David Kimhi(Hebrew:ר׳ דָּוִד קִמְחִי,alsoKimchiorQimḥi) (1160–1235), also known by theHebrewacronymas theRaDaK(רַדָּ״ק) (Rabbi David Kimhi), was amedievalrabbi,biblical commentator,philosopher, andgrammarian.
Early life
editKimhi was born inNarbonne,a city inProvence,Occitania,then under the rule ofPhilip II of France.He was the youngest son of RabbiJoseph Kimhiand the brother ofMoses Kimhi,both also biblical commentators and grammarians.
Kimhi was raised by his older brother Moses following the untimely death of their father.[1]Later, he supported himself by teaching Talmud to the young. He was well versed in the whole range of Hebrew literature, and became the most illustrious representative of his name. Works of the Kimhi family were underwritten by theibn Yahya familyofLisbonin theKingdom of Portugal.[2]
Rabbinic career and scholarship
editKimhi saw himself primarily as a compiler and summarizer. As a noted Hebrew grammarian, his bookMikhlol(מכלול) and hisdictionaryof theHebrew languagecalledSefer HaShorashim(ספר השורשים, "Book of Roots" ) draws heavily on the earlier works ofJudah ben David HayyujandJonah ibn Janah,as well as from the work of his father. These two books were originally written as one, although over the years they have come to be printed separately. This book, while based on his predecessors, shows a significant amount of innovation, stakes out new territory in his scholarly fields, and from a methodological point of view is superior to what came before. For example, in theMikhlol,Kimhi expounds on his predecessors' opinions in a clear, straightforward way with a comprehensive approach to the Hebrew structure.Sefer Hashorashimhighlights his talent as a writer because of its logical organization, particularly the way he bases his definitions upon etymology and comparisons between languages. Another of Kimhi's works, "'Eṭ Sofer," (עט סופר) was a sort of abridged version ofMikhloland acted as a manual forBiblical scribes.This was a necessary compilation of rules for the writing of Bible-rolls, Masoretic notes, and accents, due to widespread ignorance among the scribes of the 12th century.[3]
Kimhi also delved into philosophy and thesciences,and was very much influenced by bothAbraham ibn EzraandMaimonides.In later life, he took part in the controversy surrounding the works of Maimonides and staunchly defended him. He even sent letters to other rabbis in order to gain their support.[4]His stance on philosophy was moderate and therefore permitted its study to those whose belief in God and fear of heaven was firm.
Kimḥi also participated in public debates with Christians.[5]According to Kimḥi, Christian interpretation demonstrated a corruption of the text and in some cases was inapplicable and irrational.[clarification needed]He mostly attacks the allegorical method of interpretation and Christian claims towards the "true Israel" by stressing the superior morality and religiosity of the Jews. His interpretations were the favourite of the translators of theKing James Version.[6]
Commentaries
editKimhi is known primarily for his biblical commentaries on the books of theProphets.He also wrote commentaries on the books ofGenesis,Psalms,andChronicles.His biblical work mirrors his grammarian work, and focuses on issues of language and form as well as upon content.
He explains words on the basis of their grammatical construction and their etymological development. His commentary also includes homiletic and philosophical material,niqqud(vocalization), rabbinic tradition of the reading, and literal meaning of the words. He also addresses key issues such as the authorship of the various books and the historical eras in which the prophets were active, as well as otherhistoricalandgeographicalquestions.
His commentary on Genesis tends toward the philosophical. He seeks out theethicalunderpinnings of the stories, believing that they were not included in the text for purely historical reasons, but rather for their moral message.
He makes extensive use of the ancientTargumtranslation of the text intoJewish Palestinian Aramaicattributed toJonathan ben Uzziel,commenting on it and bringing variant readings. The commentary also includes a mystical interpretation of theGarden of Edenand the story ofCain and Abel.A similar, mystical interpretation by Kimhi can also be found in hisglosseson the final chapter of theBook of Ezekiel,describing the Divine Chariot.When he does not understand a particular text, he follows the example ofRashiand writes, "I did not understand the reason why this story appears in this particular place," or "I did not find a proper reason for it."
His work extensively influenced the"Metzudos"commentaryby R.David Altschuler.
Commemoration and legacy
editRadak Street inJerusalem'sRehavianeighborhood is named for him.[7]
References
edit- ^
Singer, Isidore;et al., eds. (1901–1906)."ḲIMḤI".The Jewish Encyclopedia.New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^Eric Lawee (1 February 2012).Isaac Abarbanel's Stance Toward Tradition: Defense, Dissent, and Dialogue.State University of New York Press. p. 30.ISBN978-0-7914-8988-8.OCLC1058092317.
- ^Talmage, Frank (2007). "Kimḥi, David". InBerenbaum, Michael;Skolnik, Fred(eds.).Encyclopaedia Judaica.Vol. 12 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 155-156.ISBN978-0-02-866097-4– viaGale Virtual Reference Library.
- ^The Rishonim, The Artscroll history series, Pg. 171
- ^"Kimhi, David (Radak)." The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life and Thought. Ed. Chaim Pearl. New York: Digitalia, 1996. 251-252|via=Gale Virtual Reference Library|access-date=10 Mar. 2013.
- ^Daiches, David (1968). The King James Version of the English Bible: An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition. Hamden, Conn: Archon Books.ISBN0-208-00493-9pp.207
- ^Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research
8.https://hebrewbooks.org/11650Sefer Hashorashim (Book of Hebrew Words Roots)
Relevant literature
edit- Grunhaus, Naomi. (Autumn 2003). The commentary of Rabbi David Kimhi on Proverbs: A case of mistaken attribution.Journal of Jewish Studies54(2): 311-327.