazon Aquino ended her term in 1992 with the country reeling under a severe power shortage crisis.[73][74]

Influence in 1992 presidential election

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The 1987 Constitution limited the president to a single six-year term with no possibility of re-election. As the end of her presidency drew near, close advisers and friends told Aquino that since she was not inaugurated under the 1987 Constitution, her term beginning 1986, she was still 'eligible' to seek the presidency again in the upcoming1992 elections,the first presidential elections held under normal and peaceful circumstances since 1965. However, Aquino firmly declined the requests for her to seek reelection, citing her strong belief that the presidency was not a lifetime position.

Initially, she namedRamon V. Mitra,Speaker of thePhilippine House of Representativeswho had been a friend of her husband, as her preferred candidate for the 1992 presidential elections. However, she later backtracked and instead supported the candidacy of GeneralFidel V. Ramos,who was her defense secretary and a key figure in the EDSA Revolution. Ramos had consistently stood by her government during the various coup attempts that were launched against her administration. Her sudden change of mind and withdrawal of support from Mitra drew criticism from her supporters in the liberal andsocial democraticsectors. Her decision also drew criticism from the Catholic Church, which questioned her support of Ramos due to his being aProtestant.General Ramos won the 1992 elections with 23.58% of the total votes in a wide-open campaign.

On June 30, 1992, Corazon Aquino formally and peacefully handed over power to Fidel Ramos. On that day, Fidel V. Ramos wasinauguratedas the twelfth president of the Philippines. After the inauguration, Aquino left the ceremony in a simple whiteToyota Crownshe had purchased, rather than the lavish government-issuedMercedes-Benzin which she and Ramos had ridden on the way to the ceremonies, to make the point that she was once again an ordinary citizen.[75]

Administration and cabinet

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Main article:Presidency of Corazon Aquino § Administration and cabinet

Post-presidency (1992-2009)

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Corazon Aquino speaks before the 2003 Ninoy Aquino Award ceremony at theU.S. EmbassyinManila.

Domestic

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During Aquino's retirement and stay as a private citizen, she remained active in the Philippine political scene. Aquino would voice her dissent to government actions and policies that she deemed threats to the democratic foundations of the country.

In 1997, Aquino, together with CardinalJaime Sin,led a rally opposing President Fidel Ramos' attempt to extend his term through hisproposal to amend the 1987 Constitution's restriction on presidential term limits.Ramos' proposed charter change would fail, leaving term limits and the presidential system in place.

During the1998 Philippine presidential election,Aquino endorsed the candidacy of former police general and Manila MayorAlfredo Limfrom the Liberal Party for president. Lim would lose to Vice PresidentJoseph Estrada,who won by a landslide.[76]In 1999, Aquino and Cardinal Jaime Sin again worked together to opposea second plan to amend the Constitution to remove term limits,this time under President Estrada. President Estrada stated that his plan to amend the Constitution was intended to lift provisions that 'restrict' economic activities and investments, and Estrada denied that it was an attempt to extend his stay in office. Estrada's proposed charter change would also fail.

In 2000, Aquino joined the mounting calls for Estrada to resign from office, amid a series of corruption scandals, including strong allegations of bribery charges and gambling kickbacks. Estrada was impeached by the House of Representatives in November 2000 but acquitted by the Senate in December, which in January 2001 led to theSecond EDSA Revolution,which ousted Estrada. During the Second EDSA Revolution, Aquino enthusiastically supported the ascendancy of Vice PresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyoto the position of president.[77]In the subsequenttrial of Joseph Estrada,Estrada was acquitted ofperjurybut found guilty ofplunderand sentenced toreclusion perpetuawith the accessorypenaltiesof perpetual disqualification frompublic officeandforfeitureof ill-gotten wealth on September 12, 2007. Estrada was pardoned by President Macapagal-Arroyo on October 26, 2007.

In 2005, after a series of revelations and exposes that implicated President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo inriggingthe2004 presidential elections,Aquino called on Arroyo to resign in order to prevent bloodshed, violence and further political deterioration.[78]Aquino once again led massive street-level demonstrations, this time demanding the resignation of President Arroyo.[79]

During the2007 senatorial elections,Aquino actively campaigned for her only son, Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III, who went on to win his race. Less than a year after Corazon Aquino's death in 2009, Benigno Aquino III won the2010 Philippine presidential electionand served as the 15th president of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016.

In December 2008, Corazon Aquino publicly expressed regret for her participation in the 2001 Second EDSA Revolution, which installed Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as president. She apologized to former President Joseph Estrada for the role she played in his ouster in 2001.[80]Aquino's apology drew criticisms from numerous politicians.[81]In June 2009, two months before her death, Aquino issued a public statement in which she strongly denounced and condemned theArroyo administration's plans of amending the 1987 Constitution,calling it a "shameless abuse of power".

International

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Shortly after leaving the presidency, Aquino traveled abroad, giving speeches and lectures on issues of democracy, development, human rights, and women empowerment. At the 1994 meeting of theUNESCOWorld Commission on Culture and Development in Manila, Aquino delivered a speech urging the unconditional release of Burmese democratic leaderAung San Suu Kyifrom detention.[citation needed]She petitioned for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi.[82]

Aquino was a member of theCouncil of Women World Leaders,an international organization of former and current female heads of state, from the group's inception in 1996 to her death.[citation needed]

In 1997, Aquino attended the wake and funeral of SaintMother Teresa of Calcutta,whom she met during the latter's visit in Manila in 1989.[83]In 2005, Aquino joined the international community in mourning the death ofPope John Paul II.[84]

In 2002, Aquino became the first woman named to the Board of Governors at theAsian Institute of Management,a leading graduate business school and think tank in the Asia Pacific region.[85]She served on the Board until 2006.[86]

Charitable and social initiatives

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After her term as president, Aquino was involved in several charitable activities and socio-economic initiatives. From 1992 until her death, Aquino was chairperson of the Benigno S. Aquino Jr. Foundation, which she set up in her husband's honor after his assassination in 1983. Aquino supported theGawad Kalingasocial housing project for the poor and homeless. In 2007, Aquino helped establish the PinoyME Foundation, a non-profit organization that aims to providemicrofinancingprograms and projects for the poor. Aquino also painted and would occasionally give away her paintings to friends and family or auction her paintings and donate the proceeds to charity. She never sold her art for her own profit.[87]

Illness and death

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Main article:Death and funeral of Corazon Aquino

On March 24, 2008, Aquino's family announced that the former president had been diagnosed withcolorectal cancer.Upon her being earlier informed by her doctors that she had only three months to live,[88]she pursued medical treatment andchemotherapy.A series of healingMassesfor Aquino, who was a devout Catholic, were held throughout the country for her recovery. In a public statement during one healing Mass on May 13, 2008, Aquino said that her blood tests indicated that she was responding well to treatment, although her hair and appetite loss were apparent.[89]

By July 2009, Aquino was reported to be suffering from loss of appetite and in very serious condition. At that time she was confined toMakati Medical Center.[90]It was later announced that Aquino and her family had decided to stop chemotherapy and other medical interventions for her.[91][92]

Aquino died in the Makati Medical Center at 3:18 a.m. on August 1, 2009, due tocardiorespiratory arrestat the age of 76.[93]

Wake and funeral

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The graves of Corazon and Ninoy Aquino photographed in October 2017
Queue for Aquino's wake in front of thePamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynilacampus, which had opened its facilities for the mourners.[94]The cross topping the dome ofManila Cathedralis visible in the upper right of the photo.
The grave of Corazon and Ninoy Aquino photographed on August 8, 2009, a week after her death. Corazon Aquino shares a gravestone with her husbandNinoy Aquinoat theManila Memorial ParkinParañaque,Philippines.Their son,Benigno III,was later interred beside their graves upon his death in June 2021.

On the day of Aquino's death, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo announced a 10-day mourning period for the former president and issued Administrative Order No. 269 detailing the necessary arrangements for astate funeral.[95]Arroyo was on a state visit to the United States at the time of Aquino's death and returned to the Philippines on August 5, cutting her visit short to pay her last respects to Aquino.[96][97]Aquino's children declined Arroyo's offer of a state funeral for their mother.[98]

All churches in the Philippines celebrated requiem masses simultaneously throughout the country and all government offices flew the Philippine flag at half-mast. Hours after her death, Aquino's bodylay in reposefor public viewing at theLa Salle Green Hillscampus inMandaluyong.On August 3, 2009, Aquino's body was transferred from La Salle Greenhills to the Manila Cathedral inIntramuros,during which hundreds of thousands of Filipinos lined the streets to view and escort the former leader's body. On the way to the cathedral, Aquino's funeral cortege passed alongAyala Avenuein Makati, stopping in front of the monument to her husband Ninoy, where throngs of mourners gathered and sang the patriotic protest anthem "Bayan Ko".[99]Aquino's casket was brought inside the cathedral by mid-afternoon that day. Following her death, all Roman Catholic dioceses in the country heldRequiem Masses.[100]

On August 4, 2009,Bongbong MarcosandImee Marcos,two prominent children of late former PresidentFerdinand Marcos,paid their last respects to Aquino in spite of the two families' longstanding feud. The Marcos siblings were received by Aquino's daughters María Elena, Aurora Corazon, and Victoria Elisa.[101]

A final Requiem Mass was held on the morning of August 5, 2009, withArchbishop of ManilaCardinal Gaudencio Rosales,Bishop of BalangaSocrates B. Villegas,and other high-ranking clergymenconcelebrating.Aquino's daughter Kris spoke on behalf of her family towards the end of the Mass. Aquino's flag-draped casket was escorted from the cathedral to Manila Memorial Park in Parañaque, where she was interred beside her husband in her family mausoleum. Aquino's funeral procession took more than eight hours to reach the burial site, as tens of thousands of civilians lined the route to pay their respects.Philippine Air ForceUH-1helicopters showered the procession with yellow confetti and ships docked at Manila's harbor blared their sirens to salute the late president.

Reaction

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Both local and international leaders showed respect for Aquino's achievements in the process of democratization in the Philippines.

National reaction

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Various politicians across the political spectrum expressed their grief and praise for the former Philippine leader. President Arroyo, once an ally of Aquino, remembered the sacrifices she made for the country and called her a "national treasure".[102]Former President Estrada said that the country had lost its mother and guiding voice with her sudden death. He also described Aquino as the "Philippines' most loved woman".[103]Although they were at one time political foes, Aquino and Estrada had reconciled and joined forces in opposing President Arroyo.[104]

Communist Party of the PhilippinesfounderJose Maria Sisonjoined in mourning Aquino's death, saying his relationship with her was "exceptional".[105]Former Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile, who had been Aquino's defense minister and later a fierce critic of Aquino, asked the public to pray for her eternal repose. Although former Aquino interior minister and Senate minority floor leaderAquilino Pimentel Jr.revealed that he had "mixed feelings" about Aquino's death, he also said that the country "shall be forever indebted to Cory for rallying the nation behind the campaign to topple dictatorial rule and restore democracy".[106]

Filipino citizens throughout the country wore either yellow shirts or held masses to pay tribute to Aquino. Yellow ribbons, which were a symbol of support for Aquino after the 1986 election and during the People Power Revolution, were tied along major national roads as a sign of solidarity and support for Aquino and her grieving family. On popular social networking sites such asFacebookandTwitter,Filipinos posted yellow ribbons on their accounts as tribute. Following her death, Filipino Catholics called on the Church to have Aquino canonized and declared as asaint.Days after her funeral, theBangko Sentral ng Pilipinas(BSP) announced that it supported calls to put the former president on the500-Peso banknotealongside Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr., her deceased husband. The bill had previously featured a portrait of only Benigno Aquino Jr. since 1987.[107]

International reaction

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Messages of sympathy were sent by various national heads of state and international leaders.

PopeBenedict XVI,in his letter to Archbishop Rosales, recalled Aquino's "courageous commitment to the freedom of the Filipino people, her firm rejection of violence and intolerance" and called her a woman of courage and faith.

U.S. PresidentBarack Obama,through White House Press SecretaryRobert Gibbs,said that "her courage, determination, and moral leadership are an inspiration to us all and exemplify the best in the Filipino nation". U.S. Secretary of StateHillary Clintonexpressed sadness over the death of Aquino, to whom she had sent a personal letter of best wishes for recovery while she was still in hospital in July 2009. Clinton said that Aquino was "admired by the world for her extraordinary courage" in leading the fight against dictatorship.[108]

South African PresidentJacob Zumacalled Aquino "a great leader who set a shining example of peaceful transition to democracy in her country".[109]

Queen Elizabeth IIof the United Kingdom, through the British Ambassador in Manila, sent a message to the Filipino people which read: "I am saddened to hear of the death of Corazon 'Cory' Aquino the former president of the Republic of the Philippines". She also added, "I send my sincere condolences to her family and to the people of the Philippines. Signed, Elizabeth R".[110]

Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevstated in a telegram to President Arroyo that "the name of Corazon Aquino is associated with a period of profound reforms and the democratic transformation of Filipino society". Medvedev also lauded Aquino's sympathy to Russian people and her contribution to the improvement ofRussian-Filipino relations.[111]

Timor-LestePresidentJosé Ramos-HortaandWan Azizah,wife of Malaysian opposition leaderAnwar Ibrahim,came to the Philippines to express their sympathies and attend Aquino's funeral.

Soon after her 2010 release from her two-decade prison sentence, Aung San Suu Kyi ofMyanmarpublicly cited Aquino as one of her inspirations. She also expressed her good wishes for Aquino's son, then-incumbent president of the PhilippinesBenigno S. Aquino III.

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In 2008, a musical play about Aquino entitledCory, the Musicalwas staged at theMeralco Theater.It was written and directed byNestor Torre Jr.and starred Isay Alvarez as Aquino. The musical featured alibrettoof 19 original songs composed by Lourdes Pimentel, wife of Senator Aquilino Pimentel Jr.[112][113][114]

Legacy and honors

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Cory Aquino memorial atGeneral Tinio, Nueva Ecija
Detail of the Wall of Remembrance at theBantayog ng mga Bayani,showing names from the 2009 batch of Bantayog Honorees, including that of Corazon Aquino
Corazon Aquino historical marker in Tarlac City issued by theNHIin 2010

After her peaceful accession to the presidency and the ousting of President Marcos, Aquino was namedTimemagazine'sWoman of the Yearin 1986.[115]In August 1999, Aquino was chosen byTimeas one of the 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th century.[116]Timealso cited her as one of 65 great Asian Heroes in November 2006.[117]

In 1994, Aquino was cited as one of100 Women Who Shaped World Historyin a reference book written by Gail Meyer Rolka.[118]

In 1996, she received theJ. William Fulbright Prize for International Understandingfrom the Fulbright Association.[119]

In 1998, she was awarded theRamon Magsaysay Awardin recognition of her role in peaceful revolution to attain democracy.[120]

Since her death in 2009, the legacy of Corazon Aquino has prompted various namings of public landmarks and creations of memorials. Among these are as follows:

  • On November 30, 2009, Aquino's name was enshrined at theBantayog ng mga Bayani,a monument dedicated to individuals who fought for the restoration of Philippine democracy and opposed the Marcos dictatorship. Her husband Ninoy was among the first to be enshrined at the monument's Wall of Remembrance.
  • On August 1, 2010, the first anniversary of her death, a 200 ft by 250 ftphoto mosaicof Aquino was unveiled near the Quirino Grandstand at theLuneta Parkin the presence of her son, President Benigno Aquino III, and her supporters.[121]It was submitted toGuinness World Recordsto be certified as the largest photo mosaic in the world, and the record was later certified by the World Record Academy (which is not affiliated withGuinness).[121][122]
  • On October 9, 2010, Manila MayorAlfredo S. Liminaugurated a public market inBaseco,Port Areaknown as the President Corazon C. Aquino Public Market.[123]
  • On December 16, 2010, President Benigno Aquino III and the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines) announced the release of newly designed 500-peso banknotes that feature both SenatorBenigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.and Corazon Aquino.[124]The previous design featured only Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. and had been in circulation since 1987.
  • On February 13, 2013, the Corazon Aquino Democratic Space was launched at theDe La Salle University,alongside the formal inauguration of the new Henry Sy, Sr. Hall.[125]
  • On July 28, 2014, theRepublic Act No. 10663,which named a circumferential road inIloilo Cityto President Corazon C. Aquino Avenue, was signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III.[126]
  • In 2015, the newCorazon C. Aquino Hospitalin Barangay Biasong,Dipologwas opened to the public.
  • On December 10, 2015, theRepublic Act No. 10716,which renamed Batasan Hills High School (BHES) into "President Corazon C. Aquino Elementary School" (PCCAES) inBatasan Hills, Quezon City,was signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III.[127]
  • On June 29, 2018, theRepublic Act No. 11045,which renamed the Kay Tikling-Antipolo-Teresa-Morong National Road to Corazon C. Aquino Avenue, was signed into law by PresidentRodrigo Duterte.Corazon C. Aquino Avenue is a road traversing fromTaytaytoMoronginRizal(including the segment ofOrtigas AvenueExtension from Taytay toAntipolo).[128]

In 2018, she was recognized by the Human Rights Victims Claims Board as amotu propriohuman rights violations victim of theFerdinand Marcos martial law era.[129]

Awards and achievements

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National

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Foreign honors

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Recognition

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Honorary doctorates

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The Philippines was a unincorporated territory of theUnited Statesknown as thePhilippine Islandsat the time of Aquino's birth.
  2. ^Diokno's ancestor is Demetria Sumulong who was born in Antipolo before moving south, her common ancestor with Aquino is Francisco Sumulong (born 1695).[1][2][3]

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Bibliography

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Wikisourcehas original works by or about:
Corazon Aquino
Wikimedia Commons has media related toCorazon Aquino.
Political offices
Preceded by President of the Philippines
February 25, 1986–June 30, 1992 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
First UNIDOnominee for President of the Philippines
1986 		Party dissolved
PDP–Labannominee for President of the Philippines
1986 		Vacant
Title next held by
Rodrigo Duterte
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corazon_Aquino&oldid=1258710441"