Die Rote Fahne(German:[diːˈʁoːtəˈfaːnə],The Red Flag) was a German newspaper originally founded in 1876 bySocialist Worker's PartyleaderWilhelm Hasselmann,[1]and which has been since published on and off, at times underground,[2]by German Socialists and Communists.Karl LiebknechtandRosa Luxemburgfamously published it in 1918[3]as organ of theSpartacus League.[4]
 Die Rote Fahneheader from 23 November 1918 | |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
|---|---|
| Founder(s) | Wilhelm Hasselmann,Rosa Luxemburg,Karl Liebknecht,Paul Frölich |
| Founded | 1876 |
| Political alignment | Communist |
| Language | German |
| Country | Germany |
Following the deaths of Liebknecht and Luxemburg during the chancellorship of theSocial Democratic Party of Germany'sFriedrich Ebert,[5][6]the newspaper was published, with interruptions, by theCommunist Party of Germany.[7][8]Proscribed by the National Socialist Worker's Party government of Adolf Hitler after 1933,[9]publication continued illegally, underground.[10]
History
edit1876
editWilhelm Hasselmannof the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (nowSPD) and member of the GermanReichstagfounded a short-lived, weekly newspaper calledDie rote Fahne.[1]
1918–1933
edit
Using the newspaper's subtitle as indicator of its political allegiance,Die Rote Fahnewas successively thecentral organof:
- Spartacus League:9 November 1918[11]to 30 December 1918[8]
- Communist Party of Germany:1 January 1919[11]to 19 September 1920 (reflecting the KPD's submission to theCominternon
- Communist Party of Germany: 19 September 1920 to roughly 23 March 1933 (date of passage of the NaziEnabling Act)
The publication was proscribed from October 1923 to March 1924, as part of the ban on the German Communist Party. The newspaper continued in illegal production and distribution, sometimes renamed "Rote Sturmfahne" ( "Red Storm Flag" ) or "Die Fahne der Revolution" ( "The Flag of the Revolution" ). In 1926, the newspaper moved into theKarl Liebknecht House,to which it added in July 1928 a rotary press. On 23 February 1933, Nazi police occupied Karl-Liebknecht-Haus and closed it the following day, anticipating the Nazi ban on all communist and socialist press after theReichstag firea few days later (28 February 1933).
Many prominent Germans and others worked on the newspaper:
- Founders included:Rosa Luxemburg,Karl Liebknecht,[8]Paul Frölich[12]
- Publishers included:Hans Marchwitza[13]andJohannes R. Becher[14]
- Editors included:Ernst Meyer[15](1918–1919),August Thalheimer[16](1919–?),Julian Gumperz[17](1920? – later, second husband ofHede Massing),Werner Scholem[18](1920--?),Gerhart Eisler(1921–?? already, first husband ofHede Massing),Arkadi Maslow[19](1921-?),Heinz Neumann[20](1922–1928?),Max Matern(1925-?),Hans Lorbeer[21](1928--?),Erika Heymann(1930–1933),Albert Norden[22](1930–1933),Lutz Łask[23](1930s and husband ofFranz Kafka's loverDora Diamant),Franz Koritschoner,[24]György Lukács,[25]Wolfgang Harich
- Contributors included:Emil Barth(1918?),Lilly Becher[26](1921–?),Willi Schlamm[27](1923–?),Albert Hotopp(1923–1926),Hanns Eisler(1927),[28]Erich Mielke(1928–1931),John Sieg(1928–1933?),Jürgen Kuczynski(1930–1933),Max Zimmering(1935–1938?),Thomas Ring
- Artists included:John Heartfield[29]
1933–1942
editOutlawed after the end of theWeimar Republicand theReichstag firein 1933, it was illegally distributed during theNazi regimeby underground groups close to the Communist Party[30]until 1942.Wilhelm Guddorfwas known to have been an editor of the newspaper in the late 1930s.[31]
1970 and afterwards
editFollowing the events of 1968, several projects of ideologically divergent groups of the so-called old and the new left arose in the Federal German Republic to build a new communist party. In addition to theGerman Communist Party (DKP),which is widely known as the West German KPD successor party and publishes the newspaperUnsere Zeitas a party organ, various competing small communist parties, the so-calledK groups,were founded, each of which was associated with different ideological concepts of communism (fromMaoismtoStalinismtoTrotskyism). Out of these groupings, there were several newspaper projects in the 1970s calledRote Fahne.
TheCommunist Party of Germany(KPD), a fringe party founded in 1990 by disgruntled members of theSocialist Unity Party of Germany,publishes its own version ofDie Rote Fahne.
References
edit- ^abMesser-Kruse, Timothy (2012-07-26).The Haymarket Conspiracy: Transatlantic Anarchist Networks.University of Illinois Press.ISBN9780252037054.
- ^Marrus, Michael Robert (2011-08-02).The Nazi Holocaust. Part 5: Public Opinion and Relations to the Jews in Nazi Europe.Walter de Gruyter.ISBN9783110970449.
- ^To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921.BRILL. 2015-02-13.ISBN9789004288034.
- ^Weitz, Eric D. (1997).Creating German Communism, 1890-1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State.Princeton University Press. pp. 91–92.ISBN0691026823.
- ^Habbe, Christian (2009-01-09)."Luxemburg und Liebknecht: Dauerfehde um einen Doppelmord".Spiegel Online.Retrieved2019-06-27.
- ^Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (2019-01-14)."Märtyrer der KPD: So starben Karl Liebknecht und Rosa Luxemburg".Retrieved2019-06-27.
- ^Sewell, Rob (2018-11-12).Germany 1918-1933: Socialism or Barbarism.Wellred Books.ISBN9781900007986.
- ^abcStaatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Zeitungsabteilung."Zeitungsinformationssystem ZEFYS - Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin".zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de(in German).Retrieved2019-06-27.
- ^"Münchner Rote Fahne, 1919 – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns".historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de.Retrieved2019-06-27.
- ^Marotta, Alina."Ein Tanz auf Messersschneide- Kommunistische Tätigkeiten vom Ende der Weimarer Republik bin in die frühe Bundesrepublik anhand ausgewählter Karlsruher Beispiele"(PDF).ns-ministerien-bw.de.Retrieved27 June2019.
- ^abHardwig, Florian (2019-01-15)."Die Rote Fahne, #1 (9 Nov 1918) and #16 (16 Jan 1919)".Fonts in Use.Retrieved2019-06-27.
- ^Altieri, Riccardo."Paul Frölich, American Exile, and Communist Discourse about the Russian Revolution"(PDF).publishup.uni-potsdam.de.Retrieved27 June2019.
- ^"Biographische Datenbanken: Marchwitza, Hans".bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de.Retrieved27 June2019.
- ^ZEIT (Archiv), D. I. E. (1981-08-07)."Unvermutete Verwandtschaft zwischen Bert Brecht und Johannes R. Beches: Über das hartnäckige autoritäre Denken".Die Zeit(in German).ISSN0044-2070.Retrieved2019-07-02.
- ^Wilde, Von: Dr Florian (2011-01-17)."Ernst Meyer, Weggefährte Rosa Luxemburgs in der Weltkriegszeit und sein Kampf um ihr Erbe in der KPD".Wilde Texte(in German). Archived fromthe originalon 2019-07-02.Retrieved2019-07-02.
- ^Haible, Wolfgang."August Thalheimer- Zur Erinnerung an einen revolutionären Kommunisten"(PDF).rosalux.de.Retrieved2 July2019.
- ^Wiggershaus, Rolf (1994).The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance.MIT Press. p.31.ISBN9780262731133.
Julian Gumperz rote fahne.
- ^"AUSSTELLUNG im Haus der Geschichte des Ruhrgebiets in Bochum erinnert an den früheren Reichtstagsabgeordneten WERNER SCHOLEM und die Ehefrau EMMY".Lokalkompass(in German).Retrieved2019-07-02.
- ^"Biographische Datenbanken- Maslow, Arkadi".bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de.Retrieved2 July2019.
- ^Müller, Reinhard."Heinz Neumanns Bußrituale- auch ein Nachtrag zum Protokoll der Brüsseler Konferenz der KPD".kommunismusgeschichte.de.Retrieved2 July2019.
- ^"Biographische Datenbanken- Lorbeer, Hans".bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de.Retrieved2 July2019.
- ^"Biographische Datenbanken- Norden, Albert".bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de.Retrieved2 July2019.
- ^Grieser, Dietmar (2018-06-06).Was bleibt, ist die Liebe: Von Beethovens Mutter bis Kafkas Braut(in German). Amalthea Signum Verlag.ISBN9783903217188.
- ^Wolf, Norbert Christian (2018-08-13).Revolution in Wien: Die literarische Intelligenz im politischen Umbruch 1918/19(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.ISBN9783205200789.
- ^Vosskamp, Wilhelm (2016-02-17).Klassik im Vergleich: DFG-Symposion 1990(in German). Springer-Verlag.ISBN9783476055583.
- ^Danzer, Doris (2012).Zwischen Vertrauen und Verrat: deutschsprachige kommunistische Intellektuelle und ihre sozialen Beziehungen (1918-1960)(in German). V&R unipress GmbH.ISBN9783899719390.
- ^"HEILSKÜNDER / SCHLAMM: Chuzpe".Spiegel Online.Vol. 20. 1960-05-11.Retrieved2019-07-02.
- ^"Object Metadata @ LexM".lexm.uni-hamburg.de.Retrieved2019-07-02.
- ^Harth, Dietrich."Die Photomontage Heartfields: das ist Photographie plus Dynamit"(PDF).archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de.Retrieved2 July2019.
- ^Marotta, Alina."Ein Tanz auf Messers Schneide- Kommunistische Tätigkeiten vom Ende der Weimarer Republik bis in die frühe Bundesrepublik anhand ausgewählter Karlsruher Beispiele"(PDF).ns-ministerien-bw.de.Retrieved11 July2019.
- ^Shareen Blair Brysac (23 May 2002).Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra.Oxford University Press. p. 206.ISBN978-0-19-992388-5.Retrieved6 February2019.