Dessie(Amharic:ደሴ,romanized:Däse;also spelledDeseorDessye) is a town in north-centralEthiopia.Located in theSouth Wollo Zoneof theAmhara Region,it sits at a latitude and longitude of11°8′N39°38′E/ 11.133°N 39.633°E,with an elevation between 2,470 and 2,550 metres above sea level. Dessie is 400 km to the north of the capitalAddis Ababa.It has a population of more than 200,000 people in over 30wards.
Dessie
ደሴ | |
|---|---|
City | |
 Dessie City View; Downtown; Mosque; Haji Mohamed Yasin tower | |
  Dessie Location within Ethiopia  Dessie Location within the Horn of Africa  Dessie Location within Africa | |
| Coordinates:11°8′N39°38′E/ 11.133°N 39.633°E | |
| Country |  Ethiopia |
| Region |  Amhara |
| Zone | South Wollo |
| Founded | 1882 |
| Founded by | Yohannes IV |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Samuel Mollalene |
| Area | |
• Total | 168 km2(65 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2,470 m (8,100 ft) |
| Population (2007)[1] | |
• Total | 151,174 |
• Estimate (2021)[2] | 257,126 |
| • Density | 900/km2(2,300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3(EAT) |
| Area code | 33 |
History
editMedieval history
editPrior to Dessie's foundation, the major settlement in this area was Wasal, mentioned in an early 16th-centuryItalianitinerary.[3]
19th century
editDessie was founded byEmperorYohannes IVwho was camping in the highlands to the west of the Chefa Valley in 1882 on an expedition to forcefully convert theMuslimswho lived in the region to Christianity. As he was looking for a place to centralize his power inWollo,he stayed overnight in a pre-existing town that is now contained within Dessie. While there, he spotted a comet. He was so impressed by the sight of it that he interpreted it to be a sign from heaven to found his capital city there. A similar story toZara Yaqob's founding of his capital,Debre Birhan.Thus, he named it Dessie (Amharic: "My Joy" ), as a reference to the elation that the comet had made him feel.[4][5]
Though founded and named by Yohannes, Dessie was beyond his dominions, for already in 1878 he recognizedWolloas being under the jurisdiction ofMenelik II.Menelik's writ in the province, however, was weak and in 1888 handed its governorship toRas Mikael.In 1892, Ras Mikael married the daughter of Menelik in the town, thus further integrating Wollo andShewa.The strategic importance of Dessie became apparent during theFirst Italo-Ethiopian War,when the Emperor and his forces passed through the town on their way and from Tigray.[6]
20th century
editDessie's location led to thetelegraphline constructed between 1902 and 1904 fromAsmarasouth to Addis Ababa, passing through the city, and giving it a local telegraph office. Also in 1904, the Italian Giuseppe Bonaiuti took part in constructing a fair-weather road connecting the city toAddis Ababa.[4]
Dessie increased in importance whenRasMikael,son-in-law to EmperorMenelik II,made it his base. The city was where his son, would-be emperorLij Iyasus,crowned Mikaelnegusaround 1915. During his residence in Dessie, the Negus built a palace and the church Enda Medhane Alem. The church is decorated with paintings which include portraits of Ras Mikael and his son.[4]
After thedefeatof his father Negus Mikael, Lij Iyasu took refuge in Dessie beginning on 8 November 1916 while unsuccessfully seeking support from RasWolde Giyorgisand other major nobles of northern Ethiopia. However, Ras Wolde Giyorgis used these overtures to extract concessions from the central government, then marched on Dessie which Lij Iyasu fled 10 December.[7]
During theItalian invasion,Dessie was first bombed 6 December 1935; the American Hospital was one of the buildings damaged in the attack. EmperorHaile Selassiewas photographed personally machine-gunning the raiding planes. The city was occupied by the Italians 15 April 1936.[4]
Dessie became an important administrative center under theItalian occupation,and theFranciscansestablished, in 1937, the Latin Catholic missionaryApostolic Prefecture of Dessié,which would be suppressed in 1957 after its only prefect's death.
The Italian garrison of the city surrendered 26 April 1941 to Brigadier Pienaar's 1st South African Brigade and 500 Ethiopianarbegnoch,[4]and after theSecond World War,the town continued in importance as the capital of the province ofWollountil the province's abolition in 1995.
In a decree of 1942, Dessie is listed as one of only six "Schedule A" municipalities in Ethiopia, while there were about a hundred in "Schedule B". ArtistEssaye Gebre-Medhin Fikrewas born in Dessie in 1949. He gained a B.A. in Addis Ababa and an M.A. in Paris but was self-taught as an artist. In 1955, a public address system was installed in the central square which was used to re-broadcast announcements on Radio Addis Ababa to the public. In 1957, Dessie had one of 9 provincial secondary schools (excluding Eritrea) in Ethiopia, named after Woizero Sehine the daughter of Negus Mikael.[4]
In February 1973, a crowd of 1,500 peasants marched from Dessie to the capital to make the authorities notice the famine inWollo.They were stopped by police on the outskirts of Addis Ababa and forced to return. Following theEthiopian revolution,one of the few major encounters between rebels and government forces took place north-west of Dessie in October 1976. Instigated by the local landlord, a large group of peasants marched on the city; troops of theDergfired into the crowd. Reports of the death toll vary widely, from several hundred to nearly a thousand. The EPRDF took permanent control of the city on 18 May 1990, as part ofOperation Wallelign.[8]
21st century
editOn 30 October 2021 it was reported that Dessie fell toTPLFaligned forces.[9]On December 6, 2021, the Ethiopian government announced that Dessie andKombolchahad been retaken from the rebel fighters.[10]
Demographics
editBased on the 2007 national census conducted by theCentral Statistical Agencyof Ethiopia (CSA), Dessieworedahad a total population of 151,174, of whom 72,932 were men and 78,242 were women; 120,095 people or 79.44% were urban inhabitants living in the town of Dessie, while the rest of the population (31,079 people) were in the ruralkebelesaround Dessie.[1]: 8 For religion, 58.62% of inhabitants indicatedIslam,39.92% indicatedEthiopian Orthodox Christianity.[1]: 169
The 1994 national census reported a total population for Dessie of 97,314 in 20,628 households residing in 17,426 housing units, of whom 45,337 were men and 51,977 were women.[11]: 11, 240 The two largest ethnic groups reported in this town were theAmhara(92.83%), and theTigrayan(4.49%); all otherethnic groupsmade up 2.68% of the population.[11]: 117 Amharicwas spoken as a first language by 94.89%, and 3.79% spokeTigrinya;the remaining 0.67% spoke all other primary languages reported.[11]: 152 For religion, 60.42% of inhabitants indicated Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 38.5% indicated Islam.[11]: 211
Climate
editDessie is located at an altitude of 2,470 metres (8,100 ft) above sea level in low-shrouded mountains and hills.[13]Dessie has asubtropical highland climate(Cwb) bordering on ahumid subtropical climate(Cwa).
| Climate data for Dessie, elevation 2,540 m (8,330 ft), (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.9 (73.2) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.3 (72.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.2 (77.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.2 (73.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
6.3 (43.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
7.6 (45.7) |
6.8 (44.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
9.9 (49.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
8.6 (47.5) |
5.5 (41.9) |
3.0 (37.4) |
2.9 (37.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 22.0 (0.87) |
40.0 (1.57) |
81.0 (3.19) |
93.0 (3.66) |
73.0 (2.87) |
43.0 (1.69) |
271.0 (10.67) |
279.0 (10.98) |
150.0 (5.91) |
47.0 (1.85) |
18.0 (0.71) |
22.0 (0.87) |
1,139 (44.84) |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 62 | 61 | 59 | 59 | 48 | 41 | 60 | 64 | 64 | 60 | 59 | 60 | 58 |
| Source: FAO[14] | |||||||||||||
Economy
editDessie is located alongEthiopian Highway 2.It has postal service (a post office was established in the 1920s), and telephone service from at least as early as 1954. The city has had electrical power since at least 1963 when a new diesel-powered electric power station with a power line toKombolchawas completed, at a cost ofEth$110,000.[4]Intercity bus service is provided by theSelam Bus Line Share Company.Dessie sharesCombolcha Airport(ICAOcode HADC,IATADSE) with neighbouring Kombolcha.
Cityscape
editDessie is home to amuseum,in the former home ofDejazmachYoseph Birru. It also has azawiyaof theQadiriyyaorder ofIslam,which was the firstSufiorder to be introduced into north-east Africa.[4]
Culture
editDessie is a part of the Wello region, thus having a similar style of cultural clothing, music, and dances to other cities in the formerWollo Province.Men's traditional clothing is, mostly, similar to the rest of theAmhara region's. Women's traditional clothing includes a habesha kemis, which is a dress, as well as a matching scarf, sometimes two, one tied around the waist and the other over the hair.
Partnerships
editDessie cooperates with:[15]
Ijevan,Armenia (2022)
Notable locals
edit- Mohammed Al Amoudi,Saudi businessman who has been one of the world's richest people of African or Saudi descent
References
edit
- ^abc"Population and Housing Census 2007 – Amhara Statistical"(PDF).Central Statistical Agency.Retrieved19 November2021.
- ^"Population Projection Towns as of July 2021"(PDF).Ethiopian Statistics Agency.2021.Retrieved31 May2022.
- ^O.G.S. Crawford,Ethiopian Itineraries, circa 1400-1524(Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1958), pp. 50-52.
- ^abcdefgh"Local History in Ethiopia"[permanent dead link](pdf) The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 2 February 2008)
- ^Pankhurst, Richard (1982).History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935.p. 235.
- ^Pankhurst, Richard (1982).History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935.p. 236.
- ^Harold Marcus,Haile Sellassie I: The Formative Years 1892-1935(Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1996), pp. 25f
- ^Gebru Tareke,The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa(New Haven: Yale University, 2009), p. 306
- ^"Ethiopia: Tigrayan forces 'seize strategic town in Amhara region'".Reuters.30 October 2021 – viaTheGuardian.
- ^"Ethiopian government says it recaptured key towns from Tigrayan rebels".6 December 2021.
- ^abcd"Population and Housing Census 1994 – Amhara Region"(PDF).Central Statistical Agency.Retrieved19 November2021.
- ^1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region,Vol. 1, part 1,Tables 2.1, 2.7, 2.10, 2.13, 2.17, Annex II.2 (Retrieved 29 May 2022)
- ^"Climate: Dessie - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table".Climate-Data.org.Retrieved25 September2016.
- ^"CLIMWAT climatic database".Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations.Retrieved23 June2024.
- ^"Agreement on friendship and cooperation between the city of Ijevan of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Dessie of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia".MFA.
External links
edit
Media related toDessieat Wikimedia Commons