Wikipedia

Valsartan

(Redirected fromDiovan)

Valsartan,sold under the brand nameDiovanamong others, is amedicationused to treathigh blood pressure,heart failure,anddiabetic kidney disease.[8]It belongs to a class of medications referred to asangiotensin II receptor blockers(ARBs). It is a reasonable initial treatment for high blood pressure.[8]It is takenby mouth.[8]

Valsartan
Clinical data
Trade namesDiovan, others
AHFS/DrugsMonograph
MedlinePlusa697015
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classAngiotensin II receptor antagonist
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokineticdata
Bioavailability25%
Protein binding95%
Eliminationhalf-life6 hours
ExcretionKidney30%,bile duct70%
Identifiers
  • (S)-3-methyl-2-(N-{[2'-(2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}pentanamido)butanoic acid
CAS Number
PubChemCID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard(EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.113.097Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC24H29N5O3
Molar mass435.528g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CCCCC(=O)N(Cc1ccc(-c2ccccc2-c2nn[nH]n2)cc1)C(C(=O)O)C(C)C
  • InChI=1S/C24H29N5O3/c1-4-5-10-21(30)29(22(16(2)3)24(31)32)15-17-11-13-18(14-12-17)19-8-6-7-9-20(19)23-25-27-28-26-23/h6-9,11-14,16,22H,4-5,10,15H2,1-3H3,(H,31,32)(H,25,26,27,28)/t22-/m0/s1checkY
  • Key:ACWBQPMHZXGDFX-QFIPXVFZSA-NcheckY
(verify)

Common side effects include feeling tired, dizziness,high blood potassium,diarrhea, and joint pain.[8]Other serious side effects may includekidney problems,low blood pressure,andangioedema.[8]Use inpregnancymay harm the baby and use whenbreastfeedingis not recommended.[9]It is anangiotensin II receptor antagonistand works by blocking the effects ofangiotensin II.[8]

Valsartan was patented in 1990, and came into medical use in 1996.[10]It is available as ageneric medication.[11]In 2022, it was the 117th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5million prescriptions.[12][13]

Medical uses

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Valsartan is used to treathigh blood pressure,heart failure,and to reduce death for people withleft ventricular dysfunctionafter having aheart attack.[14][7]

High blood pressure

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Valsartan (and other ARBs) are an appropriate initial treatment option for most people with high blood pressure and no other coexisting conditions, as areACE inhibitors,thiazide diureticsandcalcium channel blockers.[15]If patients have coexisting diabetes or kidney disease, ARBs or ACE inhibitors may be considered over other classes of blood pressure medicines.[16][17]

Heart failure

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Valsartan has reduced rates of mortality and heart failure hospitalisations when used alone or in combination withbeta blockersin the treatment of heart failure.[18]Importantly, the combination of valsartan andACE inhibitorshas not shown morbidity or mortality benefits but rather increases mortality risk when added to combination beta blocker and ACE inhibitor therapy, and increases the risk of adverse events likehyperkalaemia,hypotensionandrenal failure.[18][19]As shown in the PARADIGM-HF study, valsartan combined with sacubitril for the treatment of heart failure, significantly reduced all cause and cardiovascular mortality and hospitalisations due to heart failure.[20]

Diabetic kidney disease

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In people with type 2 diabetes, antihypertensive therapy with valsartan decreases the rate of progression of albuminuria (albumin in urine), promotes regression to normoalbuminuria and may reduce the rate of progression to end-stage kidney disease.[21][22][23]

Contraindications

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The packaging for valsartan includes a warning stating the drug should not be used with therenin inhibitoraliskirenin people with diabetes. It also states the safety of the drug in severe renal impairment has not been established.[7]

Valsartan includes ablack box warningfor fetal toxicity.[7][9]Discontinuation of these agents is recommended immediately after detection ofpregnancyand an alternative medication should be started.[7]Breastfeeding is not recommended.[7][24][25]

Side effects

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Side effects depend on the reason the medication is being used.

Heart failure

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Adverse effects are based on a comparison versusplaceboin people with heart failure.[7]Most common side effects includedizziness(17% vs 9% ),low blood pressure(7% vs 2%), anddiarrhea(5% vs 4%).[7]Less common side effects includejoint pain,fatigue, and back pain (all 3% vs 2%).[7]

Hypertension

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Clinical trials for valsartan treatment for hypertension versus placebo demonstrate side effects like viral infection (3% vs 2%), fatigue (2% vs 1%) and abdominal pain (2% vs 1%). Minor side effects that occurred at >1% but were similar to rates from the placebo group include:[7]

Kidney failure

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See also:Angiotensin II receptor blocker § Renal failure

People treated with ARBs including valsartan ordiureticsare susceptible to conditions of developing low renal blood flow such as abnormal narrowing of blood vessels in the kidney,hypertension,renal artery stenosis,heart failure,chronic kidney disease,severecongestive heart failure,orvolume depletionwhose renal function is in part dependent on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system like efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction done by angiotensin II are at high risk of deterioration of renal function comprisingacute kidney failure,oliguria,worseningazotemiaor heightenedserum creatinine.[7]When blood flow to the kidneys is reduced, the kidney activates a series of responses that triggers angiotensin release to constrict blood vessels and facilitate blood flow in the kidney.[26]So long as the nephron function degradation is progressive or reaches clinically significant levels, withholding or discontinuing valsartan is warranted.[7][27][28][29]

Interactions

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The US prescribing information lists the following drug interactions for valsartan:

  • Other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system may increase the risks of low blood pressure, kidney problems, and hyperkalemia.
  • Potassium-sparing diuretics,potassiumsupplements,salt substitutescontaining potassium may increase the risk ofhyperkalemia.
  • NSAIDsmay increase the risk of kidney problems and may interfere with blood pressure-lowering effects.
  • Valsartan may increase the concentration oflithium.[7]
  • Valsartan and other angiotensin-related blood pressure medications may interact with theantibioticsco-trimoxazoleorciprofloxacinto increase risk of sudden death due tocardiac arrest.[30]

Food interaction

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With the tablet, food decreases the valsartan tablet taker's exposure to valsartan by about 40% and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) by about 50%, evidenced by AUC change.[7]

Pharmacology

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Mechanism of action

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Valsartan blocks the actions ofangiotensin II,which include constricting blood vessels and activatingaldosterone,to reduce blood pressure.[31]The drug binds to angiotensin type I receptors (AT1), working as an antagonist.[32]This mechanism of action is different than that of the ACE inhibitor drugs, which block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. As valsartan acts at the receptor, it can provide more complete angiotensin II antagonism since angiotensin II is generated by other enzymes as well as ACE. Also, valsartan does not affect the metabolism of bradykinin like ACE inhibitors do.[31]

Pharmacodynamics

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Pharmacokinetics

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The peak concentration of valsartan in plasma occurs 2 to 4 hours after dosing.[7]AUC and Cmax values of valsartan are observed to be approximately linearly dose-dependent over therapeutic dosing range. Owing to its relatively short elimination half life attribution, valsartan concentration in plasma does not accumulate in response to repeated dosing.[7]

Society and culture

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Economics

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In 2010, valsartan (trade name Diovan) achieved annual sales of $2.052billion in the United States and $6.053billion worldwide.[33]The patents for valsartan and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide expired in September 2012.[34][35]

Combinations

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Further information:amlodipine/valsartan,valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide,valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide/amlodipine,andsacubitril/valsartan
Co-Diovan (valsartan andhydrochlorothiazide)

Versions are available as the combinationsvalsartan/hydrochlorothiazide,[36]valsartan/amlodipine,[37]valsartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide,[38]valsartan/nebivolol,[39]andvalsartan/sacubitril.[8][40]

Valsartan is combined withamlodipineorhydrochlorothiazide(HCTZ) (or both) into single-pill formulations for treating hypertension with multiple drugs.[8][41][42][43]

Valsartan is also available as the combinationvalsartan/sacubitril.[40][44][45]It is used to treat heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.[45][46]

Recalls

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See also:Ranitidine § impurities

In July 2018, theEuropean Medicines Agency(EMA) recalled certain batches of valsartan and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide film-coated tablets distributed in 22 countries in the European Union.[47]Zhe gian g Huahai Pharmaceutical Co.[zh](ZHP) inLinhai, Chinamanufactured the bulk ingredient contaminated byN-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA), acarcinogen.[48]Theactive pharmaceutical ingredientwas subsequently imported by a number of generic drugmakers, includingNovartis,and marketed in Europe and Asia under their subsidiarySandozlabeling, and in the UK by Dexcel Pharma Ltd and Accord Healthcare.[47]

Valsartan was recalled in Canada.[49][50]Authorities believe the degree of contamination is negligible.[51]In July 2018, TheNational Agency of Drug and Food Control(NA-DFC or Badan POM Indonesia) announced voluntary recalls for two products containing valsartan produced by Actavis Indonesia and Dipa Pharmalab Intersains.[52]In July 2018, the USFood and Drug Administration(FDA) announced voluntary recalls of certain supplies of valsartan andvalsartan/hydrochlorothiazidein the US distributed by Solco Healthcare LLC, Major Pharmaceuticals, andTeva Pharmaceutical Industries.[53][48]Hong Kong's Department of Health initiated a similar recall.[54]In August 2018, the FDA published two lengthy, updated lists, classifying hundreds of specific US products containing valsartan into those included versus excluded from the recall.[55][56]A week later, the FDA cited two more drugmakers, Zhe gian g Tianyu Pharmaceuticals of China andHetero Labs Limitedof India, as additional sources of the contaminated valsartaningredient.[57][56]

In September 2018, the FDA announced that retesting of all valsartan supplies had found a second carcinogenic impurity,N-nitrosodiethylamine(NDEA), in the recalled products made by ZHP in China and marketed in the US under theTorrent Pharmaceuticals(India) brand.[58]

According to a 2018Reutersanalysis of national medicines agencies' records, more than 50 companies around the world have recalled valsartan mono-preparations or combination products manufactured from the tainted valsartan ingredient. The contamination has likely been present since 2012 when the manufacturing process was changed and approved byEDQMand FDA authorities. Based on inspections in late 2018, both agencies have suspended the Chinese and Indian manufacturers' certificates of suitability for the supply of valsartan in the EU and the US.[59]

In 2019, many more preparations of valsartan and its combinations were recalled due to the presence of the contaminant NDMA.[60][61]

In August 2020, theEuropean Medicines Agency(EMA) provided guidance to marketing authorization holders on how to avoid the presence of nitrosamine impurities in human medicines and asked them to review all chemical and biological human medicines for the possible presence of nitrosamines and to test the products at risk.[62]

The FDA issued revised guidelines about nitrosamine impurities in September 2024.[63]

Shortages

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Since July 2018, numerous recalls oflosartan,valsartan andirbesartandrug products have caused marked shortages of these life saving medications in North America and Europe, particularly for valsartan. In March 2019, the FDA approved an additional generic version of valsartan to address the issue.[64]According to the agency, the shortage of valsartan was resolved in April 2020,[65]but the availability of the generic form remained unstable into July 2020. Pharmacies in the European Union were notified that the supply of the drug, particularly for higher dosage forms, would remain unstable well into December 2020.[66]

Research

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See also:Discovery and development of angiotensin receptor blockers

In people with impaired glucose tolerance, valsartan may decrease the incidence of developingdiabetes mellitus type 2.However, the absolute risk reduction is small (less than 1 percent per year) and diet, exercise or other drugs, may be more protective. In the same study, no reduction in the rate of cardiovascular events (including death) was shown.[67]

In one study of people without diabetes, valsartan reduced the risk of developing diabetes mellitus overamlodipine,mainly for those with hypertension.[68]

A prospective study demonstrated a reduction in the incidence and progression of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.[69]

References

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