Democratic Federal Yugoslavia,also known asDemocratic Federative Yugoslavia(DF YugoslaviaorDFY), was a provisional state established duringWorld War IIon 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of theAnti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia(AVNOJ). TheNational Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia(NKOJ) was its original executive body. Throughout its existence it was governed by MarshalJosip Broz Titoas prime minister.
It was recognized by theAlliesat theTehran Conference,along with the AVNOJ as itsdeliberative body.TheYugoslav government-in-exileof KingPeter IIin London, partly due to pressure from theUnited Kingdom,[3]recognized the AVNOJ government with theTreaty of Vis,signed on 16 June 1944 between the prime minister of the government-in-exile,Ivan Šubašić,and Tito.[3]With the Treaty of Vis, the government-in-exile and the NKOJ agreed to merge into aprovisional governmentas soon as possible. The form of the new government was agreed upon in a secondTito–Šubašić agreementsigned on 1 November 1944 in the recently liberated Yugoslav capital ofBelgrade.DF Yugoslavia became one of the founding members of theUnited Nationsupon the signing of theUnited Nations Charterin October 1945.
The state was formed to unite the Yugoslav resistance movement to theoccupation of Yugoslaviaby theAxis powers.The agreement left the issue of whether the state would be a monarchy or a republic intentionally undecided until after the war had ended so the position of head of state was vacant. After the merger of the governments, the state was reformed as aone-partyFederal People's Republic of Yugoslaviawith Josip Broz Tito asPrime Ministerand Ivan Šubašić asminister of foreign affairs.
History
editThe Second Session of the AVNOJ, held inJajcein November 1943, opened with a declaration that read in part:
- That the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia be constituted as the supreme legislative and executive representative body of Yugoslavia as the supreme representative of the sovereignty of the peoples and of the State of Yugoslavia as a whole, and that a National Committee of Liberation of Yugoslavia be established as an organ with all of the features of a national government, through which the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia will realize its executive function.
- That the traitorous "government" in exile be deprived of all rights as the legal government of Yugoslavia, particularly of the right to represent the peoples of Yugoslavia anywhere or before anyone.
- That all international treaties and obligations concluded abroad in the name of Yugoslavia by the "government" in exile be reviewed with a view to their invalidation or renewal or approval, and that all international treaties and obligations which the so-called "government" in exile may eventually conclude abroad in the future receive no recognition.
- That Yugoslavia be established on a democratic federal principle as a state of equal peoples.[4]
The AVNOJ then issued six decrees and the Presidium of the AVNOJ, which continued its functions when it was not in session, followed with four decisions. Together these comprised the constitution of the new state taking shape in Yugoslavia. On 30 November the Presidium gave Tito the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia and appointed him president of the government (or acting prime minister) andMinister of National Defence.Three vice presidents and thirteen other ministers were appointed to the NKOJ.[4]
The name "Democratic Federative Yugoslavia" was officially adopted on 17 February 1944. On the same day they adopted the five-torchemblem of Yugoslavia.[5]
After the deposition of King Peter II, theFederal People's Republic of Yugoslaviawas proclaimed on 29 November 1945.
Government
editIts legislature, after November 1944, was the Provisional Assembly.[6]The Tito-Šubašić agreement of 1944 declared that the state was a pluralistdemocracythat guaranteed: democratic liberties; personal freedom;freedom of speech,assembly,andreligion;and afree press.[7]However, by January 1945 Tito had shifted the emphasis of his government away from emphasis on pluralist democracy, claiming that though he accepted democracy, he claimed there was no "need" for multiple parties, as he claimed that multiple parties were unnecessarily divisive in the midst of Yugoslavia's war effort and that thePeople's Frontrepresented all the Yugoslav people.[7]The People's Front coalition, headed by theCommunist Party of Yugoslaviaand its general secretary MarshalJosip Broz Tito,was a major movement within the government. Other political movements that joined the government included the "Napred" movement represented byMilivoje Marković.[6]
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was ruled by Temporary Government consisting mostly ofUnitary National Liberation Frontmembers and small number of other political parties from former Kingdom of Yugoslavia. President of the Government wasJosip Broz Tito.Communists held 22 minister positions, including Finances, Internal Affairs, Justice, Transport and others.Ivan Šubašić,from Croatian Peasant Party and former ban ofCroatian Banovina,was minister of Foreign Affairs, whileMilan Grol,fromDemocratic Party,was Deputy Prime Minister. Many non-communist government members resigned due to disagreement with the new policy.[8]
Administrative divisions
editDemocratic Federal Yugoslavia consisted of sixfederal statesand twoautonomous units:[9][10]
- Federated State of Serbia
- Federated State of Croatia
- Federated State of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Federated State of Slovenia
- Federated State of Montenegro
- Democratic Federal Macedonia
References
edit- ^These were the languages specified for the Emblem of Yugoslavia on 17 February 1944.
- ^Tomasz Kamusella.The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe.Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Pp. 228, 297.
- ^abWalter R. Roberts.Tito, Mihailović, and the allies, 1941-1945.Duke University Press, 1987. Pp. 288.
- ^abMichael Boro Petrovich, "The Central Government of Yugoslavia",Political Science Quarterly,Vol. 62, No. 4 (1947), pp. 504–30.
- ^Marko Attila Hoare,The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War: A History(Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 200.
- ^abVojislav Koštunica, Kosta Čavoški.Party pluralism or monism: social movements and the political system in Yugoslavia, 1944-1949.East European Monographs, 1985. Pp. 22.
- ^abSabrina P. Ramet. The three Yugoslavias: state-building and legitimation, 1918-2005. Bloomington, Indiana, US: Indiana University Press. Pp. 167-168.
- ^Juhas, Jožef."PRVA DECENIJA TITOVE JUGOSLAVIJE"(PDF)(in Bosnian). Vajdasági Magyar Digitális Adattár:203–219.
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^Petranović 2002.
- ^Jović 2009.
Sources
edit- Bokovoy, Melissa K.; Irvine, Jill A.; Lilly, Carol S., eds. (1997).State-Society Relations in Yugoslavia, 1945-1992.London: Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN9780312126902.
- Dimić, Ljubodrag(2011). "Yugoslav-Soviet Relations: The View of the Western Diplomats (1944-1946)".The Balkans in the Cold War: Balkan Federations, Cominform, Yugoslav-Soviet Conflict.Beograd: Institute for Balkan Studies. pp.109–140.ISBN9788671790734.
- Jović, Dejan(2009).Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away.West Lafayette: Purdue University Press.ISBN9781557534958.
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K.(2002).Serbia: The History behind the Name.London: Hurst & Company.ISBN9781850654773.
- Petranović, Branko(2002).The Yugoslav Experience of Serbian National Integration.Boulder: East European Monographs.ISBN9780880334846.