Engine displacementis the measure of thecylindervolumeswept by all of the pistons of apiston engine,excluding thecombustion chambers.[1]It is commonly used as an expression of an engine's size, and by extension as an indicator of thepower(throughmean effective pressureandrotational speed) an engine might be capable of producing and the amount of fuel it should be expected to consume. For this reason displacement is one of the measures often used in advertising, as well as regulating, motor vehicles.
It is usually expressed using themetricunits ofcubic centimetres(cc or cm3,equivalent tomillilitres) orlitres(l or L), or – particularly in the United States –cubic inches(CID, cu in, or in3).
Definition
editThe overall displacement for a typical reciprocating piston engine is calculated by multiplying together three values; the distance travelled by the piston (thestroke length), thecircular areaof the cylinder, and the number of cylinders in the whole engine.[2]
The formula is:
Using this formula for non-typical types of engine, such as theWankel designand the oval-piston type used inHonda NRmotorcycles, can sometimes yield misleading results when attempting to compare engines. Manufacturers and regulators may develop and use specialised formulae to determine a comparative nominal displacement for variant engine types.
Governmental regulations
editIn several countries fees and taxes levied on road vehicles by transport authorities are scaled in proportion to engine displacement. In countries where this is practised, vehicle manufacturers often seek to increase power output through higher-revving engines orturbocharging,instead of increasing the displacement.
Examples of countries where the road taxes are based upon engine displacement:
- In some European countries, and which predates the EU, there is one charge for engines over 1.0 litre, and another at the level of about 1.6 litres.
- In the United Kingdom, cars registered after 1 March 2001 are taxed based on the exhaust emissions. However, cars registered before this date are taxed based on engine displacement. Cars under 1549 cm3qualify for a lower tax rate.[3]
- In Japan, the engine displacement is one of the factors (along with overall vehicle size and power output) used to determine the vehicle size class and therefore the cost of road tax for the vehicle.
- In France and some other EU countries,mopedswith a displacement of less than 50 cc (3.1 cu in) can be driven with minimum qualifications. This led to all light motorbikes having a displacement of about 49.9 cm3.
- In many areas of the United States, Canada (except Quebec[4]), Australia and New Zealand, the road taxes are not based on engine displacement. However, the engine displacement is often used in low-powered scooters or mopeds to determine whether a licence is required to operate the vehicle. A common threshold is 50 cc (3.1 cu in).
Wankel engines are able to produce higher power levels for a given displacement. Therefore, they are generally taxed as 1.5 times[citation needed]their stated physical displacement (1.3 litres becomes effectively 2.0, 2.0 becomes effectively 3.0), although actual power outputs can be higher than suggested by this conversion factor. The nominal displacement of a Wankel engine is 3 times smaller than the physical displacement, but this is compensated by the fact that the shaft has 3 times the rotational speed of the rotor. The nominal displacement is the swept volume of a single chamber.
Automotive model names
editHistorically, many car model names have included their engine displacement. Examples include the 1923–1930Cadillac Series 353(powered by a 353Cubic inch/5.8-litre engine), and the 1963–1968BMW 1800(a 1.8-litre engine) andLexus LS 400with a 3,968 cc engine. This was especially common in USmuscle cars,like theFord MustangBoss 302 and 429, and later GT 5.0L, ThePlymouth Roadrunner383, and theChevrolet ChevelleSS 396 and 454.
However, trends towardsdownsizingand hybrid/electric drivetrains since 2010 have resulted in far fewer model names being based on the engine displacement.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^"Piston Engine Displacement".The Engineering Toolbox.Retrieved18 August2021.
- ^"Math for Automotives - Displacement of a Piston"(PDF).arc.edu.Antelope Valley College.Retrieved18 August2021.
- ^Direct.gov.ukArchived16 June 2006 at theWayback Machine:The Cost of Vehicle Tax for Cars, Motorcycles, Light Goods Vehicles and Trade Licences.
- ^SAAQ."Additional Registration Fee for Large Cylinder Capacity Vehicles".SAAQ.Retrieved12 March2018.