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Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

(Redirected fromEastern European anti-Communist insurgencies)

Anti-communistinsurgencies continued in Central and Eastern Europe after the end ofWorld War II.They were suppressed by theSoviet Unionand itssatellite states. Prominent movements include:

  • TheUkrainian Insurgent Armyfought a guerrilla war until they were defeated in 1956.
  • The anti-SovietHungarian Revolutiontook place in 1956. Unlike the other movements given here, it was aimed against the domination of the Soviet Union, but not against the ideas of socialism and communism. Hungarian communists were among the leaders of the revolution, andBéla Király,who commanded the National Guard in the revolution, described it as being held by the working class and put emphasis on the revolutionary workers' councils.[1]
  • Baltic partisans known as the "Forest Brothers"fought until they were defeated in the mid 1950s.
  • Romanian anti-communist resistance movementfought until they were defeated in 1962.
  • Polish "cursed soldiers"fought aguerrilla waruntil they were defeated in the early 1950s.
  • The Bulgarian "Goryani"fought until they were defeated in the mid 1950s.
  • Croatian ultra-nationalist insurgents known as the "Crusaders"fought a guerrilla war until they were defeated in the early 1950s.
  • Chetniksfought until eradicated in the early 1950s.
  • Belarusian Black Catsfought until they were defeated in 1946. Pockets of resistance continued into the early 1950s.
  • In Russia, former members of theKaminski Brigade,a collaborationist militia that was later reorganized into an SS unit, and supporters of the so-called "Lokot Autonomy"reorganized RONA as a partisan movement and fought until 1951.[2][3]

In Poland

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Main article:Cursed soldiers
Józef Kuraś,leader of theanti-communist resistance

The "cursed soldiers"(Polish: Żołnierze wyklęci) is a name applied to a variety ofPolishresistance movements that were formed in the later stages of World War II and afterward. Created by former members of the Polish underground resistance organizations of World War II, these organizations continued the struggle against the pro-Sovietgovernment of Poland well into the 1950s. Their history and actions have been controversial, as they have been accused of anti-Semitism and mass murder.[4][5]

Most of these anti-communist groups ceased operations in the late 1940s or 1950s. However, the last known "cursed soldier",Józef Franczak,was killed in an ambush as late as 1963, almost 20 years after theSoviet take-over of Poland.[6]

In the Baltic states

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Main article:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
Ants Kaljurand,Estonian resistance fighter for theForest Brothers.He was executed in 1951.

TheForest Brothers(also: Brothers of the Forest, Forest Brethren; Forest Brotherhood; Estonian: metsavennad, Latvian: meža brāļi, Lithuanian: miško broliai) were Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian partisans who wagedguerrilla warfareagainst Soviet rule during the Soviet invasion and occupation of the threeBaltic statesduring and after World War II.[7]TheSoviet Armyoccupied the independent Baltic states in 1940–1941 and, after a period of German occupation, again in 1944–1945. AsStalinistrepression intensified over the following years, 50,000 residents of these countries used the heavilyforestedcountryside as a natural refuge and base for armed anti-Soviet resistance.

Resistance units varied in size and composition, ranging from individually operating guerrillas, armed primarily for self-defense, to large and well-organized groups able to engage significant Soviet forces in battle.

In Romania

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Main article:Romanian anti-communist resistance movement

An armed resistance movement against thecommunist government in Romaniawas active from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, with isolated individual fighters remaining at large until the early 1960s. The groups were concentrated in theCarpathian Mountains,although a resistance movement had also developed inNorthern Dobruja.Armed resistance was the most structured form of resistance against the Romanian government. After the overthrow ofNicolae Ceauşescuin 1989, the details about what was called “anti-communist armed resistance” were made public, thanks to the declassification of theSecuritatearchives.[8]

Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu,fascist activist and leader of Făgăraș resistance movement.

See also

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References

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  1. ^Бела К. Кираи.30 лет Венгерской революции
  2. ^Чуев, Сергей (2004).Проклятые солдаты(in Russian). Эксмо.ISBN9785699059706.Отдельные очаги сопротивления на Брянщине продолжали партизанскую войну до 1951 года, постепенно вырождаясь в бандгруппы... В бою с одной из таких групп при задержании её главаря был тяжело ранен начальник Комаричского отделения госбезопасности капитан Ковалёв.
  3. ^Грибков, Иван (2008).Хозяин брянских лесов(in Russian). Москва.ISBN9785880670734.Действуя мелкими разрозненными группами, повстанцы, тем не менее, причиняют серьезное беспокойство советским властям. <...> Однако изолированное от внешних сил повстанчество постепенно вырождается в бандитизм. Последняя крупная банда, действовавшая несколько лет, была ликвидирована в 1951 г. в деревне Лагеревка («Финляндия»).{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^Barbara Engelking-Boni.Zagłada żydów:pamięć narodowa a pisanie historii w Polsce i we Francji.p. 195.
  5. ^Krzysztof Pilawski (6 March 2011)."Kto zapłaci za zbrodnie podziemia".Tygodnik Przegląd(in Polish).
  6. ^„Lalek” ostatni partyzant RzeczypospolitejArchivedOctober 25, 2009, at theWayback Machine
  7. ^Buttar, Prit (2013).Between Giants, the Battle for the Baltics in World War II.Osprey Publishing.ISBN9781780961637.
  8. ^Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu,Brazii se frâng dar nu se îndoiesc,vol II, Editura Marineasa, Timișoara, 2001
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