Wikipedia

Mass suicide

(Redirected fromCult suicide)

Mass suicideis a form ofsuicide,occurring when a group of people simultaneously kill themselves. Mass suicide sometimes occurs in religious settings. In war, defeated groups may resort to mass suicide rather than being captured.Suicide pactsare a form of mass suicide that are sometimes planned or carried out by small groups of depressed or hopeless people. Mass suicides have been used as a form of political protest.[citation needed]

Aerial view of theJonestownmass suicide victims.

Attitudes towards mass suicide change according to place and circumstance. People who resort to mass suicide rather than submit to what they consider intolerable oppression sometimes become the focus of a heroic myth.[1]Such mass suicides might also win the grudging respect of the victors. On the other hand, the act of people resorting to mass suicide without being threatened – especially, when driven to this step by a charismatic religious leader, for reasons which often seem obscure – tends to be regarded far more negatively.[citation needed]

Historical mass suicides

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The self-immolation (jauhar) of the Hindu women, during theSiege of Chittorgarhin 1568
  • Following the destruction of the Iberian city ofIlliturgisby Roman GeneralPublius Cornelius Scipioin 206 BC, people ofAstapa– knowing they faced a similar fate – decided to burn the city with all of its treasures and then kill themselves.[2]
  • According to Roman historians, after theBattle of Aquae Sextiaein 102 BC, 300Teutonwomen committed mass suicide following their loss.[3]
  • At the end of the fifteen months of thesiege of Numantiain summer 133 BC many of the defeatedNumantines,instead of surrendering to the Romans, preferred to kill themselves and set fire to the city.[4]
  • The 960 members of theSicariiJewishcommunity atMasadacollectively killed themselves in 73 AD rather than be conquered and enslaved by theRomans.Each man killed his wife and children, then the mendrew lotsand killed each other until the last man killed himself. Some modern scholars have questioned this account of the events.[5][6]
  • In the 700s, the remnants of theMontanistswere ordered by Byzantine EmperorLeo IIIto leave their religion and join orthodox Christianity. They refused, locked themselves in their places of worship, and set them on fire.[7]
  • InIndia,the mass suicide, also known asJauhar,was carried out by women and men of the defeated community, when the fall of a city besieged by the enemy forces was certain. Some of the known cases of Jauhar ofRajputwomen are at the fort ofChittaurin Rajasthan, in 1303, in 1535, and 1568.[8]
  • In 1336, when the castle ofPilėnaiin theGrand Duchy of Lithuaniawas besieged by the army of theTeutonic Knights,the defenders, led by the DukeMargiris,realized that it was impossible to defend themselves any longer and made the decision to kill themselves, as well as to set the castle on fire in order to destroy all of their possessions, and anything of value to the enemy.[9][unreliable source?]
  • In 1792,Revolutionary Franceabolishedslaveryin its Caribbean colonies. However, in 1802Napoleondecided to restore slavery. InGuadeloupe,former slaves who refused to be re-enslaved started a rebellion, led byLouis Delgrès,and for some time resisted the French Army sent to suppress them – but finally realized that they could not win, and still they refused to surrender. At theBattle of Matoubaon 28 May 1802, Delgrès and his followers – 400 men and some women – ignited their gunpowder stores, killing themselves while attempting to kill as many of the French troops as possible.[10]
  • During theTurkish rule of Greeceand shortly before theGreek War of Independence,women fromSouli,pursued by theOttomans,ascended the mountZalongo,threw their children over theprecipiceand then jumped themselves, to avoid capture – an event known as theDance of Zalongo.[11]
  • During theBattle of Okinawa,many of the island's civilians committed mass suicide using grenades or jumping off cliffs rather than be captured by the invading American forces.[citation needed]
  • In the final phase of theWarsaw Ghetto Uprising,many of the fighters besieged in the "bunker" atMiła 18killed themselves by ingesting poison rather than surrender to the Nazis.[12]
  • Germany was stricken by a series of unprecedentedwaves of suicides during the final days of the Nazi regime.[13]On 1 May 1945, about 1,000 residents ofDemmin,Germanycommitted mass suicidein the advent of theRed Army's capture of the town.[14]
  • ABalinesemass ritual suicide is called apuputan.Major puputan occurred in 1906–1908 when Balinese kingdoms faced overwhelmingDutch colonial forces.The root of theBalinesetermpuputanispuput,meaning 'finishing' or 'ending'. It is an act that is more symbolic than strategic; the Balinese are "a people whose genius for theatre is unsurpassed" and a puputan is viewed as "the last act of a tragic dance-drama".[15]
  • During the final days of theBattle of Saipan,over 1,000 Japanese citizens would die in mass suicides, many throwing themselves off the "Suicide Cliff"and"Banzai Cliff".[16]
  • 90 women committed mass suicide by drowning themselves during the partition of India.[17]

Religiously motivated suicides

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Old Believers (17th–18th centuries)

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Main article:Old Believers

During theGreat Schism of the Russian Church,entire villages of Old Believers burned themselves to death in an act known as "fire baptism". This act took place over several decades. At least 20,000 Old Believers would die due to this practice.[18][19]

Bekeranta (1840s)

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In 19th centuryBritish Guiana,Awakaipu, anArekunashaman, established a settlement of indigenous tribesmen calledBekeranta(Berbice Creole Dutchmeaning "Land of the White People" ) at the base ofKukenán-tepui.In approximately 1843 or 1844, Awakaipu instructed his followers to violently murder each other in order toreincarnatethemselves as white people. Unofficial figures put the death toll at around 400, which included men, women, and children.[20][21]

Yogmaya's Jal Samadhi (1941)

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Yogmaya Neupaneand her group of 67 disciples committed the biggest mass suicide (Jal-Samadhi) in Nepali history, by jumping into theArun River (China–Nepal)in 1941.[22]

Peoples Temple (1978)

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Main article:Jonestown
Pictures of those who died in Jonestown

On November 18, 1978, 918 people died inPeoples Temple–related incidents, led byJim Jones,inJonestownandGeorgetownin Guyana.[23][24]Using cyanide and tranquilizers, more than 200 children were murdered in the incident, and many of the elderly were forcibly injected with poison.[24]Many of the adults seem to have died willingly, though this is contested and there was dissent.[24]Jones declared the act a "revolutionary suicide", which had been used as a term within the group even prior to the massacre.[25]

Solar Temple (1994–1997)

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Main article:Order of the Solar Temple

From 1994 to 1997, theOrder of the Solar Temple's members began a series of mass suicides and murders, which led to roughly 74 deaths. The first occurredin Switzerland in 1994,followed by additional deaths inFrance in 1995,and finally a mass suicide inQuebec in 1997.The group was led byJoseph Di Mambro,alongsideLuc Jouret.Farewell letters were left by members, stating that they believed their deaths would be an escape from the "hypocrisies and oppression of this world".[26]Members believed that a death was a "transition" to another state of being.[27]

Heaven's Gate (1997)

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Main article:Heaven's Gate (religious group)

In March 1997, 39 followers ofHeaven's Gatedied in a mass suicide inRancho Santa Fe, California.The group, led byMarshall ApplewhiteandBonnie Nettles,believed that through their deaths they were exiting their human "vessels", which would allow them to advance to the "Next Level" via a spaceship they believed to be followingcomet Hale–Bopp.[28]

Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God (2000)

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Main article:Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God

On March 17, 2000, several hundred members of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God died in Uganda.[29]While initially declared by the government and media a mass suicide, this was later changed to one of mass murder, due to the discovery of decomposing bodies nearby with signs of a more violent death.[30]AnthropologistRichard Vokes,who wrote a 2009 book on the case following his own investigation,Ghosts of Kanungu,criticized the official interpretation of events (that it was mass murder); he argued that it had actually been a mass suicide and that the decomposing bodies were entirely unrelated to the group.[31]John Walliss, in an analysis of the hypotheses relating to the group, viewed Vokes' theory as the most convincing.[32]

Béchard Lane Eckankar (2004)

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In August 2004, ten dead bodies were discovered, all in a sleeping position, inside a two-story house located at Béchard Lane in the suburb of Saint Paul,Vacoas-Phoenixon the island ofMauritius.They had been missing for a number of days, and large loans had been contracted by some of the victims a short time before their deaths. Several of them were active members of theEckankarsect. The main gate and all doors of the house had been locked from the inside, and the interior was in tidy order when police broke into the house.[33][34][35]

Adam House (2007)

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In 2007, inMymensingh,Bangladesh,a family of nine, all members of a novel "Adam's cult", committed mass suicide by hurling themselves under a train. Diaries recovered from the victims' home, the "Adam House", related they wanted a pure life as lived by Adam and Eve, freeing themselves from bondage to any religion, and refusing contact with any outsiders. After leavingIslam,they fell out of boundaries of any particular religion.[36][37]

Burari deaths (2018)

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Main article:Burari deaths

In 2018, eleven family members of the Chundawat family were found dead in their home inBurari,India. Ten family members were foundhanged,while the oldest family member, the grandmother, wasstrangled.The bodies were found on 1 July 2018; in the early morning after the death. The police have ruled the deaths as mass suicide, with an angle ofshared psychosisbeing investigated.

German cult deaths (2019)

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In May 2019, five members of a "medieval sex cult" were found dead in what investigators believe to be a mass suicide or consensual homicide-suicide. Two bodies were discovered in a flat inWittingenand three more, including the leader, in a hotel nearPassau.[38]

Shakahola massacre (2023)

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Main article:Shakahola Forest incident

In April 2023, 110 dead bodies were found in theShakahola forest,nearMalindi,Kenya.[39]Rescued survivors stated that they had been ordered to starve themselves to death by Paul Nthenge Mackenzie, leader of theMalindi cult.As of July 2023, the death toll has risen to 428.[40][41]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Magness, Jodi (17 June 2020)."Masada: A heroic last stand against Rome".Princeton University Press.
  2. ^Arnold, Thomas (1846).The History of Rome: From the Gaulish invasion to the end of the Second Punic War.D. Appleton & Company.p. 471 – viaGoogle Books.
  3. ^Florus (1929) [2nd century AD].Epitome of Roman History.Loeb Classical Library.Retrieved26 April2021.
  4. ^Grout, James."The Celtiberian War and Numantia".Encyclopedia Romana.Retrieved18 June2022.
  5. ^Shaye J.D. Cohen (2010).The significance of Yavneh and other essays in Jewish Hellenism.Mohr Siebeck. p. 143.ISBN978-3161503757.
  6. ^Zuleika Rodgers, ed. (2007).Making History: Josephus And Historical Method.Brill. p.397.ISBN978-9004150089.
  7. ^Trevett, Christine (1996).Montanism: Gender, Authority and the New Prophecy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.p. 230.ISBN978-0-521-52870-2.
  8. ^Choy, Monique; Singh, Sarina (2002).Rajasthan.Lonely Planet Publications. p. 231.ISBN978-1-74059-363-2.
  9. ^Gedimino Laiškai:The Letters of Gediminas, the Great Duke of Lithuania (c. 1275–1341)
  10. ^ Moitt, Bernard (1996). "Slave Women and Resistance in the French Caribbean". In Gaspar, David Barry (ed.).More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas.Indiana University Press.p.243.ISBN978-0253330178.
  11. ^Memorials and Other Papers:Thomas de Quincey,ISBN0140430156
  12. ^Ainsztein, Reuben (1979).The Warsaw Chetto Revolt.New York: Holocaust Library. p. 128.ISBN978-0-89604-007-6.
  13. ^"Suicides: Nazis go down to defeat in a wave of selbstmord".Life Magazine, 14 May 1945. Accessed 10 April 2011.
  14. ^Lakotta, Beate (5 March 2005)."Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren".Der Spiegel(in German).SPON.Archived fromthe originalon 17 April 2020.Retrieved16 August2010.
  15. ^Pringle, Robert (2004).Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm; A short history of.Short History of Asia Series.Allen & Unwin.ISBN978-1865088631.
  16. ^Astroth, Alexander (2019).Mass Suicides on Saipan and Tinian, 1944: An Examination of the Civilian Deaths in Historical Context.McFarland.ISBN9781476674568.OCLC1049791315.
  17. ^Dey, Arunima (16 April 2015)."Women as Martyrs: Mass Suicides at Thoa Khalsa During the Partition of India".Indialogs.3(Violences): 7.doi:10.5565/rev/indialogs.34.ISSN2339-8523.
  18. ^Coleman, Loren(2004).The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Headlines.Paraview Pocket Books.p. 46.ISBN978-0-7434-8223-3.
  19. ^Lewis & Cusack 2014,pp. 29–32.
  20. ^Jonestown echoed in past times in Guyana: An 1840s mass suicide remembered.Polick, Paul.Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple.25 July 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  21. ^Swan, Michael (1958).The Marches of El Dorado.Penguin Books.p. 244.
  22. ^"Nepal: Yogmaya Neupane: Nepal's First Female Revolutionary".PeaceWomen.3 February 2015.Retrieved4 May2022.
  23. ^Lewis & Cusack 2014,p. 73.
  24. ^abcLewis 2011,p. 98.
  25. ^Lewis & Cusack 2014,p. 79.
  26. ^Lewis & Cusack 2014,pp. 55–56.
  27. ^Lewis & Cusack 2014,p. 61.
  28. ^Lewis & Cusack 2014,pp. 92, 100.
  29. ^Lewis & Cusack 2014,pp. 109–111.
  30. ^Lewis & Cusack 2014,p. 110.
  31. ^Vokes, Richard (2009).Ghosts of Kanungu: Fertility, Secrecy & Exchange in the Great Lakes of East Africa.Fountain Publishers.ISBN978-1-84701-009-4.
  32. ^Lewis & Cusack 2014,pp. 123–125.
  33. ^Coosnapen, Michëlla."10 cadavres bouleversent le pays".5 Plus.Retrieved30 August2004.
  34. ^"Massacre or collective suicide? The plot thickens..."L'express Outlooke.7 September 2004.Retrieved11 September2023.
  35. ^"Le mystère de Béchard Lane 10 ans après".Le Mauricien.16 August 2014.Retrieved16 August2014.
  36. ^Jewel, Jahangir Kabir (12 July 2007)."Mymensingh joint suicide defies common sense".bdnews24.Archived fromthe originalon 30 June 2016.Retrieved30 May2016.
  37. ^Selim, Nasima (2010). "An extraordinary truth? The Ādam" suicide "notes from Bangladesh".Mental Health, Religion & Culture.13(3): 223–244.doi:10.1080/13674670903061230.S2CID145789923.
  38. ^"Man killed by crossbow in Germany led 'medieval cult'".BBC News.15 May 2019.Retrieved31 October2024.
  39. ^Kithi, Marion (28 April 2023)."360 people reported missing as heavy rains disrupt Shakahola operation".The Standard.Archivedfrom the original on 28 April 2023.Retrieved30 April2023.
  40. ^Kimeu, Caroline (30 April 2023)."'We tried to stop her': Kenyan teenager tells how cult starved his mother ".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved3 May2023.
  41. ^Wangira, Dorcas (1 May 2023)."Kenya starvation cult: 'My wife and six children followed Pastor Mackenzie'".BBC News.Retrieved3 May2023.
Sources
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