Wikipedia

Dresden

(Redirected fromDresden, Germany)
For other uses, seeDresden (disambiguation).

Not to be confused withRostov-on-Don.

Dresden(/ˈdrɛzdən/;German:[ˈdʁeːsdn̩]ⓘ;Upper Saxon:Dräsdn;Upper Sorbian:Drježdźany,pronounced[ˈdʁʲɛʒdʒanɨ]) is the capital city of theGerman stateofSaxonyand its second most populous city afterLeipzig.It is the12th most populous cityof Germany, the fourth largest by area (afterBerlin,Hamburg,andCologne), and the third most populous city in the area of formerEast Germany,after Berlin and Leipzig. Dresden's urban area comprises the towns ofFreital,Pirna,Radebeul,Meissen,Coswig,RadebergandHeidenauand has around 790,000 inhabitants.[3]The Dresden metropolitan area has approximately 1.34 million inhabitants.[2]

Dresden
Dräsdn(Upper Saxon)
Drježdźany(Upper Sorbian)
City
Dresden skyline withElbe Riverat dusk
Frauenkirche
Semper Opera
Academy of Fine Arts
Dresden Cathedral
Yenidze
Zwinger
Flag of Dresden
Flag
Coat of arms of Dresden
Coat of arms
Location of Dresden
Map
Dresden is located in Germany
Dresden
Dresden
Dresden is located in Saxony
Dresden
Dresden
Coordinates:51°03′00″N13°44′24″E/ 51.05000°N 13.74000°E/51.05000; 13.74000
CountryGermany
StateSaxony
DistrictUrban district
Government
•Lord mayor(2022–29)Dirk Hilbert[1](FDP)
Area
•City
328.8 km2(127.0 sq mi)
Elevation
113 m (371 ft)
Population
(2022-12-31)[4]
•City
563,311
• Density1,700/km2(4,400/sq mi)
•Urban
790,400[3]
•Metro
1,343,305[2]
Time zoneUTC+01:00(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+02:00(CEST)
Vehicle registrationDD
Websitedresden.de
Official nameDresden Elbe Valley
TypeCultural
Criteriaii, iii, iv, v
Designated2004(28thsession)
Reference no.1156
RegionEurope
Delisted2009(33rdsession)
Historic city centre with main sights

Dresden is the second largest city on theRiver Elbeafter Hamburg. Most of the city's population lives in theElbe Valley,but a large, albeit very sparsely populated, area of the city east of the Elbe lies in theWest Lusatian Hill Country and Uplands(the westernmost part of theSudetes) and thus inLusatia.Many boroughs west of the Elbe lie in theOre Mountain Foreland,as well as in the valleys of the rivers rising there and flowing through Dresden, the longest of which are theWeißeritzand theLockwitzbach.The name of the city as well as the names of most of its boroughs and rivers are ofSorbianorigin.

Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for theElectorsandKings of Saxony,who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendor, and was once bypersonal unionthe family seat ofPolishmonarchs. The city was known as the Jewel Box, because of itsBaroqueandRocococity centre. The controversial American and Britishbombing of Dresdentowards the end ofWorld War IIkilled approximately 25,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and destroyed the entire city centre. After the war, restoration work has helped to reconstruct parts of the historic inner city.

SinceGerman reunificationin 1990, Dresden has once again become a cultural, educational and political centre of Germany. TheDresden University of Technology (TU Dresden)is one of the 10 largest universities in Germany and part of theGerman Universities Excellence Initiative.The economy of Dresden and its agglomeration is one of the most dynamic in Germany and ranks first in Saxony.[5]It is dominated byhigh-tech branches,often called "Silicon Saxony".According to theHamburg Institute of International Economics(HWWI) andBerenberg Bankin 2019, Dresden had the seventh best prospects for the future of all cities in Germany.[6]

Dresden is one of the most visited cities in Germany with 4.7 million overnight stays per year.[7][8]Its most prominent building is theFrauenkirchelocated at theNeumarkt.Built in the 18th century, the church was destroyed during World War II. The remaining ruins were left for 50 years as a war memorial, before being rebuilt between 1994 and 2005. Other famous landmarks include theZwinger,theSemperoperandDresden Castle.Furthermore, the city is home to the renownedDresden State Art Collections,originating from the collections of the Saxon electors in the 16th century. Dresden'sStriezelmarktis one of the largestChristmas marketsin Germany and is considered the first genuine Christmas market in the world.[9]Nearby sights include the National Park ofSaxon Switzerland,theOre Mountainsand the countryside aroundElbe Valley,Moritzburg CastleandMeissen,home ofMeissen porcelain.

History

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For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Dresden.
Timeline of Dresden
Historical affiliations

Margravate of Meissen,1319–1423
Electorate of Saxony,1423–1806
Kingdom of Saxony,1806–1848
German Empire,1848–1849
Kingdom of Saxony,1849–1918
North German Confederation(Kingdom of Saxony), 1867–1871
German Empire(Kingdom of Saxony), 1867–1918
Weimar Republic(Free State of Saxony), 1918–1933
Nazi Germany,1933–1945
Soviet occupation zone of Germany,1945–1949
East Germany,1949–1990
Germany(Free State of Saxony), 1990–present

TheFürstenzug—the Saxon sovereigns depicted inMeissen porcelain

Although Dresden is a relatively recent city that grew from aSlavicvillage afterGermanscame to dominate the area,[10]the area had been settled in theNeolithicera byLinear Pottery culturetribes c.7500 BC.[11]Dresden's founding and early growth is associated with theeastward expansion of Germanic peoples,[10]mining in the nearbyOre Mountains,and the establishment of theMargraviate of Meissen.Its name comes fromSorbianDrježdźany(current Upper Sorbian form), meaning "people of the forest", fromProto-Slavic*dręzga( "woods, blowdowns" ).[12]Dresden later evolved into the capital ofSaxony.

Early history

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Stroke-ornamented ware culturesettlement withcircular enclosuresin the area of today's Dresden, 4700 BC
Dresden in 1521

Around the late 12th century, aSorbiansettlement calledDrežďany[13](meaning either "woods" or "lowland forest-dweller"[14]) had developed on the southern bank. Another settlement existed on the northern bank, but its Slavic name is unknown. It was known asAntiqua Dresdinby 1350, and later as Altendresden,[13][15]both literally "old Dresden".Dietrich, Margrave of Meissen,chose Dresden as his interim residence in 1206, as documented in a record calling the place "Civitas Dresdene".

After 1270, Dresden became the capital of the margraviate. It was given toFriedrich Clemafter the death ofHenry the Illustriousin 1288. It was taken by theMargraviate of Brandenburgin 1316 and was restored to theWettindynasty after the death ofValdemar the Greatin 1319. From 1485, it was the seat of the dukes ofSaxony,and from 1547 theelectorsas well.

Early modern age

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Zwinger,1719,wedding receptionofAugustus III of PolandandMaria Josepha of Austria

TheElectorand ruler of Saxony Frederick Augustus I became KingAugustus II the StrongofPolandin 1697. He gathered many of the best musicians,[16]architects and painters from all over Europe to Dresden.[17]His reign marked the beginning of Dresden's emergence as a leading European city for technology and art. During the reign of Kings Augustus II the Strong andAugustus III of Polandmost of the city'sbaroquelandmarks were built. These include theZwinger Royal Palace,theJapanese Palace,theTaschenbergpalais,thePillnitz Castleand the two landmark churches: the CatholicHofkircheand the LutheranFrauenkirche.In addition, significant art collections and museums were founded. Notable examples include theDresden Porcelain Collection,theCollection of Prints, Drawings and Photographs,theGrünes Gewölbeand theMathematisch-Physikalischer Salon.Strengthening ties with Poland, postal routes toPoznań,ToruńandWarsawwere established under Augustus II the Strong.[18]

In 1726 there was a riot for two days after a Protestant clergyman was killed by a soldier who had recently converted from Catholicism.[19]In 1745, theTreaty of Dresdenbetween Prussia, Saxony, and Austria ended theSecond Silesian War.Only a few years later, Dresden suffered heavy destruction in theSeven Years' War(1756–1763), following its capture by Prussian forces, its subsequent re-capture, and a failedPrussian siegein 1760.Friedrich Schillercompleted hisOde to Joy(the literary base of theEuropean anthem) in Dresden in 1785.[20]In 1793, preparations for the PolishKościuszko Uprisingstarted in the city byTadeusz Kościuszkoin response to theSecond Partition of Poland.[21]

19th and early 20th century

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NapoleonCrossing theElbebyJózef Brodowski(1895)

In 1806, Dresden became the capital of theKingdom of Saxonyestablished byNapoleon.During theNapoleonic Warsthe French Emperor made it abase of operations,winning there theBattle of Dresdenon 27 August 1813. As a result of theCongress of Vienna,the Kingdom of Saxony became part of theGerman Confederationin 1815. Following the Polish uprisings of1831,1848and1863many Poles fled to Dresden, including the artistic and political elite, such as composerFrédéric Chopin,war heroJózef Bemand writerAdam Mickiewicz.[22]Mickiewicz wrote one of his greatest works,Dziady,Part III,there.[22]Dresden itself was a centre of theGerman Revolutionsin 1848–1849 with theMay Uprising,which cost human lives and damaged the historic town of Dresden.[23]The uprising forcedFrederick Augustus II of Saxonyto flee from Dresden, but he soon after regained control over the city with the help of Prussia. In 1852, the population of Dresden grew to 100,000 inhabitants, making it one of the biggest cities within the German Confederation.

As the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony, Dresden became part of the newly foundedGerman Empirein 1871. In the following years, the city became a major centre of economy, including motor car production, food processing, banking and the manufacture ofmedical equipment.In the early 20th century, Dresden was particularly well known for its camera works and its cigarette factories. DuringWorld War I,the city did not suffer any war damage, but lost many of its inhabitants. Between 1918 and 1934, Dresden was the capital of the first Free State of Saxony as well as a cultural and economic centre of theWeimar Republic.The city was also a centre of Europeanmodern artuntil 1933.

May Uprising in Dresden,1849

Military history

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Image of Dresden during the 1890s, before extensive World War II destruction. Landmarks includeDresden Frauenkirche,Augustus Bridge,andKatholische Hofkirche.

During the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, a large military facility calledAlbertstadtwas built.[24]It had a capacity of up to 20,000military personnelat the beginning of theFirst World War.The garrison saw only limited use between 1918 and 1934, but was then reactivated in preparation for theSecond World War.

Its usefulness was limited by attacks on13–15 Februaryand 17 April 1945, the former of which destroyed large areas of the city. However, the garrison itself was not specifically targeted.[25][26]Soldiers had been deployed as late as March 1945 in the Albertstadt garrison.

The Albertstadt garrison became the headquarters of theSoviet 1st Guards Tank Armyin theGroup of Soviet Forces in Germanyafter the war. Apart from theGerman armyofficers' school (Offizierschule des Heeres), there have been no moremilitary unitsin Dresden since the army merger during German reunification, and the withdrawal of Soviet forces in 1992. Nowadays, the Bundeswehr operates theMilitary History Museumof the Federal Republic of Germany in the former Albertstadt garrison.

Nazi era, Second World War

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The ruins of Dresden in 1945. Facing south from the town hall (Rathaus) tower. StatueGüte(GoodorKindness) by August Schreitmüller, 1908–1910.

Two book burnings were organised in the city in 1933, one by theSAon Wettiner Platz, the second one byGerman Student Unionat theBismarck Columnon Räcknitzhöhe.[27]

During the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945, the Jewish community of Dresden was reduced from over 6,000 (7,100 people were persecuted as Jews) to 41, mostly as a result of emigration, but later also deportation and murder.[28][29]One of the survivors wasVictor Klempererwith his non-Jewish wife, who believed that the bombing saved their lives.

TheSemper Synagoguewas destroyed in November 1938 onKristallnacht.[30]

During theGerman invasion of Polandat the start ofWorld War II,in September 1939, theGestapocarried out mass arrests of localPolishactivists.[31]Other non-Jews were also targeted, and over 1,300 people were executed by the Nazis at the Münchner Platz, a courthouse in Dresden, including labour leaders, undesirables, resistance fighters and anyone caught listening to foreign radio broadcasts.[32]The bombing stopped prisoners who were busy digging a large hole into which an additional 4,000 prisoners were to be disposed of.[33]

During the war, Dresden was the location of severalforced laboursubcamps of theStalag IV-Aprisoner-of-war campforAlliedPOWs,[34]and sevensubcampsof theFlossenbürg concentration camp,in which some 3,600 men, women and children were imprisoned, mostlyPolish,Jewish and Russian.[35]In April 1945, most surviving prisoners were sent ondeath marchesto various destinations in Saxony andGerman-occupied Czechoslovakia,whereas some women were probably murdered and some managed to escape.[35]

Dresden in the 20th century was a major communications hub and manufacturing centre with 127 factories and major workshops and was designated by the German military as a defensive strongpoint, with which to hinder the Soviet advance.[36]Being the capital of the German state ofSaxony,Dresden not only had garrisons but a wholemilitary borough,theAlbertstadt.[37]This military complex, named afterSaxonKing Albert, was not specifically targeted in thebombing of Dresden.

During the final months of the Second World War, Dresden harboured some 600,000 refugees, with a total population of1.2 million.Dresden was attacked seven times between 1944 and 1945, and wasoccupied by the Red Army after the German capitulation.

Fire-bombing

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Main article:Bombing of Dresden

Thebombing of Dresdenby theRoyal Air Force(RAF) and theUnited States Army Air Forces(USAAF) between 13 and 15 February 1945 was controversial. On the night of 13–14 February 1945, 773 RAF Lancaster bombers dropped 1,181.6 tons of incendiary bombs and 1,477.7 tons of high explosive bombs, targeting the rail yards at the centre of the city. The inner city of Dresden was largely destroyed.[38][39]Widely quoted Nazi propaganda reports claimed 200,000 deaths, but the German Dresden Historians' Commission, made up of 13 prominent German historians, in an official 2010 report published after five years of research concluded that casualties numbered between 22,500 and 25,000.[40]

The destruction of Dresden allowedHildebrand Gurlitt,a major Nazi museum director and art dealer, to hidea large collection of artworkworth tens of millions of dollars that had been stolen during the Nazi era, as he claimed it had been destroyed along with his house which was located in Dresden.[41]

The Allies described the operation as the legitimate bombing of a military and industrial target.[25]Several researchers have argued that the February attacks weredisproportionate.As a result of inadequate Nazi air raid measures for refugees, mostly women and children died.[42]

American authorKurt Vonnegut's novelSlaughterhouse Fiveis loosely based on his first-hand experience of the raid as aprisoner of war.[43]

In remembrance of the victims, the anniversaries of the bombing of Dresden are marked with peace demonstrations, devotions and marches.[44][45]

Post-war

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Statue of Protestant reformerMartin Lutherin the ruins after World War II

Following his military service the German press photographer and photojournalistRichard Peterreturned to Dresden and began to document the ruined city. Among his best known worksBlick auf Dresden vom Rathausturm(View of Dresden from the Rathaus Tower). It has become one of the best known photographs of a ruined post-war Germany following its appearance in 1949 in his bookDresden, eine Kamera klagt an( "Dresden, a photographic accusation",ISBN3-930195-03-8).[46]

When a skeleton previously used as a model for drawing art classes was found in the ruins of the Dresden Art Academy, the photographerEdmund Kestingwith the assistance of Peter posed it in a number of different locations to produce a series of haunting photographic images to give the impression that Death was wandering through the city in search of the dead.[46]Kesting subsequently published them in the bookDresdner Totentanz(Dresden's Death Dance).

The damage from the Allied air raids was so extensive that following the end of the Second World War, a narrow gauge light railway system was constructed to remove the debris, though being makeshift there were frequent derailments. This railway system, which had seven lines, employed 5,000 staff and 40 locomotives, all of which bore women's names. The last train remained in service until 1958, though the last official debris clearance team was only disbanded in 1977.[46]

Rather than repair them,German Democratic Republic(East Germany) authorities razed the ruins of many churches, royal buildings and palaces in the 1950s and 1960s, such as the GothicSophienkirche,the Alberttheater and theWackerbarth-Palaisas well as many historic residential buildings. The surroundings of the once lively Prager Straße resembled a wasteland before it was rebuilt in the socialist style at the beginning of the 1960s.

However, the majority of historic buildings were saved or reconstructed. Among them were the Ständehaus (1946), the Augustusbrücke (1949), the Kreuzkirche (until 1955), the Zwinger (until 1963), the Catholic Court Church (until 1965), the Semperoper (until 1985), the Japanese Palace (until 1987) and the two largest train stations. Some of this work dragged on for decades, often interrupted by the overall economic situation in the GDR. The ruins of the Frauenkirche were allowed to remain on Neumarkt as a memorial to the war.

While the Theater and Schloßplatz were rebuilt in accordance with the historical model in 1990, the Neumarkt remained completely undeveloped. On the other hand buildings of socialist classicism and spatial design and orientation according to socialist ideals (e.g. Kulturpalast) were built at the Altmarkt.

From 1955 to 1958, a large part of the art treasures looted by the Soviet Union was returned, which meant that from 1960 onwards many state art collections could be opened in reconstructed facilities or interim exhibitions. Important orchestras such as the Staatskapelle performed in alternative venues (for example in the Kulturpalast from 1969). Some cultural institutions were moved out of the city center (for example the state library in Albertstadt). The Outer Neustadt, which was almost undamaged during the war was threatened with demolition in the 1980s following years of neglect, but was preserved following public protests.

To house the homeless large prefabricated housing estates were built on previously undeveloped land In Prohlis and Gorbitz. Damaged housing in the Johannstadt and other areas in the city center were demolished and replaced with large apartment blocks. The villa districts in Blasewitz, Striesen, Kleinzschachwitz, Loschwitz and on the Weißen Hirsch were largely preserved.

Dresden became a major industrial centre of East Germany, with a great deal of research infrastructure. It was the centre ofBezirk Dresden(Dresden District) between 1952 and 1990. Many of the city's important historic buildings were reconstructed, including theSemper Opera Houseand theZwinger Palace,although the city leaders chose to rebuild large areas of the city in a "socialist modern" style, partly for economic reasons, but also to break away from the city's past as the royal capital of Saxony and a stronghold of the German bourgeoisie.

Until the end of the Cold War, the1st Guards Tank Armyof the Soviet Army and the 7th Panzer Division of the National People's Army were stationed in and around Dresden. Following reunification in 1989, the Soviet / Russian troops were withdrawn from Germany in the early 1990s and the NVA dissolved in accordance with the provisions of theTwo-Plus-Four Treaty of 1990.

From 1985 to 1990, the future President of Russia,Vladimir Putin,was stationed in Dresden by theKGB,where he worked forLazar Matveev,the seniorKGBliaison officer there. On 3 October 1989 (the so-called "battle of Dresden" ), a convoy of trains carrying East German refugees fromPraguepassed through Dresden on its way to theFederal Republic of Germany.Local activists and residents joined in the growingcivil disobediencemovement spreading across the German Democratic Republic, by staging demonstrations and demanding the removal of the communist government.

Post-reunification

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TheDresden Frauenkirche,a few years after its reconsecration

Dresden has experienced dramatic changes since the reunification of Germany in the early 1990s. The city still bears many wounds from thebombing raidsof 1945, but it has undergone significant reconstruction. Restoration of theDresden Frauenkirche,a Lutheran church, began in 1994 and was completed in 2005, a year before Dresden's 800th anniversary; this was done with the help of privately raised funds. The gold cross on the top of the church was funded officially by "the British people and the House of Windsor". Theurban renewalprocess, which includes the reconstruction of the area around theNeumarkt squareon which the Frauenkirche is situated, was expected to take decades, but numerous large projects were under way in the first part of the 21st century.

Dresden remains a major cultural centre of historical memory, owing to the city's destruction in World War II. Each year on 13 February, the anniversary of theBritish and American fire-bombing raidthat destroyed most of the city, tens of thousands of demonstrators gather to commemorate the event. Since reunification, the ceremony has taken on a more neutral and pacifist tone (after being used more politically during theCold War). Beginning in 1999, right-wingNeo-Naziwhite nationalistgroups have organised demonstrations in Dresden that have been among the largest of their type in the post-warhistory of Germany.Each year around the anniversary of the city's destruction, people convene in the memory of those who died in the fire-bombing.

The completion of the reconstructed Dresden Frauenkirche in 2005 marked the first step in rebuilding theNeumarktarea. The areas around the square were divided into eight "quarters", with each being rebuilt as a separate project, the majority of buildings to be rebuilt either to the original structure or at least with a facade similar to the original. The quarters I, II, IV, V, VI and VIII have since been completed; quarters III and quarter VII were still partly under construction in 2020.

In 2002, torrential rains caused theElbeto flood 9 metres (30 ft) above its normal height, i.e., even higher than the old record height from 1845, damaging many landmarks (see2002 European floods). The destruction from this "millennium flood" is no longer visible, due to the speed of reconstruction.

The United Nations' cultural organizationUNESCOdeclared theDresden Elbe Valleyto be a World Heritage Site in 2004.[47]After being placed on the list of endangered World Heritage Sites in 2006, the city lost the title in June 2009,[48][49]due to the construction of theWaldschlößchenbrücke,making it only the second ever World Heritage Site to be removed from the register.[48][49]UNESCO stated in 2006 that the bridge would destroy the cultural landscape. The city council's legal moves, meant to prevent the bridge from being built, failed.[50][51]

Modern Dresden by night
Dresden by day (Brühl's Terrace)

Geography

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Main article:Geography and urban development of Dresden

Location

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Saxon Switzerlanda few kilometres outside of Dresden
View overDresden Basin

Dresden lies on both banks of theElbe,mostly in theDresden Basin,with the further reaches of the easternOre Mountainsto the south, the steep slope of theLusatiangranitic crust to the north, and theElbe Sandstone Mountainsto the east at an altitude of about 113 metres (371 feet). Triebenberg is the highest point in Dresden at 384 metres (1,260 feet).[52]

With a pleasant location and a mild climate on the Elbe, as well as Baroque-style architecture and numerous world-renowned museums and art collections, Dresden has been called "Elbflorenz" (Florenceon the Elbe). The incorporation of neighbouringrural communitiesover the past 60 years has made Dresden the fourth largesturban districtby area in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg andCologne.[53]

The nearest German cities areChemnitz62 kilometres (39 miles)[54]to the southwest,Leipzig100 kilometres (62 miles)[55]to the northwest and Berlin 165 kilometres (103 miles)[56]to the north.Prague(Czech Republic) is about 150 kilometres (93 miles) to the south andWrocław(Poland) 200 kilometres (120 miles) to the east.

Nature

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Dresden is one of the greenest cities in all of Europe, with 62% of the city being green areas and forests.[57]TheDresden Heath(Dresdner Heide) to the north is a forest 50 km2(19 sq mi) in size. There are fournature reserves.The additional Special Conservation Areas cover 18 km2(6.9 sq mi). The protected gardens, parkways, parks and old graveyards host 110 natural monuments in the city.[58]TheDresden Elbe Valleyis a former world heritage site which is focused on the conservation of thecultural landscapein Dresden. One important part of that landscape is the Elbe meadows, which cross the city in a 20 kilometre swath.Saxon Switzerlandis located south-east of the city.

Climate

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Like most of eastern Germany, Dresden has anoceanic climate(Köppen climate classificationCfb), with significant continental influences due to its inland location. The summers are warm, averaging 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) in July. The winters are slightly colder than the German average, with a January average temperature of 0.1 °C (32.18 °F). The driest months are February, March and April, with precipitation of around 40 mm (1.6 in). The wettest months are July and August, with more than 80 mm (3.1 in) per month.

The microclimate in theElbe valleydiffers from that on the slopes and in the higher areas, where the Dresden districtKlotzsche,at 227 metresabove sea level,hosts the Dresdenweather station.The weather in Klotzsche is 1 to 3 °C (1.8 to 5.4 °F) colder than in theinner cityat 112 metresabove sea level.

Climate data for Dresden(1971–2000 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		4.1
(39.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		18.7
(65.7) 		21.3
(70.3) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		4.0
(39.2) 		13.2
(55.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		1.3
(34.3) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		13.6
(56.5) 		10.4
(50.7) 		6.4
(43.5) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		5.6
(42.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 44.3
(1.74) 		34.9
(1.37) 		43.1
(1.70) 		47.3
(1.86) 		60.0
(2.36) 		68.5
(2.70) 		82.0
(3.23) 		77.9
(3.07) 		49.6
(1.95) 		44.5
(1.75) 		53.5
(2.11) 		56.9
(2.24) 		662.5
(26.08)
Average precipitation days 9.8 8.9 8.8 9.3 8.6 10.5 10.3 9.2 8.3 8.2 10.6 11.1 113.6
Source: WMO[59]
Climate data for Dresden (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1934–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.4
(75.9) 		29.5
(85.1) 		31.7
(89.1) 		38.2
(100.8) 		36.4
(97.5) 		37.4
(99.3) 		33.9
(93.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		17.7
(63.9) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.5
(47.3) 		14.3
(57.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.2
(75.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		7.6
(45.7) 		4.1
(39.4) 		13.7
(56.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) 		1.5
(34.7) 		4.7
(40.5) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.0
(57.2) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		9.8
(49.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		1.7
(35.1) 		9.8
(49.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.9
(48.0) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.3
(57.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.4
(50.7) 		6.5
(43.7) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		5.9
(42.6)
Record low °C (°F) −25.3
(−13.5) 		−23.0
(−9.4) 		−16.5
(2.3) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		0.9
(33.6) 		6.1
(43.0) 		5.4
(41.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−25.3
(−13.5)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 42.1
(1.66) 		32.7
(1.29) 		42.1
(1.66) 		36.3
(1.43) 		62.9
(2.48) 		62.6
(2.46) 		84.5
(3.33) 		80.1
(3.15) 		51.7
(2.04) 		49.9
(1.96) 		47.5
(1.87) 		44.0
(1.73) 		636.4
(25.06)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) 17.4 14.4 15.1 11.4 13.7 13.5 14.6 12.7 11.9 14.0 14.7 16.1 169.4
Average snowy days(≥ 1.0 cm) 12.1 9.8 4.5 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 2.2 6.4 35.7
Averagerelative humidity(%) 82.6 78.7 74.4 67.0 67.9 68.5 67.1 67.8 74.9 79.8 84.3 83.7 74.7
Mean monthlysunshine hours 62.0 82.1 127.0 187.3 222.0 221.3 233.8 222.8 164.2 119.9 67.9 60.0 1,770.4
Source 1:NOAA[60]
Source 2: Data derived fromDeutscher Wetterdienst[61][62](precipitation(Klotzsche)[63]

Flood protection

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Because of its location on the banks of the Elbe, into which some water sources from the Ore Mountains flow, flood protection is important. Large areas are kept free of buildings to provide a flood plain. Two additional trenches, about 50 metres wide, have been built to keep the inner city free of water from the Elbe, by dissipating the water downstream through the inner city's gorge portion. Flood regulation systems likedetention basinsandwater reservoirsare almost all outside thecity area.

TheWeißeritz,normally a rather small river, suddenly ran directly into the main station of Dresden during the2002 European floods.This was largely because the river returned to its former route; it had been diverted so that a railway could run along the river bed.

Many locations and areas need to be protected by walls and sheet pilings during floods. A number of districts become waterlogged if the Elbe overflows across some of its former floodplains.[64]

City structuring

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Dresden is a spacious city. Its boroughs differ in their structure and appearance. Many parts still contain an old village core, while some quarters are almost completely preserved as rural settings. Other characteristic kinds of urban areas are the historic outskirts of the city, and the former suburbs with scattered housing. During the German Democratic Republic, many apartment blocks were built. The original parts of the city are almost all in the boroughs of Altstadt (Old town) and Neustadt (New town). Growing outside thecity walls,the historic outskirts were built in the 18th and 19th century. They were planned and constructed on the orders of the Saxon monarchs and many of them are named after Saxon sovereigns (e.g.FriedrichstadtandAlbertstadt). Dresden has been divided into ten boroughs called "Stadtbezirk" and nine former municipalities ( "Ortschaften" ) which have been incorporated since 1990.[65]

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
15012,500—
160314,793+491.7%
169921,298+44.0%
172746,472+118.2%
175563,209+36.0%
177244,760−29.2%
180061,794+38.1%
181351,175−17.2%
183061,886+20.9%
184082,014+32.5%
1852104,199+27.1%
1861128,152+23.0%
1871177,089+38.2%
1880220,818+24.7%
1890276,522+25.2%
1900396,146+43.3%
1905516,996+30.5%
1910548,308+6.1%
1916528,732−3.6%
1920540,900+2.3%
1925619,157+14.5%
1930633,441+2.3%
1933649,252+2.5%
1935637,052−1.9%
1940626,900−1.6%
1944566,738−9.6%
1945368,519−35.0%
1946467,966+27.0%
1950494,187+5.6%
1955496,548+0.5%
1960493,603−0.6%
1965508,119+2.9%
1970502,432−1.1%
1975509,331+1.4%
1980516,225+1.4%
1985519,769+0.7%
1990490,571−5.6%
1995469,110−4.4%
2001478,631+2.0%
2011512,354+7.0%
2022557,782+8.9%
Source:[citation needed]
Source for 2001–2022:[66]
Top 10 non-German populations[67]
Nationality Population (31 December 2022)
Ukraine 8,961
Syria 2,395
Russia 2,342
Vietnam 2,230
Poland 1,943
China 1,739
Italy 1,549
Czech Republic 1,276
Romania 1,126
India 1,078

The population of Dresden grew to 100,000 inhabitants in 1852, making it one of the first German cities afterHamburg,Berlin andBreslau(Wrocław) to reach that number. The population peaked at 649,252 in 1933, and dropped to 368,519 in 1945 because of World War II, during which large residential areas of the city were destroyed. After large incorporations and city restoration, the population grew to 522,532 again between 1946 and 1983.[68]

SinceGerman reunification,demographic development has been very unsteady. The city has struggled with migration and suburbanisation. During the 1990s the population increased to 480,000 because of several incorporations, and decreased to 452,827 in 1998. Between 2000 and 2010, the population grew quickly by more than 45,000 inhabitants (about 9.5%) due to a stabilised economy and re-urbanisation. Along withMunichandPotsdam,Dresden is one of the ten fastest-growing cities in Germany.[53]

As of 2019the population of the city of Dresden was 557,075,[69]the population of the Dresden agglomeration was 790,400 as of 2018,[3]and as of 2019the population of the Dresden metropolitan area, which includes the neighbouring districts ofMeißen,Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge,BautzenandGörlitz,was 1,343,305.[2]

As of 2018 about 50.0% of the population was female.[70]As of 2007the mean age of the population was 43 years, which is the lowest among the urban districts in Saxony.[71]As of 31 December 2018there were 67,841 people with a migration background (12.1% of the population, increased from 7.2% in 2010), and about two-thirds of these, 44,665 or about 8.0% of all Dresden citizens were foreigners.[70]This percentage increased from 4.1% in 2010.

Governance

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Dresden is one of Germany's 16 political centres[clarification needed]and the capital of Saxony. It has institutions of democratic local self-administration that are independent from the capital functions.[72]

Dresden hosted some international summits in recent years, such as the Petersburg Dialogue between Russia and Germany,[73]the European Union'sMinister of the Interiorconference[74]and theG8labour ministers conference.[75]

Mayor

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Main article:City Council of Dresden

Thecity councilis the legislative branch of the city government. The council gives orders to the mayor (German:Bürgermeister) via resolutions and decrees, and thus also has some degree of executive power.[76][77]

Results of the second round of the 2022 mayoral election

The first freely elected mayor after German reunification wasHerbert Wagnerof theChristian Democratic Union(CDU), who served from 1990 to 2001. The mayor was originally chosen by the city council, but since 1994 has been directly elected. Ingolf Roßberg of theFree Democratic Party(FDP) served from 2001 until 2008. He was succeeded byHelma Orosz(CDU).Dirk Hilbertwas elected mayor in 2015 under the banner "Independent Citizens for Dresden". He was nominated by the FDP andFree Voters,and was endorsed by the CDU andAfDin the runoff. The most recent mayoral election was held on 12 June 2022, with a runoff held on 10 July, and the results were as follows:

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Dirk Hilbert Independent Citizens for Dresden
(FDP,FW,CDU) 		66,165 32.5 80,483 45.3
Eva Jähnigen Alliance 90/The Greens
(plusSPD,Left,Piratesin the runoff) 		38,473 18.9 67,947 38.3
Albrecht Pallas Social Democratic Party 31,068 15.2 Withdrew
Maximilian Krah Alternative for Germany 28,971 14.2 21,741 12.2
André Schollbach The Left 20,898 10.3 Withdrew
Marcus Fuchs Independent 6,856 3.4 3,549 2.0
Martin Schulte-Wissermann Pirate Party 5,975 2.9 Withdrew
Sascha Wolff Independent 2,695 1.3 Withdrew
Jan Pöhnisch Die PARTEI 2,684 1.3 3,824 2.2
Valid votes 203,785 99.4 177,544 99.5
Invalid votes 1,145 0.6 974 0.5
Total 204,930 100.0 178,518 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 432,294 47.4 431,967 41.3
Source: City of Dresden (1st round,2nd round)

City council

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Strongest party by locality in the 2024 City Council election

The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows:

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Alternative for Germany(AfD) 170,346 19.4 2.3 14 2
Christian Democratic Union(CDU) 157,717 18.0 0.3 13 0
Alliance 90/The Greens(Grüne) 128,099 14.6 5.9 10 5
Social Democratic Party(SPD) 78,652 9.0 0.2 6 0
Team Zastrow/Alliance Saxony 24 71,163 8.1 New 6 New
The Left(Die Linke) 68,012 7.8 8.4 5 7
Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance(BSW) 63,108 7.2 New 5 New
Free Voters Dresden (WV) 31,110 3.5 1.8 2 2
Pirate Party Germany(Piraten) 27,736 3.2 0.8 2 1
Free Democratic Party(FDP) 24,464 2.8 4.7 2 3
Die PARTEI(PARTEI) 16,363 1.9 0.1 1 1
Free Saxons(FS) 13,304 1.5 New 1 New
Volt Germany(Volt) 10,522 1.2 New 1 New
Dissidents Dresden (DissDD) 8,365 1.0 New 1 New
Free Citizens Dresden (FBD) 8,290 0.9 0.6 1 0
Valid votes 877,251 96.3
Invalid votes 3,802 1.3
Total 303,717 100.0 70 ±0
Electorate/voter turnout 429,280 70.8 3.9
Source:Wahlen in Sachsen

Public institutions

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TheSächsische Staatskanzlei(Saxon State Chancellery) is an institution assisting the President of the State.

As the capital of Saxony, Dresden is home to theSaxon state parliament(Landtag)[78]and the ministries of the Saxon Government. The controllingConstitutional Court of Saxonyis in Leipzig. The highest Saxon court in civil andcriminal law,is theHigher Regional Court of Dresden.[79]

Most of the Saxon state authorities are located in Dresden. Dresden is home to the Regional Commission of theDresden Regierungsbezirk,which is a controlling authority for the Saxon Government.

Like many cities in Germany, Dresden is also home to a local court, has a trade corporation and a Chamber of Industry and Trade and many subsidiaries of federal agencies (such as the Federal Labour Office or theFederal Agency for Technical Relief). It hosts some divisions of the German Customs andWaterways and Shipping Office.[80]

Dresden is home to a military subdistrict command, but no longer has large military units as it did in the past. Dresden is the traditional location forarmy officerschooling in Germany, today carried out in theOffizierschule des Heeres[de].[81]

Local affairs

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TheWaldschlösschen Bridgeis a subject of controversy in Dresden and other parts of Germany.

Local affairs in Dresden often centre around theurban developmentof the city and its spaces. Architecture and the design ofpublic placesis a controversial subject. Discussions about theWaldschlößchenbrücke,a bridge under construction across the Elbe, received international attention because of its position across theDresden Elbe ValleyWorld Heritage Site.The city held a public referendum in 2005 on whether to build the bridge, prior to UNESCO expressing doubts about the compatibility between bridge and heritage. Its construction caused loss of World Heritage site status in 2009.[82]

In 2006, the city of Dresden sold its publiclysubsidized housingorganization, WOBA Dresden GmbH, to the US-based privateinvestment companyFortress Investment Group.The city received987.1 millioneuro and paid off its remaining loans, making it the first large city in Germany to become debt-free. Opponents of the sale were concerned about Dresden's loss of control over thesubsidized housing market.[83]

Dresden has been the center of groups and activities of far-right movements. Politicians and politics ofAlternative for Germany(AfD) have a strong backing.[84]Starting in October 2014,PEGIDA,anationalisticpolitical movement based in Dresden has been organizing weekly demonstrations against what it perceives as theIslamizationof Europe at the height of theEuropean migrant crisis.As the number of demonstrators increased to 15,000 in December 2014, so has the international media coverage of it.[85]However, since 2015, the number of demonstrators has decreased significantly.[86]

In 2019, the Dresden City Council passed a policy statement against "anti-democratic, anti-pluralist, misanthropic and right-wing-extremist developments".[87]The motion was originally put forward by the satirical political partyDie Partei.[88]Bündnis 90/Die Grünen,Die Linke,SPDand Die Partei voted in favour of the statement. TheCDUandAfDvoted against it. Among other things, the statement calls on strengthening democracy, protecting human rights and raising spending on (political) education.[89]

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Dresden andCoventrybecame twins after World War II in an act ofreconciliation,as both had suffered near-total destruction frommassive aerial bombings.[90]Similar symbolism occurred in 1988, when Dresden twinned with the Dutch city ofRotterdam.TheCoventry BlitzandRotterdam Blitzbombardments by the GermanLuftwaffeare also considered to bedisproportional.[91]

Dresden has had a triangular partnership withSaint PetersburgandHamburgsince 1987. Dresden istwinnedwith:[92]

Friendly cities

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Dresden also has friendly relations with:[93]

Cityscape

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Frauenkircheat theNeumarkt

Architecture

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Although Dresden is often said to be aBaroquecity, its architecture is influenced by more than one style. Other eras of importance are theRenaissanceandHistoricism,as well as the contemporary styles ofModernismandPostmodernism.[94]

Dresden has some 13,000 listed cultural monuments and eight districts under general preservation orders.[95]

Royal household

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Zwinger Palace

TheDresden Castlewas the seat of theroyal householdfrom 1485. The wings of the building have been renewed, built upon and restored many times. Due to this integration of styles, the castle is made up of elements of theRenaissance,BaroqueandClassiciststyles.[96]

TheZwinger Palaceis across the road from the castle. It was built on the old stronghold of the city and was converted to a centre for the royal art collections and a place to hold festivals. Its gate by the moat is surmounted by a golden crown.[97]

Other royal buildings and ensembles:

Sacred buildings

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Bernardo Bellotto's Dresden included theHofkircheduring construction.

TheHofkirchewas the church of the royal household.Augustus the Strong,who desired to beKing of Poland,converted to Catholicism, as Polish kings had to be Catholic. At that time Dresden was strictly Protestant. Augustus the Strong ordered the building of the Hofkirche, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, to establish a sign of Roman Catholic religious importance in Dresden. The church is the cathedral "Sanctissimae Trinitatis" since 1980. The crypt of theWettin Dynastyis located within the church.[98]King Augustus III of Poland is buried in the cathedral, as one of the very few Polish kings to be buried outside theWawel CathedralinKraków.

In contrast to the Hofkirche, the LutheranFrauenkirchelocated at theNeumarktwas built almost contemporaneously by the citizens of Dresden. The city's historic Kreuzkirche was reconsecrated in 1388.[99]

There are also other churches in Dresden, like theRussian OrthodoxSt. Simeon of the Wonderful Mountain Churchin the Südvorstadt district.

Historicism

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Yenidze

Historicistbuildings made their presence felt on the cityscape until the 1920s.

Notable examples ofRenaissance Revivalarchitecture in Dresden include theAlbertinumlocated at Brühl's Terrace as well as theSaxon State Chancelleryand the Saxon State Ministry of Finance located on the northern Elbe river banks. TheEhrlichsche Gestiftskirche,constructed in 1907, was a historicist church building that was demolished in August 1951.[100]

TheVilla Rosawas built in 1839 and was considered one of the most important villa buildings in Dresden, due to itsRenaissance Revival architecture.[101]

Yenidzeis a former cigarette factory building built in the style of a mosque between 1907 and 1909.

The most recent historicist buildings in Dresden date from the short era ofStalinist architecturein the 1950s, e.g. at the Altmarkt.[102]

Stalinist architecture at the Altmarkt

Modernism

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TheGarden City ofHellerau,at that time a suburb of Dresden, was founded in 1909. It was Germany's firstgarden city.[103]In 1911,Heinrich Tessenowbuilt theHellerau Festspielhaus(festival theatre). Until the outbreak of World War I, Hellerau was a centre for Europeanmodernismwith international standing.[104][105]In 1950, Hellerau was incorporated into the city of Dresden. Today, the Hellerau reform architecture is recognized as exemplary. In the 1990s, the garden city of Hellerau became aconservation area.[106]

TheGerman Hygiene Museum(built 1928–1930) is a signal example ofmodern architecturein Dresden in the interwar period. The building is designed in an impressively monumental style, but employs plain façades and simple structures.

Important modernist buildings erected between 1945 and 1990 are the Centrum-Warenhaus (a largedepartment store), representing theinternational Style,and the multi-purpose hallKulturpalast.

Contemporary architecture

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The locally controversial UFA-Palast

After 1990 and German reunification, new styles emerged. Important contemporary buildings include theNew Synagogue,apostmodernbuilding with few windows, theTransparent Factory,the Saxon State Parliament and the New Terrace, the UFA-Kristallpalast cinema byCoop Himmelb(l)au(one of the biggest buildings ofDeconstructivismin Germany), and theSaxon State Library.

Daniel LibeskindandNorman Fosterboth modified existing buildings. Foster roofed the main railway station with translucent Teflon-coated synthetics. Libeskind changed the whole structure of theBundeswehr Military History Museumby placing a wedge through the historical arsenal building. According to Libeskind's studio, "[t]he façade's openness and transparency is intended to contrast with the opacity and rigidity of the existing building."[107]

Bridges

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Important bridges crossing the Elbe river are theBlaues Wunderbridge and theAugustus Bridge.

Statues

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Jean-Joseph Vinache's goldenequestrian statueof August the Strong, theGoldener Reiter(Golden Cavalier), is on the Neustädter Markt square. It shows August at the beginning of the Hauptstraße (Main street) on his way to Warsaw, where he was King of Poland in personal union. Another statue is the memorial ofMartin Lutherin front of the Frauenkirche.[108]

Parks and gardens

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Großer Gartenis aBaroque gardenin central Dresden. It includes theDresden Zooand theDresden Botanical Garden.

TheDresden Heathis a large forest located in the northeast of Dresden and one of the city's most important recreation areas.

The park ofPillnitz Palaceis famous for its botanical treasures, including a more than 230-year-oldJapanese camelliaand about 400 potted plants.[109]

Main sights

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Culture

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Main article:Culture in Dresden
TheSemperoper,completely rebuilt and reopened in 1985

Carl Maria von WeberandRichard Wagnerhad a number of their works performed for the first time in Dresden.[110]Other artists, such asErnst Ludwig Kirchner,Otto Dix,Oskar Kokoschka,Richard Strauss,Gottfried SemperandGret Palucca,were also active in the city.[citation needed]Dresden is also home to several art collections and musical ensembles.

Entertainment

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View over Altmarkt (Old market) duringStriezelmarkt

The Saxon State Opera descends from the opera company of the former electors and Kings of Saxony. Their first opera house was theOpernhaus am Taschenberg,opened in 1667. TheOpernhaus am Zwingerpresented opera from 1719 to 1756, when theSeven Years' Warbegan. The laterSemperoperwas completely destroyed during the bombing of Dresden during the second world war. The opera's reconstruction was completed exactly 40 years later, on 13 February 1985. Its musical ensemble is theSächsische Staatskapelle Dresden,founded in 1548.[111]TheDresden State Theatreruns a number of smaller theatres. The Dresden State Operetta is the only independentoperettain Germany.[112]TheHerkuleskeule(Herculesclub) is an important site inGerman-speaking political cabaret.

There are several choirs in Dresden, the best-known of which is theDresdner Kreuzchor(Choir ofThe Holy Cross). It is a boys' choir drawn from pupils of theKreuzschule,and was founded in the 13th century.[113]TheDresdner Kapellknabenare not related to theStaatskapelle,but to the formerHofkapelle,the Catholic cathedral, since 1980. TheDresden Philharmonic Orchestrais the orchestra of the city of Dresden.

Throughout the summer, the outdoor concert series "Zwingerkonzerte und Mehr" is held in theZwingerhof.Performances include dance and music.[114]

There are several small cinemas presentingcult filmsand low-budget or low-profile films chosen for their cultural value. Dresden also has a few multiplex cinemas, of which the Rundkino is one the known.

Dresden'sStriezelmarktis one of the largestChristmas marketsin Germany. Founded as a one-day market in 1434, it is considered the first genuine Christmas market in the world.[9]

A big event each year in June is theBunte Republik Neustadt,[115]a culture festival lasting three days in the city district ofDresden-Neustadt.Bands play live concerts for free in the streets and there are refreshments and food.

Museums

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Sistine MadonnabyRaphaelin theGemäldegalerie Alte Meister

Dresden hosts theStaatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden(Dresden State Art Collections) which, according to the institution's own statements, place it among the most important museums presently in existence. The art collections consist of twelve museums, including theGemäldegalerie Alte Meister(Old Masters Gallery) and theGrünes Gewölbe(Green Vault) and theJapanese Palace(Japanisches Palais).[116]Also known areGalerie Neue Meister(New Masters Gallery),Rüstkammer(Armoury) with theTurkish Chamber,and theMuseum für Völkerkunde Dresden(Museum of Ethnology). Other museums and collections owned by the Free State of Saxony in Dresden are:

TheDresden City Museumis run by the city of Dresden and focused on the city's history.

TheBundeswehr Military History Museumis placed in the former garrison in the Albertstadt.

The book museum of theSaxon State Librarypresents theDresden Codex.[125]

The Kraszewski Museum is a museum dedicated to the most prolificPolishwriterJózef Ignacy Kraszewski,who lived in Dresden from 1863 to 1883.[126]

Transport

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Main article:Transport in Dresden
The longest trams in Dresden set a record in length.

Bus

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DVBis the municipal company in charge oftransport in the city of Dresden.[127]DVB provides anight servicenamedGuteNachtLinie('goodnight lines'), which operates Monday-Sunday, although the frequency of the buses is greater on Friday, Saturday and before holidays when the routes run every 30 minutes between 22:45 and 04:45.[128]Postplatzis the most important hub for night-time travel in Dresden. Most GuteNachtLinie routes meet here at the same time to allow people to switch routes.[128][129]

Roads

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TheBundesautobahn 4(European route E40) crosses Dresden in the northwest from west to east. TheBundesautobahn 17leaves the A4 in a south-eastern direction. In Dresden it begins to cross the Ore Mountains towards Prague. TheBundesautobahn 13leaves from the three-point interchange "Dresden-Nord" and goes to Berlin. The A13 and the A17 are on theEuropean route E55.In addition, severalBundesstraßen(federal highways) run through Dresden.

Rail

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Dresden Central Stationis the main inter-city transport hub.

There are two main inter-city transit hubs in the railway network in Dresden:Dresden HauptbahnhofandDresden-Neustadt railway station.The most important railway lines run to Berlin, Prague, Leipzig and Chemnitz. Acommuter trainsystem (Dresden S-Bahn) operates on three lines alongside the long-distance routes.

Air

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Dresden Airportis the city'sinternational airport,located at the north-western outskirts of the city. After German reunification the airport's infrastructure has been considerably improved. In 1998, a motorway access route was opened.[130]In March 2001, a new terminal building was opened along with the undergroundS-Bahn stationDresden Flughafen,a multi-storey car park and a new aircraft handling ramp.[131]

Dresden is also directly connected toBerlin Brandenburg Airportby theIC 17.

Trams

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Dresden has alarge tramway networkoperated byDresdner Verkehrsbetriebe,the municipal transport company. The Transport Authority operates twelve lines on a 200 km (124 mi) network.[132]Many of the newlow-floorvehicles are up to 45 metres long and produced byBombardier TransportationinBautzen.While about 30% of the system's lines are onreserved track(often sown with grass to avoid noise), many tracks still run on the streets, especially in the inner city.[133]

TheCarGoTramwas a tram that supplied Volkswagen'sTransparent Factory,crossing the city. The transparent factory is located not far from the city centre next to the city's largest park.[134]

The districts of Loschwitz and Weisser Hirsch are connected by theDresden Funicular Railway,which has been carrying passengers back and forth since 1895.[135]

Economy

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Main article:Economy of Dresden
GlobalFoundriessemiconductor factory
Transparent Factoryowned byVolkswagen

Until enterprises likeDresdner Bankleft Dresden in the communist era to avoidnationalisation,Dresden was one of the most important German cities, an important industrial centre of the German Democratic Republic.[citation needed]The period of theGDRuntil 1990 was characterized by low economic growth in comparison to western German cities.[136]In 1990 Dresden had to struggle with theeconomic collapseofthe Soviet Unionand the other export markets in Eastern Europe. After reunification enterprises and production sites broke down almost completely as they entered thesocial market economy,facing competition from the Federal Republic of Germany. After 1990 a completely newlegal systemand currency system was introduced and infrastructure was largely rebuilt with funds from the Federal Republic of Germany. Dresden as a major urban centre has developed much faster and more consistently than most other regions in the former German Democratic Republic.

Between 1990 and 2010 theunemployment ratefluctuated between 13% and 15%, but has decreased significantly ever since. In December 2019 the unemployment rate was 5.3%, the fourth lowest among the 15 largest cities of Germany (afterMunich,StuttgartandNuremberg).[137]In 2017, theGDP per capitaof Dresden was 39,134 euros, the highest in Saxony.[138]

Thanks to the presence of public administration centres, a high density of semi-public research institutes and an extension of publicly funded high technology sectors, the proportion of highly qualified workers Dresden is again among the highest in Germany and by European criteria.[139]

In 2019, Dresden had the seventh-best future prospects of all cities in Germany, after being ranked fourth in 2017.[6]According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos, Dresden is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany. It ranks at number 41 of all 401 German regions and second of all regions in former East Germany (only surpassed byJena).[140][141][142]

Enterprises

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Three major sectors dominate Dresden's economy:

Silicon SaxonySaxony's semiconductor industry was built up in 1969. Major enterprises today includeAMD's semiconductor fabrication spin-offGlobalFoundries,Infineon Technologies,ZMDIand Toppan Photomasks. Their factories attract many suppliers of material and cleanroom technology enterprises to Dresden.

The pharmaceutical sector developed at the end of the 19th century. The 'Sächsisches Serumwerk Dresden' (Saxon Serum Plant, Dresden), owned byGlaxoSmithKline,is a global leader invaccineproduction.[143]Another traditional pharmaceuticals producer is Arzneimittelwerke Dresden (Pharmaceutical Works, Dresden).[144]

A third traditional branch is that of mechanical andelectrical engineering.Major employers are theVolkswagenTransparent Factory,Elbe Flugzeugwerke(Elbe Aircraft Works),SiemensandLinde-KCA-Dresden.[citation needed]The tourism industry enjoys high revenue and supports many employees. There are around one hundred bigger hotels in Dresden, many of which cater in the upscale range.[citation needed]

Media

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The media in Dresden include two major newspapers of regional record: theSächsische Zeitung(Saxon Newspaper,circulation around 228,000) and theDresdner Neueste Nachrichten(Dresden's Latest News,circulation around 50,000). Dresden has a broadcasting centre belonging to theMitteldeutscher Rundfunk.TheDresdner Druck- und Verlagshaus(Dresden printing plant and publishing house) produces part ofSpiegel'sprint run,amongst other newspapers and magazines.[citation needed]

Education and science

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TU Dresden
Dresden Academy of Fine Arts

Universities

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Dresden is home to a number of renowned universities, but among German cities it is a more recent location for academic education.

Other universities include theHochschule für Kirchenmusik,a school specialising inchurch music,and theEvangelische Hochschule für Sozialarbeit,an education institution for social work.[citation needed]TheDresden International Universityis a private postgraduate university, founded in 2003 in cooperation with the Dresden University of Technology.[148]

Research institutes

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Dresden hosts manyresearch institutes,some of which have gained an international standing. The domains of most importance are micro- and nanoelectronics, transport and infrastructure systems, material and photonic technology, and bio-engineering. The institutes are well connected among one other as well as with the academic education institutions.[149]

Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorfis the largest complex of research facilities in Dresden, a short distance outside the urban areas. It focuses onnuclear medicineand physics. As part of theHelmholtz Associationit is one of the GermanBig Scienceresearch centres.

TheMax Planck Societyfocuses onfundamental research.There are three Max Planck Institutes (MPI) in Dresden: theMPI of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics,theMPI for Chemical Physics of Solids,and theMPI for the Physics of Complex Systems.[150]

TheFraunhofer Societyhosts institutes of applied research that also offer mission-oriented research to enterprises. With eleven institutions or parts of institutes, Dresden is the largest location of the Fraunhofer Society worldwide.[151]The Fraunhofer Society has become an important factor in location decisions and is seen as a useful part of the "knowledge infrastructure".[152]

TheLeibniz Communityis a union of institutes with science covering fundamental research and applied research. In Dresden there are three Leibniz Institutes. TheLeibniz Institute for Polymer Research[153]and theLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research[154]are both in the material andhigh-technologydomain, while the Leibniz Institute for Ecological Urban and Regional Development is focused on more fundamental research into urban planning.[155]The Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf was member of the Leibniz Community until the end of 2010.[156]

Higher secondary education

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Dresden has more than 20gymnasiawhich prepare for a tertiary education, five of which are private.[157]TheSächsisches Landesgymnasium für Musikwith a focus on music is supported, as its name implies by the State of Saxony, rather than by the city.[158]There are someBerufliche Gymnasienwhich combinevocational educationand secondary education and anAbendgymnasiumwhich prepares higher education of adults avocational.[159]

Sport

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TheRudolf-Harbig-Stadion,the current home of Dynamo Dresden

Dresden is home toDynamo Dresden,which had a tradition inUEFA club competitionsup to the early 1990s. Dynamo Dresden won eight titles in theDDR-Oberliga.Currently, the club is a member of the3. Ligaafter some seasons in theBundesligaand2. Bundesliga.[160]

In the early 20th century, the city was represented byDresdner SC,who were one of Germany's most successful clubs in football. Their best performances came during World War II, when they were twice Germanchampions,and twiceCupwinners. Dresdner SC is a multisport club. While itsfootball teamplays in the sixth-tierLandesliga Sachsen,its volleyball section has a team in the women'sBundesliga.Dresden has a thirdfootballteamSC Borea Dresden.

ESC Dresdner Eislöwenis anice hockeyclub playing in the second-tier ice hockey leagueDEL2.

Dresden Monarchsare anAmerican footballteam in theGerman Football League.

TheDresden Titansare the city's top basketball team. Due to good performances, they have moved up several divisions and currently play in Germany's second divisionProA.The Titans' home arena is the Margon Arena.

Since 1890,horse raceshave taken place and the Dresdener Rennverein 1890 e.V. are active and one of the big sporting events in Dresden.[161]

Major sporting facilities in Dresden are theRudolf-Harbig-Stadion,theHeinz-Steyer-Stadionand theEnergieVerbund Arenaforice hockey.

Quality of life

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According to the 2017 Global Least & Most Stressful Cities Ranking, Dresden was one of the least stressful cities in the world. It was ranked 15th out of 150 cities worldwide and above Düsseldorf, Leipzig, Dortmund, Cologne, Frankfurt, and Berlin.[162]

Notable people

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Public service

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Academics

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The Arts

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Science and business

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Sport

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Notes

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References

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Citations

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