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Douglas SBD Dauntless

(Redirected fromDouglas A-24 Banshee)

TheDouglas SBD Dauntlessis aWorld War IIAmericannavalscout planeanddive bomberthat was manufactured byDouglas Aircraftfrom 1940 through 1944. The SBD ( "Scout Bomber Douglas" ) was theUnited States Navy's maincarrier-basedscout/dive bomber from mid-1940 through mid-1944. The SBD was also flown by theUnited States Marine Corps,both from landair basesandaircraft carriers.The SBD is best remembered as the bomber that delivered the fatal blows to the Japanese carriers at theBattle of Midwayin June 1942.[1]The type earned its nickname "Slow But Deadly" (from its SBD initials) during this period.

SBD Dauntless
A-24 Banshee
A restored SBD-5 Dauntless from thePlanes of Fame Air Museum
General information
TypeDive bomber
Scout plane
National originUnited States
ManufacturerDouglas Aircraft
Designer
Primary usersUnited States Navy
Number built5,936
History
Manufactured1940–1944
Introduction date1940
First flight1 May 1940
Retired1959 (Mexico)
Developed fromNorthrop BT

During its combat service, the SBD proved to be an effective naval scout plane and dive bomber. It possessed long range, good handling characteristics, maneuverability, potent bomb load, great diving characteristics from the perforateddive brakes.By the middle months of 1943 the bomber was considered by pilots to be too vulnerable for service owing to its armament and slow speed, and was relegated to non-combat roles.[2]One land-based variant of the SBD – omitting thearrestor hook— was purpose-built for theU.S. Army Air Forces,as theA-24 Banshee.

Design and development

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Design work on theNorthrop BT-1began in 1935. In 1937, the Northrop Corporation was taken over by Douglas, and the active Northrop projects continued under Douglas Aircraft Corporation.[3]The Northrop BT-2 was developed from the BT-1 by modifications ordered in November 1937, and provided the basis of the SBD, which first entered service in mid-1939.Ed Heinemannled a team of designers who considered a development with a 1,000hp(750 kW)Wright Cycloneengine. The plane was developed at the Douglas El Segundo, California, plant, and that facility, along with the company's Oklahoma City plant, built almost all the SBDs produced.[1]One year earlier, both the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps had placed orders for the new dive bomber, designated theSBD-1andSBD-2(the latter had increased fuel capacity and different armament). The SBD-1 went to the Marine Corps in late 1940, and the SBD-2 to the Navy in early 1941, replacing theSBU CorsairandCurtiss SBC Helldiversquadrons on US carriers. Distinctive perforated splitflapsor "dive-brakes" had been incorporated into the BT-1 to eliminate tail buffeting during diving maneuvers.[4]Unusual for carrier aircraft, folding wings were not chosen for the design, opting instead for structural strength.[5]

The next version was theSBD-3,which began manufacture in early 1941. It had increasedarmor,self-sealing fuel tanks,and fourmachine guns.TheSBD-4provided a 12-volt (up from 6-volt) electrical system, and a few were converted intoSBD-4Preconnaissance aircraft.

Comparison of the XBT-1 and XBT-2 (SBD)

The next (and most produced) version, theSBD-5,was produced mostly in the Douglas plant inTulsa, Oklahoma.This version was equipped with a 1,200 hp (890 kW) engine and an increased ammunition supply. Over 2,400 of these were built. A few of them were shipped to theRoyal Navyfor evaluation. In addition to American service, the SBD saw combat against the Japanese Army and Navy withNo. 25 Squadronof theRoyal New Zealand Air Force—but the RNZAF soon replaced them with the larger, faster, heavier and land-basedVought F4U Corsairs.[citation needed]

Some SBDs were also flown by the Free French Air Force against the GermanHeerandLuftwaffe.SBDs were also sold to Mexico.[citation needed]

The final version, theSBD-6,had more improvements,[clarification needed]but its production ended during the summer of 1944.

TheU.S. Army Air Forceshad its own version of the SBD, called the A-24 Banshee. It lacked thetail hookused for carrier landings, and a pneumatic tire replaced the solid tail wheel. First assigned to the 27th Bombardment Group (Light) atHunter Field,Georgia, A-24s flew in theLouisiana maneuversof September 1941. There were three versions of the Banshee (A-24, A-24A and A-24B) flown by the army to a very minor degree in the early stages of the war.[6]The USAAF used 948 of the 5,937 Dauntlesses built.

Operational history

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U.S. Navy and Marine Corps

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Damaged VB-6 SBD-3 onYorktownafter the attack onKagaatMidway

U.S. Navy and Marine Corps SBDs saw their first action atPearl Harbor,when most of the Marine Corps SBDs ofMarine Scout Bombing Squadron 232 (VMSB-232)were destroyed on the ground atEwa Mooring Mast Field.Most U.S. Navy SBDs flew from theiraircraft carriers,which did not operate in close cooperation with the rest of the fleet. Most Navy SBDs at Pearl Harbor, like their Marine Corps counterparts, were destroyed on the ground.[7]On 10 December 1941, SBDs fromUSSEnterprisesank theJapanese submarineI-70.[8]In February–March 1942, SBDs from the carriersUSSLe xing ton,USSYorktown,andUSSEnterprise,took part in various raids on Japanese installations in theGilbert Islands,theMarshall Islands,New Guinea,Rabaul,Wake Island,andMarcus Island.

The first major use of the SBD in combat was at theBattle of the Coral Seawhere SBDs andTBD Devastatorssank the Japanese light aircraft carrier (CVL)Shōhōand damaged the Japanese fleet carrierShōkaku.SBDs were also used for anti-torpedocombat air patrols(CAP) and these scored several victories against Japanese aircraft trying to attackLe xing tonandYorktown.[9]Their relatively heavy gun armament with two forward-firing.50 in (12.7 mm)M2 Browningmachine guns and either one or two rear flexible-mount.30 in (7.62 mm)AN/M2machine guns was effective against the lightly built Japanese fighters, and many pilots and gunners took aggressive attitudes to the fighters that attacked them. SBD pilotStanley "Swede" Vejtasawas attacked by threeA6M2 Zerofighters; he shot down two of them andcut off the wing of the third in a head-on pass with his wingtip.[10][N 1]

AU.S. NavySBD releasing a bomb with extendeddive brakeson thetrailing edges

The SBD's most important contribution to the American war effort came during theBattle of Midwayin early June 1942. Foursquadronsof Navy SBD dive bombers attacked and sank or fatally damaged all four Japanese fleet carriers present, disabling three of them in the span of just six minutes (Akagi,Kaga,Sōryū) and, later in the day,Hiryū.They also caught two stragglingheavy cruisersof the Midway bombardment group of four, heavily damaging them, withMikumaeventually sinking.

At the Battle of Midway, Marine Corps SBDs were not as effective. One squadron, VMSB-241, flying fromMidway Atoll,was not trained in the techniques of dive-bombing with their new Dauntlesses (having just partially converted from theSB2U Vindicator).[11]Its pilots resorted to the slower but easierglide bombingtechnique. This led to many of the SBDs being shot down during their glide, although one survivor from these attacks is now on display at theNational Naval Aviation Museumand is the last surviving aircraft to have flown in the battle. The carrier-borne squadrons were effective, especially when they were escorted byGrumman F4F Wildcats.[12]The success of dive bombing resulted from one important circumstance:

Unlike American squadrons that attacked shortly before one at a time, allowing defending Japanese Zero fighters to concentrate on each squadron to shoot them down or drive them away from the carriers, three squadrons totaling 47 SBDs (VS-6, VB-6, and VB-3), one squadron of 12 TBD torpedo aircraft (VT-3), and six F4F fighters (from VF-3) all arrived simultaneously, with two of the SBD squadrons (VS-6 and VB-6) arriving from a different direction from the other squadrons. Without central fighter direction, the approximately 40 Zeros concentrated on the TBDs, with some fighting the F4Fs covering the TBDs, leaving the SBDs unhindered by fighter opposition in their approach and attack (although most of the TBDs were shot down).[13]

A VB-5 SBD fromYorktownoverWake,early October 1943

SBDs played a major role in theGuadalcanal campaign,operating off both American carriers and fromHenderson FieldonGuadalcanal.SBDs proved lethal to Japanese shipping that failed to clearNew Georgia Sound(The Slot) by daylight. Losses inflicted included the carrierRyūjō,sunk near theSolomon Islandson 24 August. Three other Japanese carriers were damaged during the six-month campaign. SBDs sank a cruiser and nine transports during theNaval Battle of Guadalcanal.

In theAtlantic Oceanthe SBD saw action duringOperation Torch,the Allied landings in North Africa in November 1942. The SBDs flew fromUSSRangerand twoescort carriers.Eleven months later, duringOperation Leader,the SBDs saw their European debut when aircraft fromRangerattacked Nazi German shipping aroundBodø,Norway.[14]

A VB-4 SBD nearBodø,Norway,4 October 1943

By 1944 the U.S. Navy began replacing the SBD with the more powerfulSB2C Helldiver.During theBattle of the Philippine Seain June 1944, a long range twilight strike was made against the retreating Japanese fleet, at (or beyond) the limit of the combat radius of the aircraft. The force had about twenty minutes of daylight over their targets before attempting the long return in the dark. Of the 215 aircraft, only 115 made it back. Twenty were lost to enemy action in the attack, and 80 were lost as one by one they expended their fuel and had to ditch into the sea.[15]In the attack were 26 SBDs, all of which made it back to the carriers.

The Battle of the Philippine Sea was the last major engagement of the carrier-borne SBDs. Marine squadrons continued to fly SBDs until the end of the war. Although the Curtiss Helldiver had a more powerful engine, a higher maximum speed and could carry nearly a thousand pounds more in bomb load, many of the dive bomber pilots preferred the SBD, which was lighter and had better low-speed handling characteristics, critical for carrier landings.

The Dauntless was one of the most important aircraft in thePacific War,sinking more enemy shipping in the Pacific than any other Allied bomber. Barrett Tillman, in his book on the Dauntless, claims that it has a "plus" score against enemy aircraft, meaning it was credited with more victories over enemy planes than losses from enemy action. This is considered to be a rare event for a nominal "bomber".[16]

A total of 5,936 SBDs were produced during the war. The last SBD rolled off the assembly lines at the Douglas Aircraft plant in El Segundo, California, on 21 July 1944. The Navy placed emphasis on the heavier, faster and longer-ranged SB2C. From Pearl Harbor through April 1944, SBDs had flown 1,189,473 operational hours, with 25% of all operational hours flown off aircraft carriers being in SBDs. Its battle record shows that in addition to six Japanese carriers, 14 enemycruisershad been sunk, along with sixdestroyers,15 transports or cargo ships and scores of various lesser craft.[17]

United States Army Air Forces

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A-24B taxiing atMakin Island,1943
Rear gunner position on A-24 displayed at theNational Museum of the United States Air Force

The USAAF sent 52 A-24 Banshees in crates to the Philippines in the fall of 1941 to equip the27th Bombardment Group,whose personnel were sent separately. However, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, these bombers were diverted to Australia and the 27th BGfought on the Bataan Peninsulaas infantry. While in Australia the aircraft were reassembled for flight to the Philippines, but their missing parts, including solenoids, trigger motors and gun mounts delayed their shipment. Plagued with mechanical problems, the A-24s were diverted to the91st Bombardment Squadronand designated for assignment toJavainstead.

Referring to themselves as "Blue Rock Clay Pigeons" (after a brand oftrap shootingtargets), the 91st BS based atMalangattacked the enemy-held harbor and airbase atBaliand damaged or sank numerous ships around Java during theDutch East Indies campaign.[18]After the Japanese downed two A-24s and damaged three so badly that they could no longer fly, the 91st received orders to evacuate Java in early March 1942.

The A-24s remaining in Australia were assigned to the8th Bombardment Squadronof3d Bombardment Group,to defendNew Guinea.On 29 July 1942, seven A-24s attacked a convoy offBuna,but only one survived: the Japanese shot down five of them and damaged the sixth so badly that it did not make it back to base. Regarded by many pilots as too slow, short ranged and poorly armed, the remaining A-24s were relegated to non-combat missions. In the U.S., the A-24s became training aircraft or towed targets for aerial gunnery training. The more powerful A-24B was used later against the Japanese forces in theGilbert Islands.[6]From December 1943 until March 1944, the 531st Fighter Squadron of the 7th Air Force flew A-24Bs fromMakin Islandin the Gilbert Islands against Japanese controlled islands in theMarshall Islands.The A-24Bs were then withdrawn from combat.

The A-24B (equivalent to the U.S. Navy SBD-5, with the omission of the arrestor hook) arrived in 1943 with the more powerful 1,200-hp Wright R-1820-60Cycloneengine, a more powerful engine than either the A-24 or A-24A. As a result, the A-24B could fly slightly faster and higher than the earlier models. The A-24B lacked the small air intake on the top of the engine cowling present on the earlier models and that is an easy way to distinguish the B model. The 407th Bomb Group, assigned to the 11th Air Force, flew A-24Bs against the Japanese held island ofKiska,Alaska, during July and August 1943.

A handful of A-24s survived in the inventory of the USAAF long enough to be taken over by theAir Force (USAF)when that service became independent of the Army in September 1947. The USAF established a new designation system for its aircraft, eliminating the "A-" (for attack) category(through 1962);all of the single-engined "A-" aircraft were given "F-" (for fighter) nomenclature (or were determined to be obsolete and scrapped); thus the few remaining A-24 Banshees became known as F-24 Banshees, soldiering on in a reserve role until 1950 when they were scrapped.[19]

French Air Force and Naval Aviation (Aeronavale)

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The first production Dauntless sent into action was the "SBD-3", which was produced for theFrench Naval Aviation.A total of 174 Dauntlesses were ordered by theFrench Navy,but with the fall of France in the spring of 1940 that production batch was diverted to the U.S. Navy, which ordered 410 more.

TheFree Frenchreceived about 80 SBD-5s and A-24Bs from the United States in 1944. They were used as trainers and close-support aircraft.

  • Free French squadrons received 40 to 50 A-24Bs inMoroccoandAlgeriaduring 1943.
  • French Naval Aviation (Aeronautique Navale) received 32 in late 1944 for Flotilles 3FB and 4FB (16 SBD-5s for each).

Squadron I/17Picardieused a few A-24Bs for coastal patrol. The most combat-experienced of the Banshee units was GC 1/18Vendee,which flew A-24Bs in support of Allied forces in southern France and also experienced how deadly German flak was, losing several aircraft in 1944. This squadron flew from North Africa to recently liberated Toulouse to support Allied and French resistance troops. Later, the unit was assigned to support attacks on cities occupied by the Germans on the French Atlantic coast. In April 1945 each SBD-5 averaged three missions a day in the European theater. In 1946 theFrench Air Forcebased its A-24Bs in Morocco as trainers.

French Navy Dauntlesses were based in Cognac at the end of 1944. The French Navy Dauntlesses were the last ones to see combat, during theIndochina War,flying from the carrierArromanches(the former Royal Navy carrierColossus). In late 1947 during one operation in the Indochina War,Flotille4F flew 200 missions and dropped 65 tons of bombs. By 1949, the French Navy removed the Dauntless from combat status although the type was still flown as a trainer through 1953.

Royal New Zealand Air Force

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TheRoyal New Zealand Air Forcereceived 18 SBD-3s and 23 SBD-4s andNo. 25 Squadron RNZAFused them in combat over theSouth Pacific.Under the original plan, four Squadrons (25, 26, 27 and 28) of the RNZAF were going to be equipped with the Dauntless but only 25 Squadron used them. The RNZAF soon replaced them with F4U Corsairs.

Variants

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SBD-5 production atEl Segundo,1943
FFARsmounted on a SBD for testing, 1944
XBT-2
prototype, airframe was a production Northrop BT-1 heavily modified and redesignated as the XBT-2. Further modified by Douglas as the XSBD-1.
SBD-1
Marine Corps version without self-sealing fuel tanks; 57 built.
SBD-1P
reconnaissance aircraft,converted from SBD-1s.
SBD-2
Navy version with increased fuel capacity and different armament but without self-sealing fuel tanks, starting in early 1941; 87 built.
SBD-2P
reconnaissance aircraft, converted from SBD-2s.
SBD-3
began to be manufactured in early 1941. This provided increased protection, self-sealing fuel tanks, and fourmachine guns;584 were built.
SBD-4
provided a 24-volt (up from 12 volt) electrical system; In addition, a new propeller and fuel pumps rounded out the improvements over the SBD-3. 780 built.
SBD-4P
reconnaissance aircraft, converted from SBD-4s.
SBD-5
The most produced version, primarily produced at the Douglas Aircraft plant inTulsa, Oklahoma.Equipped with a 1,200-hp engine and an increased ammunition supply. A total of 2,965 were built, and a few were shipped to theRoyal Navyfor evaluation. In addition to American service, these saw combat against the Japanese with No. 25 Squadron of theRoyal New Zealand Air Forcewhich soon replaced them withF4Us,and against the Luftwaffe with the Free French Air Force. A few were also sent toMexico.
SBD-5A
as A-24B, for USAAF but delivered to USMC; 60 built.
SBD-6
The final version, providing more improvements, including a 1,350 hp (1,010 kW) engine, but production ended in the summer of 1944; 450 built.
A-24 Banshee (SBD-3A)
USAAF equivalent of the SBD-3 without arrestor hook; 168 built.[20]
A-24A Banshee (SBD-4A)
USAAF equivalent of the SBD-4; 170 built.
A-24B Banshee (SBD-5A)
USAAF equivalent of the SBD-5; 615 built.

Operators

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ANo. 25 Squadron RNZAFSBD-4 onEspiritu Santo,1944
One of nine SBD-5s supplied to theRoyal Navy
Chile
France
Mexico
Morocco
New Zealand
United Kingdom
United States

Notable accidents

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  • On 7 December 1943, during a joint U.S. Navy–U.S. Marine simulatedclose air supportexercise nearPauwela, Maui,Territory of Hawaii,the pilot of a U.S. Navy SBD-5, BuNo36045[27]of squadron VB-10,[28]initiated a slight right-hand turn and deployed dive brakes in preparation for a bomb run, but his aircraft was struck by a second VB-10[28]SBD-5,36099,[27]that did not have dive brakes deployed. Both aircraft crashed, and a bomb knocked loose from36045fell in the midst of a group of marines and detonated, killing 20 and seriously injuring 24. Both SBD pilots parachuted to safety, but both SBD gunners died, one after an unsuccessful bailout attempt. The collision was attributed to poor judgment and flying technique by both pilots.[27]Aviation Archaeology Investigation & Research gives the date of this accident as 6 December.[28]

Surviving aircraft

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The hyphenated numbers are original U.S. Army Air Forces Serial Numbers (AAF Ser. No.); four or five digit numbers are original U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) Bureau Numbers (BuNo).

A-24 at theNational Museum of the United States Air Force
SBD-2, BuNo 2106, aBattle of Midwayveteran, later returned to United States as a carrier qualification training aircraft. Ditched in Lake Michigan while attempting to land aboardUSSSable(IX-81),1943; recovered from Lake Michigan, 1994. Totally restored and placed on display at theNational Naval Aviation Museumin 2001.

New Zealand

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On display
SBD-4

Solomon Islands

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SBD at the Vilu War Museum in Guadalcanal
On display
SBD-?

United States

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Airworthy
A-24A
A-24B
SBD-4
SBD-5
On display
A-24B
SBD-2
SBD-3
SBD-3 on display at theAir Zoo
SBD-4
SBD-5
SBD-6
Under restoration or in storage
SBD-1
SBD-4
SBD-5

Specifications (SBD-5)

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3-view of an SBD

Data fromMcDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920: Volume I[63]

General characteristics

  • Crew:2
  • Length:33 ft 1.25 in (10.0902 m)
  • Wingspan:41 ft 6.375 in (12.65873 m)
  • Height:13 ft 7 in (4.14 m)
  • Wing area:325 sq ft (30.2 m2)
  • Airfoil:root:NACA 2415;tip:NACA 2407[64]
  • Empty weight:6,404 lb (2,905 kg)
  • Gross weight:9,359 lb (4,245 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight:10,700 lb (4,853 kg)
  • Fuel capacity:260 US gal (220 imp gal; 980 L) in non-metallic self-sealing fuel tanks
  • Powerplant:1 ×Wright R-1820-60 Cyclone9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,200 hp (890 kW)
  • Propellers:3-bladedHamilton-Standardconstant-speed propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed:255 mph (410 km/h, 222 kn) at 14,000 ft (4,300 m)
  • Cruise speed:185 mph (298 km/h, 161 kn)
  • Range:1,115 mi (1,794 km, 969 nmi)
  • Ferry range:1,565 mi (2,519 km, 1,360 nmi)
  • Service ceiling:25,530 ft (7,780 m)
  • Rate of climb:1,700 ft/min (8.6 m/s)
  • Wing loading:28.8 lb/sq ft (141 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass:0.128 hp/lb (0.210 kW/kg)

Armament

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Notes

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  1. ^Vejtasa's skill thus having been clearly demonstrated, he was transferred to fighters; in October 1942, he shot down seven enemy aircraft in one day.[10]

Citations

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  1. ^abParker, Dana T.Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,pp. 25–34, Cypress, CA, 2013.ISBN978-0-9897906-0-4.
  2. ^"HyperWar: The Army Air Forces in WWII: Vol. IV--The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan [Chapter 1]".ibiblio.org.Retrieved21 May2024.
  3. ^Francillon, 1979
  4. ^Parker, Dana T.Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,p. 28, Cypress, CA, 2013.ISBN978-0-9897906-0-4.
  5. ^"The Douglas SBD Dauntless & Curtiss SB2C Helldiver".
  6. ^ab"Douglas A-24".National Museum of the United States Air Force.
  7. ^Salamander Books, Ltd. 1974.ISBN0 690 00606 3.
  8. ^"USS Enterprise (CV 6), America's Navy, Navy News Service".Archived fromthe originalon 22 November 2016.Retrieved13 December2016.
  9. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless Scout / Dive Bomber, Plane Talk".Archived fromthe originalon 27 October 2016.Retrieved13 December2016.
  10. ^ab"USAF UA Vejtasa bio."au.af.mil.Retrieved: 23 August 2010.
  11. ^"Action Reports. CO Marine Scout-Bombing Squadron 241. June 12, 1942".Midway 1942: Documents.
  12. ^[The Dauntless Dive Bomber of World War Two,by Barrett Tillman, Naval Institute Press, 2006]
  13. ^Parshall and Tully,Shattered Sword,pp. 215–228
  14. ^Smith 2007, p. 186.
  15. ^Potter 2005, p. 170.
  16. ^Tillman, BarrettThe Dauntless Dive Bomber of World War Two.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1976.ISBN1-59114-867-7.
  17. ^"Navy's Final SBD Is Built: Type to be Supplanted by SB2C's."Naval Aviation News,15 September 1944, p. 11.
  18. ^Oktorino 2019, pp. 157 & 160
  19. ^Yenne 1985, p. 46.
  20. ^Mondey 1996, p. 127.
  21. ^abSmith 1997, p. 150.
  22. ^Pęczkowski 2007, pp. 41–43.
  23. ^abSmith 1997, pp. 151–155.
  24. ^Pęczkowski 2007, pp. 35–40.
  25. ^Tillman 1998, p. 85.
  26. ^Smith 1997, pp. 115–121.
  27. ^abcGero, David B. "Military Aviation Disasters: Significant Losses Since 1908". Sparkford, Yoevil, Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing, 2010,ISBN978-1-84425-645-7,pp. 26–27.
  28. ^abc"USN Overseas Aircraft Loss List December 1943".Aviation Archaeology Investigation & Research.Retrieved24 October2014.
  29. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06853."pacificwrecksRetrieved: 6 March 2015.
  30. ^"FAA Registry: N5254L"FAA.govRetrieved: 15 July 2021.
  31. ^"Douglas A-24 Banshee/42-60817."Erickson Aircraft CollectionRetrieved: 2023 May 23.
  32. ^"FAA Registry: N93RW"FAA.govRetrieved: 15 July 2021.
  33. ^"Douglas A-24 Banshee/42-54682."Lone Star Flight MuseumRetrieved: 12 January 2018.
  34. ^"FAA Registry: N4864J"FAA.govRetrieved: 15 July 2021.
  35. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 10518."Yanks Air Museum.Retrieved: 1 March 2018.
  36. ^"FAA Registry: N34N."FAA.govRetrieved: 15 July 2021.
  37. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 10694."SBD Dauntless.Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  38. ^"FAA Registry: N670AM"FAA.govRetrieved: 15 July 2021.
  39. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 28536."Planes of FameRetrieved: 13 January 2020.
  40. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 54532."CAF Airbase Georgia.Retrieved: 12 January 2018.
  41. ^Wood, Keith."CAF Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless BuAer 54532"(PDF).Commemorative Air Force Dixie Wing.CAF Dixie Wing.Retrieved1 June2018.
  42. ^"FAA Registry: N82GA"FAA.govRetrieved: 15 July 2021.
  43. ^"Douglas A-24 Banshee/42-54582."National Museum of the USAF.Retrieved: 12 January 2018.
  44. ^"Douglas A-24 Banshee/42-54654"Pima Air & Space Museum.Retrieved: 15 July 2014.
  45. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 02106."Archived7 February 2015 at theWayback MachineNational Naval Aviation Museum.Retrieved: 12 April 2012.
  46. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 02173."Pacific Aviation Museum.Retrieved: 7 March 2018.
  47. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06508."National World War II Museum.Retrieved: 18 February 2013.
  48. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06583"National Museum of the Marine Corps.Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  49. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06624."Air Zoo.Retrieved: 13 January 2020.
  50. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06694."USS Le xing ton Museum.Retrieved: 12 April 2012.
  51. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06833."Archived12 March 2014 at theWayback MachineNational Naval Aviation Museum.Retrieved: 12 April 2012.
  52. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06900."San Diego Air & Space Museum.Retrieved: 12 January 2018.
  53. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 10575."Chicago Marine Heritage SocietyRetrieved: 15 September 2022.
  54. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 36173."Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum.Retrieved: 12 April 2012.
  55. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 36176."Archived17 March 2012 at theWayback MachinePalm Springs Air Museum.Retrieved: 12 April 2012.
  56. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 36291"Valiant Air Command.Retrieved: 7 June 2021.
  57. ^"Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless"American Heritage Museum.Retrieved: 16 March 2023.
  58. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 54605."Archived10 August 2018 at theWayback MachineNational Air and Space Museum.Retrieved: 12 January 2018.
  59. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/54654."Archived25 March 2013 at theWayback MachineUSS Midway Museum.Retrieved: 15 July 2014.
  60. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 1612."Air ZooRetrieved: 17 February 2022.
  61. ^"Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 10508."Archived21 March 2019 at theWayback MachineCastle Air Museum.Retrieved: 1 March 2018.
  62. ^"Military Aviation Museum Acquires an SBD-5 Dauntless".Warbirds News.1 March 2021.Retrieved2 March2021.
  63. ^Francillon, René J. (1988).McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920: Volume I.London: Naval Institute Press. pp. 184–193.ISBN0870214284.
  64. ^Lednicer, David."The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage".m-selig.ae.illinois.edu.Retrieved16 April2019.

Bibliography

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  • Bowers, Peter M.United States Navy Aircraft since 1911.Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1990.ISBN0-87021-792-5.
  • Brazelton, David.The Douglas SBD Dauntless, Aircraft in Profile 196.Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967. No ISBN.
  • Brown, Eric, CBE, DCS, AFC, RN, William Green and Gordon Swanborough. "Douglas Dauntless".Wings of the Navy, Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two.London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1980, pp. 52–60.ISBN0-7106-0002-X.
  • Buell, Harold L.Dauntless Helldivers: A Dive Bomber Pilot's Epic Story of the Carrier Battles.New York: Crown, 1991.ISBN0-517-57794-1.
  • Dann, Richard, S.SBD Dauntless Walk Around, Walk Around Number 33.Carrollton, Texas, USA: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 2004.ISBN0-89747-468-6.
  • Drendel, Lou.U.S. Navy Carrier Bombers of World War II.Carrollton, Texas, USA: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1987.ISBN0-89747-195-4.
  • Francillon, René J.McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920.London: Putnam, 1979.ISBN0-370-00050-1.
  • Gunston, Bill.The Illustrated History of McDonnell Douglas Aircraft: From Cloudster to Boeing.London: Osprey Publishing, 1999.ISBN1-85532-924-7.
  • Hernandez, Daniel V. with Lt. CDR Richard H. Best, USN Ret.SBD-3 Dauntless and the Battle of Midway.Valencia, Spain: Aeronaval Publishing, 2004.ISBN84-932963-0-9.
  • Howard, John Jr.A Marine Dive-Bomber Pilot at Guadalcanal.Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA: University of Alabama Press, 1987.ISBN0-8173-0330-8.
  • Janowicz, Krzysztof and Andre R. Zbiegniewski.Douglas SBD Dauntless(Bilingual Polish/English). Lublin, Poland: Kagero, 2007.
  • Jenks, Cliff F.L. with Malcolm Laird and Phil Listemann.Allied Wings No.5: The Dauntless in RNZAF Service.France: raf-in-combat, 2008.ISBN2-9526381-9-5.
  • Kinzey, Bert.SBD Dauntless in Detail & Scale, D&S Vol.48.Carrollton, Texas, USA: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1996.ISBN1-888974-01-X.
  • Mondey, David,The Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II.London: Chancellor, 1996.ISBN1-85152-706-0.
  • Oktorino, Nino (2019).Duel Para Elang - Pertempuran Udara di Atas Hindia Belanda(in Indonesian). Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo.ISBN9786230000997.
  • Pęczkowski, Robert.Douglas SBD Dauntless.Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2007.ISBN978-8-38945-039-5.
  • Potter, E. B.Admiral Arliegh Burke.Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2005.ISBN978-1-59114-692-6.
  • Smith, Peter C.Douglas SBD Dauntless.Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press Ltd., 1997.ISBN1-86126-096-2.
  • Smith, Peter C.The History of Dive-Bombing.Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2007.ISBN978-1-84415-592-7.
  • Stern, Robert.SBD Dauntless in Action, Aircraft Number 64.Carrollton, Texas, USA: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1984.ISBN0-89747-153-9.
  • Tillman, Barrett.The Dauntless Dive Bomber of World War II.Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1976 (softcover 2006).ISBN0-87021-569-8.
  • Tillman, Barrett.SBD Dauntless Units of World War 2.Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998.ISBN1-85532-732-5.
  • Tillman, Barrett and Robert L. Lawson.U.S. Navy Dive and Torpedo Bombers of World War II.St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: Motor Books Publishing, 2001.ISBN0-7603-0959-0.
  • White, Alexander S.Dauntless Marine: Joseph Sailer Jr., Dive-Bombing Ace of Guadalcanal.Santa Rosa, California, USA: Pacifica Press, 1997.ISBN0-935553-21-5.
  • Wildenberg, Thomas.Destined for Glory: Dive Bombing, Midway, and the Evolution of Carrier Airpower.Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1998.ISBN1-55750-947-6.
  • Wheeler, Barry C.The Hamlyn Guide to Military Aircraft Markings.London: Chancellor Press, 1992.ISBN1-85152-582-3.
  • Yenne, Bill.McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants.New York: Crescent Books, 1985.ISBN978-0-517-44287-6.
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