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Culture of Scotland

Theculture of Scotlandrefers to the patterns of human activity andsymbolismassociated withScotlandand theScottish people.The Scottish flag is blue with a whitesaltire,and represents the cross ofSaint Andrew.

Scots law

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Main article:Scots law

Scotland retainsScots Law,its own unique legal system, based onRoman law,which combines features of bothcivil lawandcommon law.The terms of union with England specified the retention of separate systems. The barristers are called advocates, and the judges of the high court for civil cases are also the judges for the high court for criminal cases. Scots Law differs from England's common law system. Formerly, there were several regional law systems in Scotland, one of which wasUdal Law(also calledallodailorodal law) in Shetland and Orkney. This was a direct descendant of Old Norse Law, but was abolished in 1611. Despite this, Scottish courts have acknowledged the supremacy of udal law in some property cases as recently as the 1990s. Various systems based on common Celtic Law also survived in the Highlands until the 1800s.

Banking and currency

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Main article:Economy of Scotland

Banking in Scotland also features unique characteristics. Although theBank of Englandremains the central bank for the UK Government, three Scottish corporate banks still issue their ownbanknotes:theBank of Scotland,theRoyal Bank of Scotlandand theClydesdale Bank.

Sports

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Main article:Sport in Scotland

Scotland competes in sporting events such as theFIFA World Cup.Scotland does not compete in theOlympic Gamesindependently however, and inathletics,Scotland has competed for the Celtic Cup, against teams from Wales and Ireland, since the inaugural event in 2006.[1]

Scotland is the "Home ofGolf",and is well known for its courses. As well as its world-famousHighland Games(athletic competitions), it is also the home ofcurling,andshinty,a stick game similar to Ireland'shurling. Scotland has 4 professional ice hockey teams that compete in theElite Ice Hockey League.Scottish cricketis a minority game.

Literature

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Main article:Scottish literature
Three great men of Scottish literature: busts of Burns, Scott and Stevenson.

The earliest extant literature written in what is now Scotland, was composed inBrythonicspeech in the sixth century and has survived as part ofWelsh literature.[2]In the following centuries there was literature in Latin, under the influence of the Catholic Church, and inOld English,brought byAngliansettlers. As the state ofAlbadeveloped into the kingdom of Scotland from the eighth century, there was a flourishing literary elite who regularly produced texts in both Gaelic and Latin, sharing a common literary culture with Ireland and elsewhere.[3]After theDavidian Revolutionof the thirteenth century a flourishing French language culture predominated, while Norse literature was produced from areas of Scandinavian settlement.[4]The first surviving major text inEarly Scotsliterature is the fourteenth-century poetJohn Barbour's epicBrus,which was followed by a series of vernacular versions of medieval romances. These were joined in the fifteenth century by Scots prose works.[5][6]

In the early modern era royal patronage supported poetry, prose and drama.James V's court saw works such asSir David Lindsay of the Mount'sThe Thrie Estaitis.[7]In the late sixteenth centuryJames VIbecame patron and member of a circle of Scottish court poets and musicians known as theCastalian Band.[8]When he acceded to the English throne in 1603 many followed him to the new court, but without a centre of royal patronage the tradition of Scots poetry subsided.[9]It was revived after union with England in 1707 by figures includingAllan Ramsay,Robert FergussonandJames Macpherson.[10]The latter'sOssian Cyclemade him the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation.[11]He helped inspireRobert Burns,considered by many to be the national poet, andWalter Scott,whoseWaverley Novelsdid much to define Scottish identity in the 19th century.[12]Towards the end of the Victorian era a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations, includingRobert Louis Stevenson,Arthur Conan Doyle,J. M. BarrieandGeorge MacDonald.[13]

In the 20th century there was a surge of activity in Scottish literature, known as theScottish Renaissance.The leading figure,Hugh MacDiarmid,attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature.[14]Members of the movement were followed by a new generation of post-war poets includingEdwin Morgan,who would be appointed the firstScots Makarby the inaugural Scottish government in 2004.[15]From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival, particularly associated with writers includingJames KelmanandIrvine Welsh.Scottish poets who emerged in the same period includedCarol Ann Duffy,who was named as the first Scot to be UKPoet Laureatein May 2009.[16]

Art

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Main article:Scottish art
William McTaggart,The Storm(1890)

The earliest examples of art from what is now Scotland are highly decorated carved stone balls from theNeolithicperiod.[17]From theBronze Agethere are examples of carvings, including the first representations of objects, andcup and ring marks.[18]From theIron Agethere are more extensive examples of patterned objects and gold work.[19]From the early Middle Ages there are elaborately carvedPictish stones[20]and impressive metalwork.[21]The development of a common style ofInsular artacross Great Britain and Ireland influenced elaborate jewellery andilluminated manuscriptslike theBook of Kells.[22]Only isolated examples survive of native artwork from the late Middle Ages and of works created or strongly influenced by artists of Flemish origin.[23]The influence of theRenaissancecan be seen in stone carving and painting from the fifteenth century. In the sixteenth century the crown began to employ Flemish court painters who have left a portrait record of royalty.[24]The Reformationremoved a major source of patronage for art, limited the level of public display, but may have helped in the growth of secular domestic forms, particularly elaborate painting of roofs and walls.[25]In the seventeenth century there were the first significant native artists for whom names are extant, with figures likeGeorge JamesoneandJohn Michael Wright,but the loss of the court as a result of theUnion of Crownsin 1603 removed another major source of patronage.[26]

In the eighteenth century Scotland began to produce artists that were significant internationally, all influenced byneoclassicism,such asAllan Ramsay,Gavin Hamilton,the brothersJohnandAlexander Runciman,Jacob MoreandDavid Allan.[27]Towards the end of the centuryRomanticismbegan to affect artistic production, and can be seen in the portraits of artists such asHenry Raeburn.[28]It also contributed to a tradition of Scottish landscape painting that focused on theHighlands,formulated by figures includingAlexander Nasmyth.[29]TheRoyal Scottish Academy of Artwas created in 1826,[30]and major portrait painters of this period includedAndrew GeddesandDavid Wilkie.William Dyceemerged as one of the most significant figures in art education in the United Kingdom.[31]The beginnings of aCeltic Revivalcan be seen in the late nineteenth century[32]and the art scene was dominated by the work of theGlasgow Boys[33]and the Four, ledCharles Rennie Mackintosh,who gained an international reputation for their combination of Celtic revival,Art and CraftsandArt Nouveau.[34]The early twentieth century was dominated by theScottish Colouristsandthe Edinburgh School.[35]They have been described as the first Scottish modern artists and were the major mechanism by which post-impressionism reached Scotland.[36][37]There was a growing interest in forms ofModernism,withWilliam Johnstonehelping to develop the concept of aScottish Renaissance.[31]In the post-war period, major artists, includingJohn Bellanyand Alexander Moffat, pursued a strand of "Scottish realism".[38]Moffat's influence can be seen in the work of the "new Glasgow Boys" from the late twentieth century.[39]In the twenty-first century Scotland has continued to produce successful and influential such asDouglas Gordon,David Mach,[40]Susan PhilipszandRichard Wright.[41]

Scotland possess significant collections of art, such as theNational Gallery of ScotlandandNational Museum of Scotlandin Edinburgh[42]and theBurrell CollectionandKelvingrove Art Gallery and Museumin Glasgow.[43]Significant schools of art include theEdinburgh College of Art[44]and theGlasgow School of Art.[45]The major funding body with responsibility for the arts in Scotland isCreative Scotland.[46][47]Support is also given by local councils and independent foundations.[48]

Music

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Main article:Music of Scotland

Scotland is internationally known for its traditional music, which remained vibrant throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, when many traditional forms worldwide lost popularity to pop music. In spite of emigration and a well-developed connection to music imported from the rest of Europe and the United States, the music of Scotland has kept many of its traditional aspects; indeed, it has itself influenced many forms of music.

Media

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Main article:Media of Scotland

Scotland's media are partly separate from the rest of the UK. For example, Scotland has several national newspapers, such as theDaily Record(Scotland's leadingtabloid), thebroadsheetThe Herald,based inGlasgow,andThe ScotsmaninEdinburgh.Sunday newspapers include the tabloidSunday Mail(published byDaily Recordparent company Trinity Mirror) and theSunday Post,while theSunday HeraldandScotland on Sundayhave associations withThe HeraldandThe Scotsmanrespectively.

Regional dailies includeThe Courier and AdvertiserinDundeeand the east, andThe Press and JournalservingAberdeenand the north.

Scotland has its ownBBCservices which include the national radio stations,BBC Radio Scotlandand Scottish Gaelic language serviceBBC Radio nan Gaidheal.There are also a number of BBC and independent local radio stations throughout the country. In addition to radio, BBC Scotland also runs three nationaltelevision stations:the Scottish variant ofBBC One,theBBC Scotland channeland Gaelic-language TV channelBBC Alba.Much of the output of BBC Scotland Television, such as news and current affairs programmes, and the Glasgow-based soap opera,River City,are intended for broadcast within Scotland, while others, such as drama and comedy programmes, aim at audiences throughout theUKand further afield.

TwoITVstations,STVandITV,also broadcast in Scotland. Most of the independent television output is the same as that transmitted in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, with the exception of news and current affairs, sport, comedy, cultural and Scottish Gaelic-language programming.

As one of the Celtic nations, Scotland is represented at theCeltic Media Festival(formerly known as the Celtic International Film Festival). Scottish entrants have won many awards since the festival began in 1980. Scottish sponsors and partners of the event includeHighlands and Islands Enterprise,BBC Scotland,MG Alba,Scottish Screen,STVandBòrd na Gàidhlig.[49][50]

Addressing thehaggisduringBurns supper:
Fair fa' your honest, sonsie face,
Great chieftain o' the puddin-race!

Food and drink

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Main article:Scottish cuisine

Although thedeep-fried Mars baris jokingly said to exemplify the modern Scottish diet, Scottish cuisine offers traditional dishes such asfish and chips,haggis,theArbroath smokie,salmon,venison,cranachan,thebannock,stovies,Scotch broth,tattie sconeandshortbread.

Scotland is also known for itsScotch whiskydistilleries,as well as forScottish beer.

The soft drinkIrn-Bruis cited by its manufacturerA.G. Barras Scotland's 'other' national drink owing to its large market share in Scotland outselling major international brands such as Coca-Cola.

Philosophy

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Scotland has a strong philosophical tradition.Duns Scotuswas one of the premier medievalscholastics.In theScottish EnlightenmentEdinburgh was home to much intellectual talent, includingFrancis Hutcheson,David Hume,andAdam Smith.Other cities also produced major thinkers at that time: e.g.Aberdeen'sThomas Reid.

Folklore

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Main articles:Scottish folkloreandScottish mythology

Halloween,on the night of October 31, is a traditional and much celebrated holiday in Scotland.[51]The nameHalloweenwas first attested in the 16th century as aScottishshortening ofAll-Hallows-Eve,[52]and according to some historians it has its roots in theGaelicfestival ofSamhain,when the Gaels believed the border between this world and theotherworldbecame thin, and the dead would revisit the mortal world.[53]In 1780,DumfriespoetJohn Maynenoted Halloween pranks:"What fearfu' pranks ensue!",as well as the supernatural associations of that night,"Bogies"(ghosts).[54]The bard of ScotlandRobert Burns' 1785 poemHalloweenis recited by Scots at Halloween, and Burns was influenced by Mayne's composition.[54][55]In Scotland, traditional Halloween customs include:Guising— children incostumegoing from door to door demanding food or coins — which became established practice by the late 19th century,[56][57]turnipshollowed out and carved with faces to make lanterns,[56]and parties with games such asapple bobbing.[58]Further contemporary imagery of Halloween is derived fromGothicandhorrorliterature (notablyShelley'sFrankensteinandStoker'sDracula), and classic horror films (such asHammer Horrors). Mass transatlantic Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America.[59]

Language and religion

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Main articles:Languages of ScotlandandReligion in Scotland

Scotland also has its own unique family of languages and dialects, helping to foster a strong sense of "Scottish-ness". SeeScots languageandScottish Gaelic language.An organisation calledIomairt Cholm Cille(Columba Project) has been set up to support Gaelic-speaking communities in both Scotland and Ireland and to promote links between them.[60]

Forms ofChristianityhave dominated religious life in what is now the Scotland for more than 1,400 years.[61][62]Scotland retains its ownnational church,separate from that of England. SeeChurch of ScotlandandReligion in the United Kingdom.There is also a large minority ofRoman Catholics,around 16% of the population.

Thepatron saintof Scotland isSaint Andrew,andSaint Andrew's Dayis celebrated in Scotland on 30 November.Saint (Queen) Margaret,Saint ColumbaandSaint Ninianhave also historically enjoyed great popularity.

Interceltic festivals

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See also:List of Celtic festivals
Pipers at theFestival Interceltique de Lorient.

As one of theCeltic nations,Scotland is represented at interceltic events at home and around the world. Scotland is host to two interceltic music festivals – theScottish Arts CouncilfundedCeltic Connections,Glasgow, and theHebridean Celtic Festival,Stornoway – that were founded in the mid-1990s.[63][64][65][66]

Scottish culture is also represented at interceltic festivals of music and culture worldwide. Among the most well known areFestival Interceltique de Lorient– held annually inBrittanysince 1971 – thePan Celtic Festival,Ireland, and the National Celtic Festival,Portarlington,Australia.[67][68][69]

National symbols

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Main article:National symbols of Scotland

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Scottish athletics and Wales competing in two leagues, the top four teams from each league qualifying for a final knockout cup competition".{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|url=(help)
  2. ^R. T. Lambdin and L. C. Lambdin,Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature(London: Greenwood, 2000),ISBN0-313-30054-2,p. 508.
  3. ^T. O. Clancy, "Scottish literature before Scottish literature", in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney, eds,The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature(Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012),ISBN0521189365,p. 19.
  4. ^K. M. Brown,Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004),ISBN0748612998,p. 220.
  5. ^N. Jayapalan,History of English Literature(Atlantic, 2001),ISBN81-269-0041-5,p. 23.
  6. ^J. Wormald,Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),ISBN0-7486-0276-3,pp. 60–7.
  7. ^I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds,The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007),ISBN0-7486-1615-2,pp. 256–7.
  8. ^R. D. S. Jack,Alexander Montgomerie,(Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985),ISBN0-7073-0367-2,pp. 1–2.
  9. ^R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed.,The History of Scottish Literature(Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1,ISBN0-08-037728-9,pp. 137–8.
  10. ^J. Buchan (2003),Crowded with Genius,Harper Collins, p.311,ISBN0-06-055888-1
  11. ^J. Buchan (2003),Crowded with Genius,Harper Collins, p.163,ISBN0-06-055888-1
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  14. ^"The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond",Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile,archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2011
  15. ^The Scots Makar,The Scottish Government, 16 February 2004, archived fromthe originalon 4 February 2012,retrieved28 October2007
  16. ^"Duffy reacts to new Laureate post",BBC News,1 May 2009, archived fromthe originalon 30 October 2011
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  24. ^J. Wormald,Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),ISBN0-7486-0276-3,pp. 57–9.
  25. ^N. Prior,Museums and Modernity: Art Galleries and the Making of Modern Culture(Berg, 2002),ISBN1859735088,p. 102.
  26. ^A. Thomas,The Renaissance,in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald,The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012),ISBN0-19-162433-0,pp. 198–9.
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  49. ^"About Us::Celtic Media Festival".Celtic Media Festival website.Celtic Media Festival.2009. Archived fromthe originalon 26 January 2010.Retrieved26 January2010.
  50. ^"Sponsors & Partners::Celtic Media Festival".Celtic Media Festival website.Celtic Media Festival.2009. Archived fromthe originalon 26 January 2010.Retrieved26 January2010.
  51. ^Arnold, Bettina (31 October 2001),"Bettina Arnold – Halloween Lecture: Halloween Customs in the Celtic World",HalloweenInauguralCelebration,University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee:Center for Celtic Studies, archived fromthe originalon 27 October 2007,retrieved16 October2007
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  53. ^O'Driscoll, Robert (ed.) (1981) The Celtic Consciousness New York, BrazillerISBN0-8076-1136-0pp.197–216: Ross, Anne "Material Culture, Myth and Folk Memory" (on modern survivals); pp.217–242: Danaher, Kevin "Irish Folk Tradition and the Celtic Calendar" (on specific customs and rituals)
  54. ^abRobert ChambersThe life and works of Robert Burns, Volume 1Lippincott, Grambo & co., 1854
  55. ^Thomas CrawfordBurns: a study of the poems and songsStanford University Press, 1960
  56. ^abFrank Leslie's popular monthly: Volume 40 (1895) p.540
  57. ^Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Festive Rights:Halloween in the British Isles". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p.48. Oxford University Press
  58. ^Samhain,BBC Religion and Ethics. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  59. ^Rogers, Nicholas. (2002). "Coming Over: Halloween in North America" Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. pp.49–77. New York: Oxford University Press.
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  61. ^L. Alcock,Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850(Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland),ISBN0-903903-24-5,p. 63.
  62. ^Lucas Quensel von Kalben, "The British Church and the Emergence of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom", in T. Dickinson and D. Griffiths, eds,Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 10: Papers for the 47th Sachsensymposium, York, September 1996(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999),ISBN086054138X,p. 93.
  63. ^Harvey, David (2002).Celtic geographies: old culture, new times.Stroud, Gloucestershire:Routledge.p. 142.ISBN0-415-22396-2.
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  65. ^"Celtic connections:Scotland's premier winter music festival".Celtic connections website.Celtic Connections.2010.Retrieved23 January2010.
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  67. ^"Site Officiel du Festival Interceltique de Lorient".Festival Interceltique de Lorient website.Festival Interceltique de Lorient.2009. Archived fromthe originalon 5 March 2010.Retrieved23 January2010.
  68. ^"Welcome to the Pan Celtic 2010 Home Page".Pan Celtic Festival 2010 website.Fáilte Ireland.2010.Retrieved26 January2010.
  69. ^"About the Festival".National Celtic Festival website.National Celtic Festival. 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 20 February 2011.Retrieved23 January2010.
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