Costa Rican Civil War

This article is about the civil war of 1948. For the civil war of 1823, seeOchomogo War.For that of 1835, seeLeague War.

TheCosta Rican Civil Wartook place from 12 March to 24 April 1948. The conflict followed thepresidential elections of 8 February 1948,in which opposition candidateOtilio Ulatedefeated the ruling party'sRafael Ángel Calderón Guardia.The pro-government representatives who dominated theLegislative Assemblyalleged that that Ulate's victory wasfraudulent,and on 1 March, the legislature voted to annul the results of the election. This triggered an armed uprising led byJosé Figueres Ferrer,a businessman who had not participated in the elections, against the government of PresidentTeodoro Picado.

Costa Rican Civil War
Part of theCold War
Monument in memory of those who died in the Civil War of 1948, located in Ernesto Zumbado park inSanta María de Dota.
Date 12 March – 24 April 1948 (1 month, 1 week and 5 days) Location Costa Rica Result Rebel victory Overthrow of theNicaraguan-backed authoritarian presidentTeodoro Picado Michalski Installation of aprovisional governmentled by theUSA-backed transitional presidentJosé Figueres Ferrer Costa Rican military abolished after nearly half a century of its establishment Constitutional assembly is elected A new Constitution is created and enacted Provisional government transfers power toOtilio Ulate
Belligerents
National Liberation Army Ulatista Forces Caribbean Legion Supported by: Guatemala United States	Government of Costa Rica Calderon forces People's Vanguard Party Nicaraguan National Guard
Commanders and leaders
José Figueres Ferrer Frank Marshall Jiménez Otilio Ulate Blanco	Teodoro Picado Michalski Rafael Calderón Manuel Mora Anastasio Somoza
Casualties and losses
approx. 2,000 killed

The uprising was resisted by the small, ill-equipped Costa Rican army and, more significantly, by the militias of theCommunistPeople's Vanguard Party,which was part of the governing coalition in the Legislative Assembly and had voted to annul the presidential elections. Figueres' rebels rapidly defeated the government forces and their Communist allies, forcing President Picado to step down and leave the country along with former president Calderón Guardia. About 2,000 people are believed to have died during the war, making it the bloodiest event in 20th-centuryCosta Ricanhistory.

After the war, Figueres toppled the army and ruled the country for 18 months as head of a provisional governmentjunta,which oversaw theelection of a Constitutional Assemblyin December. That Assembly adopted the new1949 constitution,after which the junta was dissolved and power was handed to Ulate as the new constitutional president.

Costa Rica has since experienced some riots, but no political violence reaching the severity of the civil war.

Background

In the 1940s, the Costa Rican political scene came to be dominated by Rafael Ángel Calderón, a medical doctor who served asPresident of Costa Ricafrom 1940 to 1944.The Constitution forbade consecutive reelection, so for the1944 elections,Calderón's National Republican Party nominatedTeodoro Picado,a law professor who was perceived as a weak figure controlled by Calderón.

The Picado administration resorted several times to military force to keep the peace, and pro-Calderón elements within the military institution often become involved in street violence, which helped to sully the image of the military in the minds of the people. The Costa Ricancommunistmovement, organized in thePopular Vanguard Partyled by congressmanManuel Mora,was allied to Picado's government and contributed to the unrest by deploying its militia against the opposition. As the violence grew, supporters of the opposition began to carry guns, and the police began to threaten the use of firearms rather than just beating demonstrators.

Disgust with the government's violent reprisals against the opposition led to theHuelga de Brazos Caídos,astrikethat stalled commerce in Costa Rica for seven days.Pro-Calderón and communist demonstrators began to sack businesses that participated in the strike; Picado's government intimidated participating merchants and professionals and threatened workers with dismissal and military service.By the end of the strike, police and military forces patrolled the streets, and San José appeared as if under siege.

Calderón returned as the ruling party's candidate for the election of 1948 and there were widespread fears that the government would intervene to ensure his triumph against his main opponent, journalistOtilio Ulate.To assuage these fears, Picado's government for the first time in Costa Rican history placed the election under the control of an independent electoral tribunal.

Figueres and the Caribbean Legion

Further information:Caribbean Legion

José Figueres,a Costa Rican businessman, had been forced into exile inMexicoon April 12, 1942, after he strongly criticized the Calderón regime during a radio broadcast. Figueres returned to Costa Rica after the election of Picado. Before the elections of 1948, Figueres had already been planning for a war. Unlike Ulate, former presidentLeón Cortés,and the other members of the Costa Rican opposition, Figueres believed that Calderón would never allow a fair election to take place.

Figueres began training theCaribbean Legion,an irregular force of 700. Hoping to use Costa Rica as a base, the Legion planned to move against other authoritarian governments inMiddle America.U.S. officials followed the Legion's activities with concern, especially after Figueres carried out terrorist attacks inside Costa Rica during 1945 and 1946 that were meant to incite a general strike. The people did not respond.

1948 elections and violent aftermath

After a highly contentious electoral process plagued by violence and irregularities concluded on February 8, 1948, the independent electoral tribunal, by a split vote of 2 to 1, declared that opposition candidate Otilio Ulate of the National Union Party, had been elected president. The ruling party's Calderón claimed that this result had been obtained by fraud and petitioned Congress, where the coalition of his own party and the Popular Vanguard Party held a majority, to void the results and call for a new election. When Congress granted this request, the country erupted in chaos, as both sides accused the other of vote tampering andelectoral fraud.

On the day that the government annulled the elections, police surrounded the home of Dr. Carlos Luis Valverde, the acting campaign manager for Union National, whereUlatewas and Figueres had been only moments before. Shots rang out, and Valverde fell dead on his doorstep. Ulate escaped but was later captured and imprisoned, all of which helped to paint an especially distasteful image of the military.

Beginning of civil war

The annulment of the election results in 1948 and the killing of Valverde on the same day seemed to give Figueres the evidence that he needed that the government had no intention of peacefully accepting the popular will, thus justifying a violent insurrection. On March 11, Figueres made the call that brought in the arms and military leaders he needed for a successful military campaign. On March 12, his National Liberation Army exchanged fire with government forces, and the war began.

Rifle and helmet used during the Costa Rican civil war of 1948. Temporary exhibition in the National Museum of Costa Rica.

Ideological context

Costa Rican politics have traditionally been guided by personal allegiances far more than by ideological consistency, and the Civil War of 1948 provides a striking example of this. Calderón had been elected president in 1940 as the candidate of the right, closely allied with theRoman Catholic Churchand with the business elite, but his enthusiastic support for theAlliesduringWorld War II,and especially his punitive measures against the rich and influentialGermancommunity in Costa Rica, caused that elite to withdraw its support for him.

Calderón then created a different political base by allying himself with the Costa Rican communists (the Popular Vanguard Party), led byManuel Mora,and with the socially progressive Catholic Archbishop of San José, Víctor Manuel Sanabria, in order to pass legislation guaranteeinglabor rightsand establishing awelfare state.Mora's communist militias provided important armed support for the government, both during the tense years of Picado's administration (1944–48) and during the Civil War itself.

The rebel forces led by Figueres were a mix of anti-communist right-wingers, economically conservative elements weary of the welfare state (represented by the winner of the 1948 election himself, Otilio Ulate), and asocial democraticintelligentsia which sought to strengthen the new welfare state while ensuring democratic transparency. After their victory this alliance quickly fell apart. The right-wing faction, led by the junta's Minister of Public Safety, Édgar Cardona, attempted to overthrow Figueres and was excluded from the government thereafter. Figueres himself became closely identified with the social democratic faction, which later dominated his ownNational Liberation Party(PLN). The economically conservative groups under Ulate ended up allying themselves in the 1950s with Calderón's supporters to form a broad anti-PLN coalition.

This lack of ideological consistency is further underscored by the fact that during the Civil War, the government forces, despite being allied to the Costa Rican communists, enjoyed the support of right-wingNicaraguandictatorAnastasio Somoza,while Figueres's rebels, who as anti-communists were tacitly supported by theUnited States,received significant aid from leftistGuatemalanpresidentJuan José Arévalo.

Fall of Cartago

The National Liberation Army, as the rebel army called itself, slowly worked their way up thePan American Highway,capturing small but important cities and ports with relative ease. The official army, which was then led by Picado's brother, was unable to organize an effective resistance to Figueres' National Liberation Army. Figueres also contended against the communist militias commanded by congressmanCarlos Luis Fallasand against Nicaraguan soldiers who had been sent by Somoza to help the government retain power.

InCartago, Costa Rica's second-largest city, located only 12 miles from the capital, Figueres' forces met considerable military opposition; however, the limited forces and supplies of the governmental forces quickly ran out, and Cartago was captured by the rebels on April 12. Costa Rican President Picado, realizing that defeat was inevitable, sent notice to Figueres that he was willing to compromise.

Picado's long-time political ally, Manuel Mora of the communist Popular Vanguard Party, had no intention of negotiating with Figueres. Mora's forces had sealed themselves up inside the capital of San José, and were determined not to capitulate as quickly as Picado. As the target of many of Figueres' criticisms about Costa Rica, Mora and his party were worried that a Figueres-led takeover might well lead to their expulsion from politics.

Surrender of Picado

The day after the fall of Cartago, Picado—low on supplies and without any other source of support—sent a letter to Mora and Calderón stating that "the attempt to hold San José would be futile and catastrophic." Mora, facing the reality that now the United States was ready to act against him as well, gave in to Picado's plea.

On April 19, Picado and Father Benjamín Núñez, an eminent labor leader within Costa Rica, signed the so-called Pact of the Mexican Embassy, ending the armed uprising. Picado resigned the next day, leavingSantos León Herreraas interim president. Picado and former president Calderón Guardia went into exile inNicaragua.On 24 April, Figueres' forces entered San José, almost six weeks after beginning their revolt in southern Costa Rica. On 8 May the provisional junta presided by Figueres formally took over the government.

References

Sources

• Bell, John Patrick (1971).Crisis in Costa Rica: The 1948 Revolution.University of Texas Press.ISBN978-0-292-70147-2.
• Bird, Leonard (1984).Costa Rica: The Unarmed Democracy.Seven Hills Book Distributors.ISBN978-0-900661-37-2.
• Fallas-Santana, Agustín (2006). "Don José Figueres Ferrer y el Desarrollo de Costa Rica".Revista Parlamentaria, Asamblea Legislativa, Costa Rica.14(1, 2, and 3).ISSN1409-0007.
• Jiménez, Iván Molina (1997).Costa Rica: Historia de Costa Rica.Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.ISBN978-9977-67-411-7.
• La Feber, Walter (1993).Inevitable Revolutions The United States in Central America.Norton Press. p.103.ISBN978-0-393-03434-9.
• Longley, Kyle (1997).The Sparrow and the Hawk: Costa Rica and the United States During the Rise of Jose Figueres.University of Alabama Press.ISBN978-0-8173-0831-5.

External links

• Costa Rica and the 1948 Revolution