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East India

For the British company, seeEast India Company.For other uses, seeEast India (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withEast Indies.

Eastern Indiais aregion of Indiaconsisting of theIndian statesofBihar,[1]Jharkhand,[2]Odisha[3] andWest Bengal[4]and also theunion territoryof theAndaman and Nicobar Islands.[5]

East India
Eastern India
Location of East India
Coordinates:23°15′N86°00′E/ 23.25°N 86.00°E/23.25; 86.00
CountryIndia
States and territories
Largest cityKolkata
Most populous cities(2011)
Bihar:
Jharkhand:
Odisha:
West Bengal:
Area
• Total418,323 km2(161,515 sq mi)
Population
• Total226,925,195
• Density540/km2(1,400/sq mi)
Time zoneIST(UTC+5:30)
Official languages


The states ofBiharandWest Bengallie on theIndo-Gangetic plain.Jharkhandis situated on theChota Nagpur Plateau.Odishalies on theEastern Ghatsand theDeccan Plateau.West Bengal's capitalKolkatais the largest city of this region. TheKolkata Metropolitan Areais the country's third largest metropolitan region. The region is bounded byBhutan,Nepaland the state ofSikkimin the north, the states ofUttar PradeshandChhattisgarhon the west, the state ofAndhra Pradeshin the south and the country ofBangladeshin the east. It is also bounded by theBay of Bengalin the south-east. It is connected to theSeven Sister StatesofNortheast Indiaby the narrowSiliguri Corridorin the north east of West Bengal. East India has thefourth-largest gross domestic productof all Indian regions.

The region was ruled by several empires, includingGangaridai,Nandas,Mauryans,Guptas,Palas,Senas,Eastern Gangas,Gajapatis,Delhi Sultanate,Bengal Sultanate,Mughal Empireand theBritish Empire.

History

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The extent of theMaurya Empire
The extent of theDelhi Sultanate

During the Neolithic period, agriculture started in South Asia. Neolithic settlements have been found inChirand.In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of theSonandNorth Koelrivers inPalamu district,various antiquities and art objects from theNeolithicto medieval periods have been found; thepot-sherdsofredware,black and red ware,black ware,black slipped ware,andNBP wareare from theChalcolithicto late medieval periods.[6]There are ancient cave paintings in Isko,Hazaribagh district,from the Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000–5,000 BCE).[7]From Kuchai, nearBaripada,variousNeolithictools likehoes,chisels,pounders,mace heads,grinding stonesand also pieces of pottery.[8]Prehistoric paintings andinscriptionshave also been found in Garjan Dongar inSundergarh district,and Ushakothi inSambalpur district[9]and Vimkramkhol inJharsuguda district.[10][11]There has been an uncertainty about the inscriptions at Ushakothi and Vimkramkhol regarding whether they are in a proto-Brahmi script.[12]Yogimath nearKhariarhas cave paintings from the Neolithic.[12][13]There is Chalcolithic sites inPandu Rajar Dhibiin the lower Ajay valley in West Bengal.Iron slag,microliths,andpotsherdsfrom 1400 BCE, according to carbon dating, were discovered inSinghbhum district.[14]During the late Vedic period, severaljanapadasemerged in India. In the 6th century BCE, themahajanapadasemerged in several parts of the Indian subcontinent.

The region was the historical centre of theNanda,Maurya,Shunga,GuptaandPalaempires that ruled much of the Indian sub-continent at their prime. In medieval India, it was incorporated into theMughal,Marathaand then theBritishempire. After independence in 1947, the states joined the Indian Union and took their current form after theStates Reorganisation Actof 1956. Today, they continue to face problems of overpopulation, environmental degradation and pervasive corruption despite significant economic and social progress.

After theKalinga Warthe Maurya kingAshokasent emissaries to spread Buddhism across Asia. The university of Nalanda was inBihar.Chinese travellers visited Buddhist and Hindu temples and libraries in the universities of Magadha Empire. The Emperor of Kalinga Mahameghavahana AiraKharavelawas one of the most powerful monarchs of ancient India. TheJainthirkhankarMahaveerwas born here and foundedJainism.

Konark Sun Templebuilt by theEastern Ganga dynastyis aUNESCO World Heritage SiteinOdisha

Islamic invasions in the 13th century resulted in the collapse ofHindu kingsand most Buddhists, especially inEast Bengal,converted to Islam. East India including Bihar and West Bengal was part of the Mughal Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. Odisha remained the only powerful Hindu dynastic stronghold under the rule of Soma/Keshari Dynasty, Bhanja Dynasty, Eastern Ganga Dynasty, Suryavanshi Dynasty and Bhoi(Khordha) dynasty till the end of the 16th century. The mightyNalanda Universityexisted atNalandawhich was destroyed byBakhtiar Khiljiduring the 12th century and also defeatedSena Dynasty.Sher Shah Suri,who became king of India after defeatingHumayun,founded the city ofPatnaon the ruins of ancientPataliputra.

Islamarrived during the 7th century CE and became dominant gradually since the early 13th century with the advent of Muslim rulers as well asSunnimissionaries such asShah Jalalin the region. Later, Muslim rulers, starting from theDelhi Sultanateinitiated the preaching of Islam by building mosques. From the 14th century onward, it was ruled by theBengal Sultanate,founded by kingShamsuddin Ilyas Shah,beginning a period of the country's economic prosperity and military dominance over the regional empires, which was referred by the Europeans to as the richest country to trade with.[15]Afterwards, the entire East India came under theMughal Empire,becoming as the most advanced parts in the world.Bengal Subahgenerated almost half of the empire'sGDPand 12% of theworld's GDP,[16][17][18]larger than the entirety of westernEurope.[citation needed]

With the arrival of the Europeans in the 17th century, outposts were established in Odisha Coast and Bengal. The European traders established their trade centres in the ports ofBalasore,Pipili,Palurin the Odisha Coast during the rule of the last independent Hindu king Gajapati Prataprudra Dev. The Portuguese were in Chittagong, Dutch in Chinsura, French in Pondicherry and the English foundedCalcutta.TheMaratha Invasion of Bengalbadly affected the economy of Bengal and it is estimated that 400,000 people were butchered by the Hindu Maratha bargis and many women and children gang raped,[19]and the genocide has been considered to be among the deadliest massacres in Indian history.[20]In 1756, theBritish East India Companydefeated the local Indian Muslim rulers inPlasseyand established British Rule in the subcontinent. Its capital Calcutta grew into one of the world's greatest ports. Tea from Calcutta was off-loaded by American separatists in theAmerican War of Independencein the 1770s. In the 19th century, Calcutta's traders and merchants traded with the rest of the British Empire, continental Europe, the United States and China. Indentured Indian labourers from Bihar, sailed to new homes inFiji,Mauritius,Guyana,Surinamand South Africa.

India's independence movement had strong roots in East India. The feudal land system, established through the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, was unpopular among the peasant cultivators and the numerous agricultural labourers found all over Bihar and Bengal (Khetmazdoors). The Indian Rebellion of 1857 started inBengal.Eventually the British prevailed, and Calcutta remained capital of Britain's Asian dominions until 1911. DuringGandhi's independence movement, the Bihari village of Champaran was an important supporter of non-violent resistance. Great poets of the stature ofRabindranath Tagorechampioned the movement for self-rule.

The Partition also had its roots in undivided Eastern India. TheMuslim Leaguewas founded inDhakain 1906. In the 1937 provincial elections, it came to power in Bengal in alliance with theKrishak Praja Party.in 1944, it gained an absolute majority in the Bengal Assembly, and Hussein Suhrawardy became theChief Minister.After widespread communal violence during theDirect Action Dayprotests inCalcutta,leading to further communal violence acrossBritish India,the creation of Pakistan became inevitable. In 1947, further communal violence displaced millions as independence andpartitionof British India occurred. Some Bihari and Bengali Muslims fled to the newly createdEast Pakistan.Most East Bengal Hindus fled to India.

The 1950s saw industrial progress in East India. These were cut short with the conflict in neighbouringEast Pakistanand by theCommunistmovement at home. In 1971, in the course of Bangladesh's independence struggle, millions of refugees poured into East India.BiharandOdishastruggled with economic issues during theBritish ruleand in the beginning ofpost independent Indiadue to rising naxalism frequent natutal calamities such as flood and cyclone. But in recent years, the state of Odisha have shown impressive growth record and developed steadily. The economic boom since 2005 started to spread new malls, highways, airports and IT office complexes, but not evenly across the region. Jharkhand became a separate state on 15 November 2000 from Bihar. In the modern times, these states have seen rapid transformation and home to several mineral and metal based industries,[21]coal based thermal powers units,oil refineries,ports,textile industries and well establishedpublic and private educational institutes.West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Jharkhand rank 6th, 16th, 14th and 18th in theList of Indian states by GDP.Odishahas shown consistent growth in the state GDP and received the recognition of thefastest-growing economyamong the states inIndia.

Education

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Nalanda,PuspagiriandVikramshilauniversities were the famed institutions of higher learning in ancient India located in Eastern India. One of the first great universities in recorded history was the ancientNalanda Universitylocated in Bihar and another institute of higher learning was the ancientPuspagiri Universityrecently discovered in Odisha. Education in the eastern part of India has seen rapid transformation. Several new educational institutes have been established to cater the needs of students. East India is now the home to some of the great Indian universities and Institutions of National Importance. Some prominent institutions of higher learning located in the states of Eastern India are listed below.

Famed Buddhist Nalanda University & Monastery ruins inBihar
Ratnagiri, Odisha,Part ofPuspagiriUniversity
Udayagiri, Odisha,Part ofPuspagiriUniversity

Bihar

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Main article:Education in Bihar
Software Technology Park of India, IIT Patna
See also:List of institutions of higher education in Bihar

Jharkhand

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Main article:Education in Jharkhand
See also:List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand

Odisha

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Main article:Education in Odisha
Ravenshaw Convention Centre,Ravenshaw University,Cuttack,Odisha
See also:List of institutions of higher education in Odisha


West Bengal

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Main article:Education in West Bengal
Medical College and Hospital,Kolkata
Auditorium ofIIM Calcutta
See also:List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal

Urban areas

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Skyline inKolkata

There were many ancient cities established in Eastern India. Prominent among them werePataliputra,Bangarh,Tamralipta,Champapuri,Chandraketugarh,Dantapura,Gauda,Katak,Sisupalgarh,Tosali,Gaya,Jaugada,Pandua,Rajapura,AsurgarhandVaishali.

West Bengal

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Camac Street,one of the CBD inKolkata
New Town,Kolkata,West Bengal

West Bengal's capitalKolkata(formerly, known asCalcutta), the capital ofBritish Indiauntil 1911, is the biggest metropolis and economically dominant city of the region and third largest in India and one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. It is also the main centre of commerce or the commercial capital of Eastern and North-Eastern India. Kolkata is very fast transforming itself to become city equipped with every facilities for IT and ITES and also financial outsourcing hub and its satellitesSalt LakeandRajarhat-New Townare taken the burdens of India's IT and financial boom. There are manySatellite townalso situated in Kolkata, some of them areSalt Lake,Rajarhat-New Town,Kolkata West International City,Kalyani,Calcutta Riverside.It is also known asCity Of Joy.However, the mid-sized cities ofAsansol,Durgapur,SiliguriinWest Bengalare rapidly growing urban areas.West Bengalis the highest contributor of GDP among all other eastern state forIndiaand it is also one of the fastest-growing states in India.

West Bengal is the hub of industry and economic activities in Eastern India and it is also the home to the tallest skylines located in this region and are also one of the tallest buildings in the country. It is also the home of history of rising India.

Howrah Bridgelinks Kolkata to Western bank ofGanges

TheKolkata metropolitan areais spread over 1,886.67 km2(728.45 sq mi)[22]: 7 and comprises 3 municipal corporations (including Kolkata Municipal Corporation), 39local municipalitiesand 24panchayat samitis,as of 2011.[22]: 7 The urban agglomeration encompassed 72 cities and 527 towns and villages, as of 2006.[23]Suburban areas in the Kolkata metropolitan area incorporate parts of the following districts:North 24 Parganas,South 24 Parganas,Howrah,HooghlyandNadia.[24]: 15 Kolkata, which is under the jurisdiction of theKolkata Municipal Corporation(KMC), has an area of 185 km2(71 sq mi).[23]The east–west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly theEastern Metropolitan Bypassin the east—a span of 9–10 km (5.6–6.2 mi).[25]The north–south distance is greater, and its axis is used to section the city into North, Central and South Kolkata.

Kolkata skylinein 2017
Vidyasagar SetuoverHooghly River

North Kolkata is the oldest part of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such asJorasanko,Maniktala,Ultadanga,Shyambazar,Shobhabazar,Bagbazar,Cossipore,Sintheeetc. The north suburban areas likeDum Dum,Baranagar,Belgharia,Sodepur,Khardaha,New Barrackpore,Madhyamgram,Barrackpore,Barasatetc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).[26]: 65–66 

Central Kolkata hosts the central business district. It containsB.B.D. Bagh,formerly known as Dalhousie Square and theEsplanadeon its east;Strand Roadis on its west.[27]TheWest Bengal Secretariat,General Post Office,Reserve Bank of India,Calcutta High Court,Lalbazar Police Headquartersand several other government and private offices are located there. Another business hub is the area south ofPark Street,which comprises thoroughfares such asChowringhee Road,Camac Street,Wood Street, Loudon Street,Shakespeare Sarani,AJC Bose Roadetc.[28]TheMaidanis a large open field in the heart of the city that has been called the "lungs of Kolkata"[29]and accommodates sporting events and public meetings.[30]TheVictoria MemorialandKolkata Race Courseare located at the southern end of the Maidan. Among the other parks areCentral Parkin Bidhannagar andMillennium Parkon Strand Road, along the Hooghly River.

South Kolkata includes many posh neighbourhoods such asBhawanipore,Alipore,Ballygunge,Kasba,Dhakuria,Santoshpur,Garia,Tollygunge,Behalaetc. The south suburban areas likeMaheshtala,Budge Budge,Rajpur Sonarpur,Baruipuretc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).

Asansolis the district headquarters of Paschim Bardhaman District in West Bengal. It is the second largest city in West Bengal after Kolkata and the 39th largest urban agglomeration in India. According to a 2010 report prepared by the International Institute for Environment and Development, a UK-based policy research non-governmental think tank, Asansol is ranked 11th among Indian cities. and 42nd in the world in its list of 100 fastest-growing cities. As per the recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission, Asansol has been listed as a Y-category city for calculation of HRA (House Rent Allowance) for public servants. It is one of the three non-Z category cities in West Bengal apart from Kolkata, which belong to the X category making it a tier-II city.

MCPI plant inHaldia

Durgapuris by far the most industrialised city in Eastern India and thesecond planned city in India.It started with the first prime minister of independent India,Jawaharlal Nehru.His dream of transforming the backward agricultural country into an industrially advanced nation was picked up in West Bengal by then Chief MinisterBidhan Chandra Roy.At the earlier stages for the selection of a proper site for a new industrial township. Modernist American architectJoseph Allen Stein,invited to head the newly formed Department of Architecture and Planning at the Bengal Engineering College in Calcutta, plunged into a major project as soon as he reached India in 1952 – the designing of Durgapur city with Benjamin Polk, another American architect already living in Calcutta. Thereafter it was the task of local leaders such as Ananda Gopal Mukherjee and bureaucrats such as K.K. Sen to get Durgapur going.

Bihar

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Bihar hasPatna,Bhagalpur,Darbhanga,Muzaffarpur,Gaya,KatiharandPurniaas important urban areas.

Patnais the capital of theBihar,its most populous city and the second most populous city in Eastern India. It is the administrative, industrial and educational centre of the state. Patna is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world. Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of theMagadha Empireunder the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta and Pala.

Pataliputrawas a seat of learning and fine arts.

The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 km long and 16 km to 18 km wide. It is the second largest city of Eastern India.

In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna second in India (afterDelhi) for ease of starting a business. As of 2004–2005, Patna had the highest per capita gross district domestic product in Bihar, at₹63,063.[31]Using fi gures for assumed average annual growth, Patna is the 21st fastest-growing city in the world and 5th fastest-growing city in India by the City Mayors' Foundation. Patna registered an average annual growth of 3.72% during 2006–2010. The city is also home to many tutorials and coaching institutes who prepare students for various entrance exams. IIT NIT NIFT AIIMS and other leading educational institutions are running successfully in Patna. City is also developing excellent road infrastructure to boom its economy.Ganga expresswayand elevated corridors are under some of the ongoing projects in the city. A world class museum is also on its way to completion. The old museum of the city will be replaced by one of the biggest mall in east India. Patna Metrorail corporations is also going to start soon by 2021. It would be the second metro railway in Eastern India after Kolkata and the third in North India after Delhi and Lucknow.

IT parks are also developing in and around the city.

Patna recorded a per capita of Rs 63,063. The per capita level for 2007 was higher thanBangaloreorHyderabad,which are both leading centres for global software development.

The Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain pilgrim centres of Vaishali, Rajgir, Nalanda, Gaya, Bodhgaya, and Pawapuri are nearby and Patna is also a sacred city for Sikhs as the last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, was born here.

Odisha

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Skyscrapers in Bhubaneswar city
Puri sea beach

Bhubaneswaris the capital of theOdisha.Other Important Cities areCuttack,Brahmapur,Rourkela,Paradeep,Jajpur,Bhadrak,Balasore,SambalpurandPuri.The Capital city has a long history of over 2000 years starting with Chedi dynasty (around the 2nd century BCE) who hadSisupalgarhnear present-day Bhubaneswar as their capital. Historically, Bhubaneswar has been known by different names such as Toshali, Kalinga Nagari, Nagar Kalinga,Ekamra Kanan,Ekamra Kshetra and Mandira Malini Nagari (city of temples) or the temple city of India. The largest city of Odisha, Bhubaneswar today is a center of economic and religious importance in the region. With theeconomic liberalisationpolicy adopted by theGovernment of Indiain the '90s, Bhubaneswar received large investments in the fields oftelecommunications,ITand higher education, particularly in science and engineering. The city is home to around 60 engineering colleges (as of 2009)[32]and the number is growing every year. The city is also home to many tutorials and coaching institutes who prepare students for various entrance exams.

Rourkela Steel Plant
Bhubaneswar skyline

RetailandReal Estatehave also emerged as big players. Recent times have seen large scale retail chains such as Reliance, Vishal MegaMart, Big Bazaar, Pantaloon, Pal Heights, Indulge, New Leaf, Habib's, had opened outlets in Bhubaneswar. Large corporations likeDLF Universaland Reliance Industries have entered the real estate market in the city. DLF Limited is developing an Infopark spread over an area of 54 acres (220,000 m2) in the city. Expanding its business portfolio, theKolkata-based Saraf Group, promoters of Forum Mart shopping malls is constructing another Shopping mall named Forum Lifestyle mall a 550,000 sq ft (51,000 m2) lifestyle mall in Bhubaneswar with 1,200 car parks. The rich minerals resources of Odisha have been the backbone of the economy dominated by Government. Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and private organisations like Jindal, Vedanta and TATAS. Despite this rapid growth, an ample number of the populace live in slums. Migration from rural areas, especially from the northern districts ofAndhra Pradesh,has led to the growth of slums which are a major challenge to the city's growth.

Rourkela at night

The Government has fostered growth in this sphere by the development of IT Parks such as Infocity 1 and the new Infocity 2. The Info City was conceived as a five star park, under the Export Promotion Industrial Parks (EPIP) Scheme to create high quality infrastructure facilities for setting up Information Technology related industries.InfosysandSatyam Computer Services Ltd.have been present in Bhubaneswar since 1996–97. Its current head count stands at around 5000. The first part of theTCScentre is ready and has a capacity to accommodate nearly 1,200 professionals but the software major has only 250 employees at present. The Finland telecommunication company, Nethawk, has its India R&D center at Bhubaneswar. The Canadian giant, Gennum Corporation has its India development centre at Bhubaneswar. The auditors Price water house Coopers Pvt. Ltd. also has a center in Bhubaneswar. The private STP is located at Infocity in Chandaka, Bhubaneswar with a view to provide incubation and infrastructure facilities to new and young entrepreneurs in the MSME sector, The intelligent building of the JSS STP is spread in a sprawling 3-acre (12,000 m2) campus and houses state-of-art technology to fulfil the growing demands of highly competent IT professionals.

The Eastern India, particularly Odisha and Jharkhand, have rich mineral resources which resulted ineconomic boomin these two states. Several mineral based industries have been established in many cities of Odisha and Jharkhand namelyKalinganagar,Angul,Paradeep,Talcher,Rourkela,Damanjodi,Joda,Barbil,Choudwar,JharsugudaJamshedpur,Bokaro,DhanbadandRanchi.

Languages

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Bengaliis the dominant language of West Bengal.[33]Hindi,Bhojpuri,Maithili,MagahiandUrduare the dominant languages of Bihar.[33][34]Hindi,Santali,KhorthaandNagpuriare the dominant language of Jharkhand; however, some tribals speak their own tribal languages. Jharkhand has accorded second language status toAngika,Bengali,Bhojpuri,Ho,Kharia,Kurukh,Khortha,Kurmali,Magahi,Maithili,Mundari,Nagpuri,Odia,SantaliandUrdu.[35][36][37] Odiais the dominant language ofOdisha.Odia is the only major classical language in east India and sixth Indian language to be considered as a classical language in the basis of being old and not borrowed from other languages.[38][39] [40] [41] [42]

Languages of East India (2011)[43]

Hindi(40.19%)
Bengali(30.78%)
Odia(13.08%)
Maithili(4.89%)
Urdu(4.83%)
Santali(2.59%)
Others (3.64%)

According to Indian National Mission for Manuscripts, after Sanskrit, Odia has the second-highest number of manuscripts. As per records there are around 2.13 lakhs ancient manuscript in Odia. In the list Bengali is in 9th position with 15412 ancient manuscripts.[44]

TheIndo-Aryan languagesspoken in this region descend from theMagadhi Prakrit,which was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Magadha. Odia emerged as a distinct language from OdraPrakritwhileMaithiliemerged around the 9th century CE.

Many of the minority Tribal languages of East India belong to theMundabranch of theAustroasiatic language familyandDravidian language family.Major representatives of Autro-Asiatic language include theMundari,Santali,andHo.Dravidian languages includeKurukh,KuiandPengo.

Climate

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National Highway31Awinds along the banks of theTeesta RivernearKalimpong,in theDarjeelingHimalayan hill region inWest Bengal.
Puri rath yatra, Odisha
Chhath Puja

The region lies in the humid-subtropical zone, and experiences hot summers from March to June, the monsoon from July to October and mild winters from November to February. The interior states have a drier climate and slightly more extreme climate, especially during the winters and summers, but the whole region receives heavy, sustained rainfall during the monsoon months. Snowfall occurs in the extreme northern regions of West Bengal andDaringbadiin Odisha.

Rabindranath Tagoreis Asia's firstNobel laureateand composer ofIndia's national anthem
Swami Vivekanandawas a key figure in introducingVedantaandYogain Europe and USA,[45]raising interfaith awareness and makingHinduisma world religion.[46]

Religion and cuisine

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About 80% of the population of East India isHinduwith significantMuslimand smallChristian,Buddhistand tribal minorities. The Muslims constitute a very large minority in West Bengal with 27% of the population and 17% in Bihar. Hindus form 94% of total population of Odisha. Christians are the largest minority in Odisha with 3% of the state population

Durga,Krishna,JagannathandShivaare particularly popularHindudeities in this region. DurgaandKaliare patron deities of Bengal and Mithila whereasJagannathorVishnuis patrongodamongOdia people.RamaandHanumanare most revered in Bihar.Shivais popular in all areas of eastern states.

Among tribals of the regionHinduismis the dominant religion. Some tribals also follow their indigenous religions (Sarana). There are several places of pilgrimage forHinduism.Puriin Odisha is one of the four holy City/Dham of Hindu religion and particularly known forRath Yatrafestival.Bhubaneswaris considered to be the "City of Temples".Konarkhouses an oldsun temple.

Bihar Sharifis an important pilgrimage centre forsome Muslimsnearby and from other places.

In Bihar Village Harinagar Bajrang Bali temple is famous for Hindu people.[citation needed]

Dakshineswar Kali Templeis a historicalKalitemple inWest Bengal.Kalighat Kali TempleinKolkatais the most important of allShakti Peethasin India.Belur MathinKolkatais the headquarters of the Ramkrishna Mission founded bySwami Vivekananda.

In Bihar,Gayais known for temple for salvation of ancestors. Other places are Sultanganj inBhagalpurandVaidyanath JyotirlingainDeoghar,Jharkhand.Bodh Gayais the city sacred toBuddhism.There are also other cities sacred toJainsinBiharand Jharkhand.

Cuisine

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West Bengal

Bengali cuisineis a culinary style originating inBengalwhich is now divided between the Indian state ofWest Bengaland today'sBangladesh.Other regions, such asTripura,and theBarak Valleyregion ofAssam(in India) including some parts ofJharkhandandBiharalso have large nativeBengalipopulations and share this cuisine. With an emphasis on fish, vegetables and lentils served with rice as a staple diet, Bengali cuisine is known for its subtle (yet sometimes fiery) flavours, and its huge spread of confectioneries and desserts. It also has the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from theIndian subcontinentthat is analogous in structure to the modernservice à la russestyle ofFrench cuisine,with food served course-wise rather than all at once.

Bengali food has inherited a large number of influences, both foreign and pan-Indian, arising from a historical and strong trade links with many parts of the world. Bengal fell under the sway of various Turkic rulers from the early thirteenth century onwards, and was then governed by the British for two centuries (1757–1947).

Odisha

Odia cuisinerefers to the cooking of the easternIndianstate ofOdisha.Foods from this area are rich and varied, while relying heavily on local ingredients. The flavours are usually subtle and delicately spiced, quite unlike the fiery curries typically associated with Indian cuisine. Fish and other seafood such as crab and shrimp are popular.[citation needed]Chicken and mutton are also consumed, but somewhat occasionally. Only 6% of the population of Odisha isvegetarian,and this is reflected in its cuisine. The oil base used is mostlymustard oil,but in festivalsgheeis used.Panch phutana,a mix of cumin, mustard, fennel, fenugreek and kalonji (nigella) is widely used for tempering vegetables and dals, whilegaram masala(curry powder) andhaladi(turmeric) are commonly used for non-vegetarian curries.Pakhala,a dish made of rice, water, and yogurt, that is fermented overnight, is very popular in summer, particularly in the rural areas. Oriyas are very fond of sweets and no Oriya repast is considered complete without some dessert at the end. Festivals and fasts witness a cuisine without onion and garlic, whereas other days witness an aroma of garlic and onion paste in curries. One can find restaurants serving food without onion and garlic in major places likePuriand other coastal area, which is run by Brahmin owners.

Odisha has a culinary tradition spanning centuries if not millennia. The kitchen of theJagannath templein Puri is reputed to be the largest in the world, with a thousand cooks, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths calledchulas,to feed over 10,000 people every day.

  • A traditional Bengali fish meal – Rice with Macher Jhol (Literally translated to "Fish's gravy" )
  • Green jackfruit and potato curry,Kolkata
  • KamalabhogRoshogolla from West Bengal
  • Bikali KarRasagola from Odisha
  • Chhena Podafrom Odisha
  • Rasmalai,a sweet dish popular in Odisha and West Bengal
  • Chhena Gajafrom Odisha
  • Khaja,a sweet dish popular in Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal
  • Chandrakantisweet from Odisha

Bihar

Bihari cuisineis eaten mainly inBihar,as well as regions where Bihari people have settled namely,Jharkhand,easternUttar Pradesh,Bangladesh,Nepal,Mauritius,South Africa,Fiji,some cities ofPakistan,Guyana,Trinidad and Tobago,Suriname,Jamaicaand the Caribbean. Bihari cuisine includesBhojpuri cuisine,Maithil cuisineand Magahi cuisine.

Dance

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Performing Odissi, a classical dance from Odisha
Dance accompanied by Rabindra Sangeet
Sambalpuri Dance
Chhau Dance

Odissi(Odissi) is a classical dance in Eastern India. It originates from the state ofOdisha,in Eastern India. It is the oldest surviving dance form of India on the basis of archaeological evidences.[47][48]Odissi has a long, unbroken tradition of 2,000 years and finds mention in theNatyashastraofBharatamuni,possibly written circa 200 BCE.

Mahari Danceis one of the important dance forms of Odisha and originated in the temples of Odisha. History of Odisha provides evidence of the 'Devadasi' cult in Odisha. Devadasis were dancing girls who were dedicated to the temples of Odisha. The Devadasis in Odisha were known as 'Maharis' and the dance performed by them came to be known as Mahari Dance. Gotipuadance is another form of dance in Odisha. In Oriya colloquial language Gotipua means single boy. The dance performance done by a single boy is known as Gotipua dance.

There are many folk dances in east India, with the best-known beingJhijhiya,Jhumair,Domkach,Ghumura Dance,Sambalpuri andChhau dance.

Jhijhiyais a cultural dance from theMithila region.[49] Jhijhiya is mostly performed at time ofDusshera,in dedication to DurgaBhairavi,the goddess of victory.[50]While performing jhijhiya, women put lanterns made of clay on their head and they balance it while they dance.[51]

Jhumairis a folk dance inChota Nagpur Plateauregion of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal. It is performed during harvest season and festivals accompanied by musical instrument such asMadal,Dhol,Bansuri,Nagara,DhakandShehnai.

Domkachis folk dance in the state of Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. It performed during marriage in the house of Bride and groom.

Chhauis a form of tribal martial dance popular in the Indian states of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. There are three regional variations of the dance. Seraikella Chau was developed inSeraikella,the administrative head of theSeraikela Kharsawandistrict ofJharkhand;Purulia Chau inPurulia districtof West Bengal; and Mayurbhanj Chau inMayurbhanj districtof Odisha.

Ghumura Dance Archaeological evidence shows[52]cave paintings from the pre-historic period discovered by Gudahandi ofKalahandiand Yogi Matha ofNuapada districtthat represent the Ghumura and Damru, among other instruments. These paintings date to as early as 8000 BCE and from such painting the antiquity of musical instrument Ghumura and Damru can be imagined. The origin of Ghumura goes back to ancient times. There is a waterfall in the river valley of Indravati which was initially recognised by Chindak Naagas of Chakrakot.[53]Many believe that Ghumura dance originated from this river valley and gradually spread into the areas between Indravati and Mahanadi, indicating this dance form belongs to the 10th century CE.

Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as from the broader Indian dance tradition. Dance forms of Bihar are another expression of rich traditions and ethnic identity. There are several folk dance forms that can keep one enthralled, such as dhobi nach, jhumarnach, manjhi, gondnach, jitiyanach, more morni, dom-domin, bhuiababa, rah baba, kathghorwa nach, jat jatin, launda nach, bamar nach, jharni, jhijhia, natua nach, bidapad nach, sohrai nach and gond nach.

Music

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Main article:Rabindra Sangeet
Black-and-white close-up photograph of a piece of wood boldly painted in unmixed solid strokes of black and white in a stylised semblance to "ro" and "tho" from the Bengali syllabary.

Rabindra Sangeet, also known as Tagore Songs, are songs written and composed byRabindranath Tagore.They have distinctive characteristics in themusic of Bengal,popular in India andBangladesh.[54]"Sangeet" means music, "Rabindra Sangeet" means Songs of Rabindra.

Rabindra Sangeet usedIndian classical musicand traditionalfolk musicas sources.[citation needed][55]Tagore wrote some 2,230 songs.[citation needed]

Rabindranath Tagorewas a towering figure in Indian music. Writing inBengali,he created a library of over 2,000 songs now known by Bengalis asrabindra sangeetwhose form is primarily influenced by Hindustani classical, sub-classicals, Karnatic, western, bauls, bhatiyali and different folk songs of India. Many singers inWest BengalandBangladeshbase their entire careers on the singing of Tagore musical masterpieces. The national anthem of India and national anthem of Bangladesh are Rabindra Sangeets.

West Bengal's capitalKolkatais also thecultural capital of India.[56]

Panchaliis a form of narrative folk songs of the Indian state ofWest Bengal.The wordPanchaliprobably originates frompanchalorpanchalika,meaningpuppet.According to another school of that,Panchalioriginates from the wordpanch,which means five inBengali language,referring to the five elements of this genre: song, music, extempore versifying, poetic contests, and dance.

Music of Odisha

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Odissi musicis a classical music in India originated from the eastern state of Odisha. Indian Classical music has five significant branches: Avanti, Panchali, Udramagadhi, Hindustani and carnatic. Of these, Udramagadhi exists in the form of Odissi music.[57]Generally, Odissi is one of the classical dances of India performed with Odissi music. Odissi music got shaped during the time of famous Oriya poet,Jayadeva,who composed lyrics meant to be sung. By the 11th century CEfolk musicof Odisha existing in the form of Triswari, Chatuhswari, and Panchaswari was modified into the classical style. However, Odissi songs were written even before the Odia language developed. Odissi music has a rich legacy dating back to the 2nd century BCE, when kingKharvela,the ruler of Odisha (Kalinga) patronised this music and dance.[58]

Like Hindustani and Carnatic systems, Odissi music is a separate system of Indian classical music and is having all the essential as well as potential ingredients of Indian Classical form. But it has not come to limelight due to apathy from the time of British rule in Odisha, want of its proper study, revival, propagation, etc. Despite the fact, the traditional music form could be saved and maintained in its pristine form. Thanks to the musicians particularly of Jaga Akhadas of Puri district, who could develop and maintain the music. The music movement of Odisha, however, took a different turn after independence.

Like other aspects of her culture, music of the sacred land (Odisha) is charming, colourful, variegated encompassing various types. The existing musical tradition of Odisha, the cumulative experience of the last two thousand five hundred years if not more, can broadly be grouped under five categories such as: (1) Tribal Music, (2) Folk Music, (3) Light Music, (4) Light-Classical Music, (5) Classical Music, which need a short elucidations for better understanding the subject in all India context.

The tribal music as the title signifies is confined to the tribals living mainly in the hilly and jungle regions and sparsely in the coastal belt of Odisha. Odisha has the third largest concentration of tribes constituting about one fourth of the total population. They are distributed over 62 tribal communities.

Odisha is the treasure house of Folk Songs which are sung on different festivals and specific occasions in their own enjoyment. Folk music in general is the expression of the ethos and mores of the folk communities. Of the bewildering variety of folk music of Odisha, mention may be made of Geeta, Balipuja Geeta, Kela Keluni Geeta, Dalkhai Geeta, Kendra Geeta, Jaiphula Geeta, Ghumura Geeta, Ghoda Nacha and Danda Nacha Geeta, Gopal Ugala and Osa-Parva-Geeta etc.

Bhajan, Janan, Oriya songs based on ragas, Rangila Chaupadi etc. are grouped under Light classical music, which forms an important segment of Oriya music. Sri Geetagovinda, Anirjukta Pravadha, Divya Manusi Prabandha, Chautisa, Chhanda, Chaupadi (now known as Odissi), Champu, Malasri, Sariman, nVyanjani, Chaturang, Tribhang, Kuduka Geeta, Laxana and Swaramalika are the various sub-forms, which individually or collectively constitute the traditionalOdissi music.These sub-forms of the traditional Odissi music, can be categorised under the classical music of Odisha.

Sports

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TheEast Zone cricket teamis afirst-classcricketteam that represents Eastern India in theDuleep TrophyandDeodhar Trophy.It is a composite team of five first-class Indian teams from Eastern India competing in theRanji Trophy,containing notably theBengal,JharkhandandOdishafrom East India amongst the bunch.

In Jharkhand

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The most popular sports in Jharkhand is Hockey and Archery. The capital City of Ranchi is also called the sports capital of India due to its highly developed sports infrastructure. Many famous players such asMahendra Singh Dhoni(Former Indian Cricket Team Captain),Ishan Kishan(Indian Cricketer) etc. are from Jharkhand. RanchiandJamshedpurhave cricket stadium of International levels and many international matches have held there since the formation of state. JSCA International Cricket Stadiumis an international cricket stadium in Ranchi with a seating capacity of 50,000. There is a Hockey and Football Stadium of International level in Morabadi locality ofRanchi.An integrated sports complex in Khelgaon, Ranchi of International standards. It has swimming pool, badminton stadium etc.Ranchi Raysis a hockey team based in Ranchi and plays inHockey India League.Jamshedpur FCis a football team based inJamshedpurand plays forIndian Super League.

In West Bengal

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Main article:Sports in West Bengal
Eden Gardens,the second largest cricket stadium inIndia

The most popular sports in Kolkata arefootballandcricket.The city is a centre of football activity in India and is home to top national clubs such asMohun Bagan A.C.,Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.,Prayag United S.C.and theMohammedan Sporting Club.[59][60]Calcutta Football League,which was started in 1898, is the oldest football league in Asia.[61]Mohun Bagan A.C., one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only organisation to be dubbed a "National Club of India".[62][63]As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Kolkata and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the city.[64][65]Kolkata has anIndian Premier Leaguefranchise known as theKolkata Knight Riders;theCricket Association of Bengal,which regulates cricket in West Bengal, is also based in the city. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, football,badminton,andcarrom,are regularly organised on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.[66]TheMaidan,a vast field that serves as the city's largest park, hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes.[67] Eden Gardens,which has a capacity of 90,000 as of 2011,[68]hosted the final match of the1987 Cricket World Cup.It is home to theBengal cricket teamand the Kolkata Knight Riders. The multi-useSalt Lake Stadium,also known as Yuva Bharati Krirangan, is the world's second-largest football facility byseating capacityas of 2010.[69]TheCalcutta Cricket and Football Clubis the second-oldest cricket club in the world.[70][71]Kolkata has three 18-hole golf courses. The oldest is at theRoyal Calcutta Golf Club,and was the first golf club to be built outside the United Kingdom.[72][73]The other two are located at theTollygunge Cluband atFort William.TheRoyal Calcutta Turf Clubhosts horse racing and polo matches.[74]TheCalcutta Polo Clubis considered the oldest extant polo club in the world.[75][76][77]TheCalcutta South Clubis a venue for national and international tennis tournaments; it held the first grass-court national championship in 1946.[78][79]In the period 2005–2007,Sunfeast Open,a tier-III tournament on theWomen's Tennis Associationcircuit, was held in theNetaji Indoor Stadium;it has since been discontinued.[80][81]

Salt Lake Stadium,Kolkata

TheCalcutta Rowing Clubhostsrowingheats and training events. Kolkata, considered the leading centre ofrugby union in India,gives its name to the oldest international tournament in rugby union, theCalcutta Cup.[82][83][84]The Automobile Association of Eastern India, established in 1904,[85][86]and the Bengal Motor Sports Club are involved in promoting motor sports and car rallies in Kolkata and West Bengal.[87][88]TheBeighton Cup,an event organised by the Bengal Hockey Association and first played in 1895, is India's oldestfield hockeytournament; it is usually held on theMohun Bagan Groundof the Maidan.[89][90]Athletes from Kolkata includeSourav GangulyandPankaj Roy,who are formercaptainsof theIndian national cricket team;Olympictennis bronze medallistLeander Paes,golferArjun Atwal,and former footballersSailen Manna,Chuni Goswami,P. K. BanerjeeandSubrata Bhattacharya.

The Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB) is the governing body forcricketinWest Bengal.Its headquarters is in theEden Gardensstadium. It organises different types of cricket tournaments in West Bengal.
Cricket Association of Bengalis affiliated to the Board of control for cricket in India is the parent body or governing the game of Cricket in Bengal, and involved in conducting the game of cricket in Bengal. The Cricket Association of Bengal promotes and develops Cricket by conducting various League Tournaments, tournaments for the age group Under-13, Under-16, and Under-19 and Under-21 categories. CAB also conducts National and International Tournaments.

In Odisha

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Entrance to theBarabati StadiuminCuttack,Odisha

The most popularsports in Odishaarecricketandhockey.

Cricket

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TheOdisha Cricket Association(OCA) is the governing body of thecricketactivities in theOdishastate of India and theOdisha cricket team.It is affiliated to theBoard of Control for Cricket in India.TheBarabati StadiuminCuttackhosts international cricket matches. The Odisha Cricket Association promotes and develops cricket by conducting various League Tournaments, Tournaments for the age group Under-13, Under-15, Under-17, and Under-19, Under-22 and Under-25 categories besides organising and conducting National Tournaments. The OCA started a local Twenty-20 tournament,Odisha Premier League(OPL) in the lines ofIndian Premier League(IPL) in 2011. OCA manages the Barabati Stadium and has got infrastructures and facilities like Odisha cricket academy, newly built Sachin Tendulkar indoor cricket hall and many grounds like DRIEMS cricket stadium, Ravenshaw university ground, SCB medical ground, Nimpur ground, Basundhara (Bidanasi) ground, Sunshine Ground etc.[91]

Hockey

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The popularity offield hockeyinOdishais also very high. Manynational players in hockeyare from Odisha.[citation needed]Lazarus Barla,Prabodh Tirkey,Dilip Tirkey,Ignace Tirkey,Jyoti Sunita Kullu,Subhadra Pradhan,Birendra LakraandAnupa Barlaare the few names who brought the fame to Indian hockey in International level.Premier Hockey League(PHL) was the league competition for field hockey clubs in the top divisions of the Indian hockey system. There were seven teams in the PHL and in East India the only team was theOrissa Steelerswho won Premier Hockey League 2007. Odisha has a franchise inHockey India League(HIL)[92]namedKalinga Lancersowned byOdisha Industrial Infrastructure Development CorporationandMCL.[93]Odisha got its firstIndian Super League(ISL) clubOdisha FC,based inBhubaneswar,which was formed in 2019 after being shifted fromDelhi.Its home ground is the 15,000 seaterKalinga Stadium.[94]Bhubaneswar is referred to as the "Sports Capital of India".[95]2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cupand2018 Men's Hockey World Cupwere held atKalinga StadiumandBirsa Munda International Hockey Stadiumrespectively.[citation needed]

Ports

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A ship atKolkata Port
Paradip Port

Kolkata Port,Paradip Port,Dhamra PortandHaldiaare 4 major ports in East India.Subarnarekha Port,Kulpi Port,Gopalpur Portare minor ports in East India.

See also

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