E numbers,short for Europe numbers, are codes for substances used asfood additives,including those found naturally in many foods, such asvitamin C,for use within theEuropean Union(EU)[1]: 27 andEuropean Free Trade Association(EFTA).[2]Commonly found onfood labels,their safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of theEuropean Food Safety Authority(EFSA).[3]The fact that an additive has an E number implies that its use was at one time permitted in products for sale in theEuropean Single Market;some of these additives are no longer allowed today.
Having a single unified list for food additives was first agreed upon in 1962 withfood colouring.In 1964, the directives for preservatives were added, in 1970 antioxidants were added, in 1974 emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents were added as well.[4]
Numbering schemes
editThe numbering scheme follows that of theInternational Numbering System(INS) as determined by theCodex Alimentariuscommittee,[5]though only a subset of the INS additives are approved for use in the European Union as food additives. Outside the European continent plus Russia, E numbers are also encountered on food labelling in other jurisdictions, including theCooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf,South Africa, Australia, New Zealand,[6]Malaysia, Hong Kong,[7]and India.
Colloquial use
editIn some European countries, the "E number" is used informally as a derogatory term for artificial food additives. For example, in the UK, food companies are required to include the "E number(s)" in the ingredients that are added as part of the manufacturing process. Many components of naturally occurring healthy foods and vitamins have assigned E numbers (and the number is a synonym for the chemical component), e.g.vitamin C(E300) andlycopene(E160d), found in carrots. At the same time, "E number" is sometimes misunderstood to imply approval for safe consumption. This is not necessarily the case, e.g.Avoparcin(E715) is an antibiotic once used in animal feed, but is no longer permitted in the EU, and has never been permitted for human consumption.Sodium nitrite(E250) is toxic.Sulfuric acid(E513) is caustic.
Classification by numeric range
editIt has been suggested that this section besplitout into another article titledInternational Numbering System for Food Additives.(Discuss)(November 2023) |
| E number range | Subranges | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 100–199 (full list) Colours |
100–107 | yellows |
| 110–111 | oranges | |
| 120–129 | reds | |
| 130–139 | blues and violets | |
| 140–149 | greens | |
| 150–159 | browns and blacks | |
| 160–199 | gold and others | |
| 200–299 (full list) Preservatives |
200–209 | sorbates |
| 210–219 | benzoates | |
| 220–229 | sulfites | |
| 230–239 | phenolsandformates(methanoates) | |
| 240–259 | nitrates | |
| 260–269 | acetates(ethanoates) | |
| 270–279 | lactates | |
| 280–289 | propionates(propanoates) | |
| 290–299 | others | |
| 300–399 (full list) Antioxidantsandacidity regulators |
300–305 | ascorbates (vitamin C) |
| 306–309 | Tocopherol(vitamin E) | |
| 310–319 | gallatesanderythorbates | |
| 320–329 | lactates | |
| 330–337 | citratesandtartrates | |
| 338–343 | phosphates | |
| 344–345 | citrates | |
| 349–359 | malatesandadipates | |
| 360–369 | succinatesandfumarates | |
| 370–399 | others | |
| 400–499 (full list) Thickeners,stabilisersandemulsifiers |
400–409 | alginates |
| 410–419 | natural gums | |
| 420–429 | other natural agents | |
| 430–439 | polyoxyethenecompounds | |
| 440–449 | naturalemulsifiers | |
| 450–459 | phosphates | |
| 460–469 | cellulosecompounds | |
| 470–489 | fatty acidsand compounds | |
| 490–499 | others | |
| 500–599 (full list) pHregulatorsandanti-caking agents |
500–509 | mineral acidsand bases |
| 510–519 | chloridesandsulfates | |
| 520–529 | sulfatesandhydroxides | |
| 530–549 | alkali metalcompounds | |
| 550–559 | silicates | |
| 570–579 | stearatesandgluconates | |
| 580–599 | others | |
| 600–699 (full list) Flavour enhancers |
620–629 | glutamatesand guanylates |
| 630–639 | inosinates | |
| 640–649 | others | |
| 700–799 (full list) Antibiotics |
700–713 | |
| 900–999 (full list) Glazing agents,gases andsweeteners |
900–909 | waxes |
| 910–919 | synthetic glazes | |
| 920–929 | improving agents | |
| 930–949 | packaging gases | |
| 950–969 | sweeteners | |
| 990–999 | foaming agents | |
| 1000–1599 (full list) Additional additives |
1100–1599 | New chemicals that do not fall into standard classification schemes |
Not all examples of a class fall into the given numeric range; moreover, certain chemicals (particularly in the E400–499 range) have a variety of purposes.
Full list
editIt has been suggested that this section besplitout into another article titledInternational Numbering System for Food Additives.(Discuss)(November 2023) |
The list shows all components that have an E-number assigned,even those no longer allowed in the EU.
E100–E199 (colours)
edit| Code | Name(s) | Colour | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| E100 | Curcumin(fromturmeric) | Yellow-orange | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E101 | Riboflavin(Vitamin B2), formerly called lactoflavin | Yellow-orange | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E101a | Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate | Yellow-orange | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E102 | Tartrazine(FD&C Yellow 5) | Yellow | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E103 | Alkannin[10] | Red-brown | |
| E104 | Quinoline Yellow WS | Dull or greenish yellow | Restricted use approved in the EU.[8][11] |
| E105 | Fast Yellow AB | Yellow | Forbidden in the EU and US.[12] |
| E106 | Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate | Yellow | |
| E107 | Yellow 2G | Yellow | |
| E110 | Sunset Yellow FCF(Orange Yellow S, FD&C Yellow 6) | Yellow-orange | Restricted use approved in the EU.[8][11] Banned inNorway.[13] Products in the EU require warnings and its use is being phased out.[11]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E111 | Orange GGN | Orange | |
| E120 | Cochineal,Carminic acid,Carmine(Natural Red 4) | Crimson | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E121 | Citrus Red 2 | Orange to pink | Approved in the United States only for use in colouring the skin of oranges.[14] |
| E122 | Carmoisine(azorubine) | Red to maroon | Approved in the EU.[8] Undergoing a voluntary phase-out in the UK. Currently banned in Canada, Japan, Norway, USA[citation needed] EU currently evaluating health risks.[citation needed] |
| E123 | Amaranth(FD&C Red 2) | Red | Approved in the EU.[8]Banned in the United States.[15] |
| E124 | Ponceau 4R(Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet 4R) | Pink | Restricted use approved in the EU.[8][11] |
| E125 | Ponceau SX,Scarlet GN | Red | Only permitted for externally applied drugs and cosmetics in the US.[16][17][18] |
| E126 | Ponceau 6R | Red | |
| E127 | Erythrosine(FD&C Red 3) | Pink | Approved in the EU.[8]Banned in the US.[19] |
| E128 | Red 2G | Red or pink | Not approved in the EU.[11] |
| E129 | Allura Red AC(FD&C Red 40) | Red | Approved in the EU.[8] Banned inSwitzerland.[citation needed] Undergoing a voluntary phase out in the UK. Approved in the US.[9] |
| E130 | Indanthrene blue RS | Blue | |
| E131 | Patent Blue V | Sky blue | Approved in the EU.[8]
Banned in the US and Australia.[citation needed] |
| E132 | Indigo carmine(indigotine, FD&C Blue 2) | Indigo | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E133 | Brilliant blue FCF(FD&C Blue 1) | Blue | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E140 | ChlorophyllsandChlorophyllins: (i) Chlorophylls (ii) Chlorophyllins |
Green | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E141 | Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins (i) Copper complexes of chlorophylls ii) Copper complexes of chlorophyllins |
Green | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E142 | Green S | Green | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E143 | Fast Green FCF(FD&C Green 3) | Turquoise | Approved in the US. Banned in the EU. |
| E150a | Plain caramel | Brown | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E150b | Caustic sulfite caramel | Brown | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E150c | Ammonia caramel | Brown | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E150d | Sulfite ammonia caramel | Brown | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E151 | Black PN,Brilliant Black BN | Black | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E152 | Carbon black(hydrocarbon) | Black | |
| E153 | Vegetable carbon | Black | Approved in the EU.[8]Banned in the US.[20] |
| E154 | Brown FK(kipper brown) | Brown | Previously approved in the EU for dyeing kippers only: approval withdrawn November 2011.[11] |
| E155 | Brown HT(chocolate brown HT) | Brown | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E160a | Alpha-carotene,Beta-carotene,Gamma-carotene | Yellow-orange to brown | Approved in the EU.[8]Only beta-carotene is approved in the US[9] |
| E160b | Annatto,bixin,norbixin | Orange | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E160c | Paprika oleoresin:(i)capsanthin,(ii)capsorubin | Red | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E160d | Lycopene | Bright to deep red | Restricted use approved in the EU.[8][11]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E160e | Beta-apo-8'-carotenal(C 30) | Orange-red to yellow | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E160f | Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid(C 30) | Orange-red to yellow | Not approved in the EU.[11] |
| E161a | Flavoxanthin | Golden-yellow and brownish | |
| E161b | Lutein | Orange-red to yellow | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E161c | Cryptoxanthin | Orange-red | |
| E161d | Rubixanthin | Orange-red | |
| E161e | Violaxanthin | Orange | |
| E161f | Rhodoxanthin | Purple | |
| E161g | Canthaxanthin | Violet | Not approved in the EU.[11]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E161h | Zeaxanthin | Orange-red | |
| E161i | Citranaxanthin | Deep violet | |
| E161j | Astaxanthin | Red | |
| E162 | Beetroot Red,Betanin | Red | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US.[9] |
| E163 | Anthocyanins | pH dependent (Red, green and purple ranges) |
Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E164 | Saffron | Orange-red[colour?] | Approved in the US.[9] |
| E170 | Calcium carbonate,Chalk | White | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E171 | Titanium dioxide | White | No longer approved in the EU as of June 2022,[21]due to the identification of potential carcinogenic effects.[22] Approved in the US.[9] |
| E172 | Iron oxidesandiron hydroxides | Brown | Approved in the EU.[8]Approved in the US for sausage casings.[9] |
| E173 | Aluminium | Silver to grey | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E174 | Silver | Silver | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E175 | Gold | Gold | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E180 | Pigment Rubine,Lithol Rubine BK | Red | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E181 | Tannin | Brown | |
| E182 | Orcein,Orchil | Purple |
E200–E299 (preservatives)
edit| Code | Name(s) | Purpose | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| E200 | Sorbic acid | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E201 | Sodium sorbate | preservative | |
| E202 | Potassium sorbate | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E203 | Calcium sorbate | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E209 | Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate | preservative | |
| E210 | Benzoic acid | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E211 | Sodium benzoate | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E212 | Potassium benzoate | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E213 | Calcium benzoate | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E214 | Ethylparaben(ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E215 | Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E216 | Propylparaben(propyl para-hydroxybenzoate) | preservative | |
| E217 | Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate | preservative | |
| E218 | Methylparaben(methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E219 | Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E220 | Sulfur dioxide | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E221 | Sodium sulfite | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E222 | Sodium bisulfite(sodium hydrogen sulfite) | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E223 | Sodium metabisulfite | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E224 | Potassium metabisulfite | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E225 | Potassium sulfite | preservative | |
| E226 | Calcium sulfite | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E227 | Calcium hydrogen sulfite(preservative) | firming agent | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E228 | Potassium hydrogen sulfite | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E230 | Biphenyl, diphenyl | preservative | Notapproved in the EU. |
| E231 | Orthophenyl phenol | preservative | Notapproved in the EU. |
| E232 | Sodium orthophenyl phenol | preservative | Notapproved in the EU. |
| E233 | Thiabendazole | preservative | Notapproved in the EU. |
| E234 | Nisin | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E235 | Natamycin, Pimaracin | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E236 | Formic acid | preservative | |
| E237 | Sodium formate | preservative | |
| E238 | Calcium formate | preservative | |
| E239 | Hexamine(hexamethylene tetramine) | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E240 | Formaldehyde | preservative | |
| E242 | Dimethyl dicarbonate | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E249 | Potassium nitrite | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8]In April 2023 the French Court of Appeals of Limoges confirmed that food-watch NGO Yuka was legally legitimate in describing Potassium Nitrite "and other nitrates" E249 to E252 as a "cancer risk", and thus rejected an appeal by the Frenchcharcuterieindustry against the organisation.[23] |
| E250 | Sodium nitrite | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E251 | Sodium nitrate(Chile saltpetre) | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E252 | Potassium nitrate(Saltpetre) | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E260 | Acetic acid(preservative) | acidity regulator | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E261 | Potassium acetate(preservative) | acidity regulator | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E262 | Sodium acetates (i)Sodium acetate (ii)Sodium diacetate(sodium hydrogen acetate) |
preservative, acidity regulator |
Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E263 | Calcium acetate(preservative) | acidity regulator | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E264 | Ammonium acetate | preservative | Approved in Australia and New Zealand[25] |
| E265 | Dehydroacetic acid | preservative | |
| E266 | Sodium dehydroacetate | preservative | |
| E270 | Lactic acid(preservative) | antioxidant | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E280 | Propionic acid | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E281 | Sodium propionate | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E282 | Calcium propionate | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E283 | Potassium propionate | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E284 | Boric acid | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E285 | Sodium tetraborate (borax) | preservative | Approved in the EU.[8] |
| E290 | Carbon dioxide | acidity regulator | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E296 | Malic acid(acid) | acidity regulator | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E297 | Fumaric acid | acidity regulator | Approved in the EU.[24] |
E300–E399 (antioxidants,acidity regulators)
editE400–E499 (thickeners,stabilisers,emulsifiers)
edit| Code | Name(s) | Purpose | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| E400 | Alginic acid(thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E401 | Sodium alginate(thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E402 | Potassium alginate(thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E403 | Ammonium alginate(thickener) (stabiliser) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E404 | Calcium alginate(thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E405 | Propane-1,2-diol alginate(Propylene glycol alginate) (thickener) (stabiliser) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E406 | Agar(thickener) (gelling agent) | stabiliser | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E407 | Carrageenan(thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E407a | Processed eucheuma seaweed(thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E408 | Bakers yeast glycan | ||
| E409 | Arabinogalactan | ||
| E410 | Locust bean gum(Carob gum) (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E411 | Oat gum(thickener) | stabiliser | |
| E412 | Guar gum(thickener) | stabiliser | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E413 | Tragacanth(thickener) (stabiliser) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E414 | Acacia gum(gum arabic) (thickener) (stabiliser) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E415 | Xanthan gum(thickener) | stabiliser | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E416 | Karaya gum(thickener) (stabiliser) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E417 | Tara gum(thickener) | stabiliser | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E418 | Gellan gum(thickener) (stabiliser) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E419 | Gum ghatti(thickener) (stabiliser) | emulsifier | |
| E420 | Sorbitol(i) Sorbitol (ii) Sorbitol syrup (emulsifier) (sweetener) | humectant | Approved in the EU.[30] |
| E421 | Mannitol(anti-caking agent) | sweetener | Approved in the EU.[30] |
| E422 | Glycerol(emulsifier) | sweetener | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E424 | Curdlan | gelling agent | |
| E425 | Konjac(i)Konjac gum(ii)Konjac glucomannane | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27]May not be used in confectionery owing to choking risk.[citation needed] |
| E426 | Soybean hemicellulose | Approved in the EU.[27] | |
| E427 | Cassia gum | Approved in 2010[29] | |
| E428 | Gelatin | ||
| E429 | Peptones | ||
| E430 | Polyoxyethene (8) stearate(emulsifier) | stabiliser | |
| E431 | Polyoxyethene (40) stearate | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E432 | Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monolaurate(polysorbate 20) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E433 | Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monooleate(polysorbate 80) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E434 | Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate(polysorbate 40) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E435 | Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monostearate(polysorbate 60) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E436 | Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan tristearate(polysorbate 65) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E440 | Pectins(i) pectin (ii) amidated pectin | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E441 | Gelatine(emulsifier) | gelling agent | |
| E442 | Ammonium phosphatides | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E443 | Brominated vegetable oil | emulsifier | |
| E444 | Sucrose acetate isobutyrate | emulsifier | |
| E445 | Glycerol esters of wood rosins | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E446 | Succistearin | ||
| E450 | Diphosphates: (i)Disodium diphosphate (ii)Trisodium diphosphate (iii)Tetrasodium diphosphate (iv)Dipotassium diphosphate (v)Tetrapotassium diphosphate (vi)Dicalcium diphosphate (vii)Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate |
emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E451 | Triphosphates: (i)Sodium triphosphate(pentasodium triphosphate) (ii)Pentapotassium triphosphate |
emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E452 | Polyphosphates: (i)Sodium polyphosphates (ii)Potassium polyphosphates (iii)Sodium calcium polyphosphate (iv)Calcium polyphosphates (v)Ammonium polyphosphate |
emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E459 | Beta-cyclodextrin | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E460 | Cellulose(i)Microcrystalline cellulose(ii)Powdered cellulose | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E461 | Methyl cellulose | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E462 | Ethyl cellulose | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E463 | Hydroxypropyl cellulose | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E464 | Hypromellose(hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E465 | Ethyl methyl cellulose | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E466 | Carboxymethyl cellulose,Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E467 | Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose | ||
| E468 | Crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(Croscarmellose) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27]This additive is under discussion and may be included in a future amendment to the Directive on miscellaneous additives |
| E469 | Enzymicallyhydrolysedcarboxymethylcellulose | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E470a | Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier) | anti-caking agent | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E470b | Magnesium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier) | anti-caking agent | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E471 | Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids(glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl distearate) | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E472a | Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E472b | Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E472c | Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E472d | Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E472e | Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E472f | Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E472g | Succinylated monoglycerides | emulsifier | |
| E473 | Sucrose estersof fatty acids | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E474 | Sucroglycerides | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E475 | Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E476 | Polyglycerol polyricinoleate | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E477 | Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E478 | Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propane-1 | emulsifier | |
| E479b | Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E480 | Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate | emulsifier | |
| E481 | Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E482 | Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E483 | Stearyl tartrate | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E484 | Stearyl citrate | emulsifier | |
| E485 | Sodium stearoyl fumarate | emulsifier | |
| E486 | Calcium stearoyl fumarate | emulsifier | |
| E487 | Sodium laurylsulfate | emulsifier | |
| E488 | Ethoxylated Mono- and Di-Glycerides | emulsifier | |
| E489 | Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester | emulsifier | |
| E490 | Propane-1,2-diol | ||
| E491 | Sorbitan monostearate | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E492 | Sorbitan tristearate | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E493 | Sorbitan monolaurate | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E494 | Sorbitan monooleate | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E495 | Sorbitan monopalmitate | emulsifier | Approved in the EU.[27] |
| E496 | Sorbitan trioleate | emulsifier | |
| E497 | Polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polymers | ||
| E498 | Partial polyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty acids of castor oil | ||
| E499 | Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols | Approved in the EU.[27] |
E500–E599 (acidity regulators,anti-caking agents)
editE600–E699 (flavour enhancers)
edit| Code | Name(s) | Purpose | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| E620 | Glutamic acid | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E621 | Monosodium glutamate(MSG) | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E622 | Monopotassium glutamate | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E623 | Calcium diglutamate | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E624 | Monoammonium glutamate | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E625 | Magnesium diglutamate | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E626 | Guanylic acid | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E627 | Disodium guanylate,sodium guanylate | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E628 | Dipotassium guanylate | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E629 | Calcium guanylate | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E630 | Inosinic acid | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E631 | Disodium inosinate | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E632 | Dipotassium inosinate | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E633 | Calcium inosinate | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E634 | Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E635 | Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E636 | Maltol | flavour enhancer | |
| E637 | Ethyl maltol | flavour enhancer | |
| E640 | Glycineand its sodium salt | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
| E650 | Zinc acetate | flavour enhancer | Approved in the EU.[24] |
E700–E799 (antibiotics)
edit| Code | Name(s) | Purpose | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| E701 | Tetracyclines | antibiotic | |
| E702 | Chlortetracycline | antibiotic | |
| E703 | Oxytetracycline | antibiotic | |
| E704 | Oleandomycin | antibiotic | |
| E705 | Penicillin G potassium | antibiotic | |
| E706 | Penicillin G sodium | antibiotic | |
| E707 | Penicillin G procaine | antibiotic | |
| E708 | Penicillin G benzathine | antibiotic | |
| E710 | Spiramycins | antibiotic | |
| E711 | Virginiamycins | antibiotic | |
| E712 | Flavomycin | antibiotic | |
| E713 | Tylosin | antibiotic | |
| E714 | Monensin A | antibiotic | |
| E715 | Avoparcin | antibiotic | |
| E716 | Salinomycin | antibiotic | |
| E717 | Avilamycin | antibiotic |
E900–E999 (glazing agents,gases andsweeteners)
editE1000–E1599 (additional additives)
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^"Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives".EUR-Lex:Access to European Union law.16 December 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 31 August 2021.Retrieved31 August2021.
- ^Matthew Snelson."Explainer: what are E numbers and should you avoid them in your diet?".The Conversation.Archivedfrom the original on 26 April 2019.Retrieved18 November2017.
- ^"Frequently Asked Questions | Why Food Additives".Food Additives and Ingredients Association UK & Ireland- Making life taste better.Archivedfrom the original on 1 June 2019.Retrieved6 March2010.
- ^David Jukes."Food Additives in the European Union".Foodlaw-Reading | The University of Reading, UK.Archivedfrom the original on 26 April 2019.
- ^Codex Alimentarius."Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives (Ref: CAC/GL #36 publ. 1989, revised 2009, amended 2011)"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 6 February 2007.Retrieved15 December2011.
- ^Food Standards Australia New ZealandArchived6 April 2011 at theWayback Machine,website
- ^"Centre for Food Safety".cfs.gov.hk.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2018.Retrieved22 March2020.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbt"Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers".United Kingdom:Food Standards Agency.2010.Archivedfrom the original on 7 October 2010.Retrieved26 November2010.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw"Summary of Color Additives for Use in United States in Foods, Drugs, Cosmetics, and Medical Devices".United States Food and Drug Administration.Archivedfrom the original on 22 April 2019.Retrieved16 December2019.
- ^AdditivesArchived6 April 2011 at theWayback Machine,Food Standards Australia New Zealand
- ^abcdefghi"Regulations: COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1129/2011".European Commission.11 November 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 20 November 2011.
- ^"Fast Yellow AB",Wikipedia,12 December 2022,retrieved2 September2023
- ^"Food additives".CBC News.29 September 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 9 September 2013.
- ^21 CFR74.302
- ^"Death of a Dye".Time.2 February 1976.Archivedfrom the original on 19 December 2019.Retrieved19 December2019.
- ^21 CFR81.10
- ^21 CFR81.30
- ^21 CFR82.304
- ^Program, Human Foods."FDA to Revoke Authorization for the Use of Red No. 3 in Food and Ingested Drugs".FDA.Retrieved16 January2025.
- ^"Color Additive Status List".Food and Drug Administration.Retrieved27 October2011.
- ^"COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2022/63 of 14 January 2022 amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171)".European Commission. 14 January 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 17 March 2022.Retrieved17 March2022.
- ^Daniel Boffey (6 May 2021)."E171: EU watchdog says food colouring widely used in UK is unsafe; European Commission to propose ban after finding that carcinogenic effects cannot be ruled out".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 7 May 2021.Retrieved7 May2021.
- ^Rabino, Thomas (13 April 2023)."Nitrites et jambons" cancérogènes ": nouvelle victoire en appel de Yuka contre un industriel de la charcuterie"[Nitrites and "carcinogenic" hams: Yuka's new appeal victory against a charcuterie manufacturer].Marianne.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbdcdddedfdgdhdidjdkdldmdndodpdqdrdsdtdudvdwdxdydzeaebecedeeefegeh"Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers".Food Standards Agency.Archived fromthe originalon 22 April 2022.Retrieved26 November2010.
- ^Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code"Standard 1.2.4 – Labelling of ingredients".8 September 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 19 January 2012.Retrieved27 October2011.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqCurrent EU approved additives and their E NumbersArchived7 October 2010 at theWayback Machine,Food Standards Agency,26 November 2010
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjCurrent EU approved additives and their E NumbersArchived7 October 2010 at theWayback Machine,Food Standards Agency,26 November 2010
- ^"Approved additives and E numbers".Food Standards Agency.
- ^abcdeNew additives approved for useArchived5 March 2012 at theWayback Machine,Food Standards Agency,Friday 26 November 2010
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqCurrent EU approved additives and their E NumbersArchived7 October 2010 at theWayback Machine,Food Standards Agency,26 November 2010
- ^"E700-E799 (antibiotics)".Sigma-Aldrich.Archivedfrom the original on 17 December 2018.Retrieved17 December2018.
- ^"E920 (L-cysteine) approval in the EU".Archivedfrom the original on 3 July 2021.Retrieved1 April2021.
- ^Teresa Hüttenhofer; Gustavo Ferro (23 December 2020)."Which trends offer opportunities or pose a threat to the European market for natural food additives?".Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Government of the Netherlands.Archivedfrom the original on 24 June 2021.Retrieved18 June2021.
- ^Kurokawa, Y.; Maekawa, A.; Takahashi, M.; Hayashi, Y. (1990)."Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate–a new renal carcinogen".Environmental Health Perspectives.87:309–335.Bibcode:1990EnvHP..87..309K.doi:10.1289/ehp.9087309.PMC1567851.PMID2269236.
- ^"Parliamentary question | Answer to Question No E-008728/14 | E-008728/2014(ASW) | European Parliament".
- ^"Stevia EU approval".Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2013.Retrieved14 November2011.
- ^New Zealand Food Safety Authority."Identifying Food Additives"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 7 December 2017.Retrieved6 December2017.
External links
edit- CODEXALIMENTARIUS FAO-WHO,the international foods standards, established by theFood and Agriculture Organization(FAO) and theWorld Health Organization(WHO) in 1963
- See also their document "Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives"(Ref: CAC/GL #36 publ. in 1989, Revised in 2008, Amended in 2018, 2019, 2021)
- Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) publicationsat theWorld Health Organization(WHO)
- Food Additive Index,JECFA,Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)
- E-codes and ingredients search engine with details/suggestions for MuslimsArchived10 July 2013 at theWayback Machine
- Databases of EU-approved food additives and flavoring substances
- Food Additives in the European Union
- The Food Additives and Ingredients Association, FAIA website, UK.