Work (electric field)

Electric field workis theworkperformed by anelectric fieldon a charged particle in its vicinity. The particle located experiences an interaction with the electric field. The work per unit of charge is defined by moving a negligible test charge between two points, and is expressed as the difference inelectric potentialat those points. The work can be done, for example, by electrochemical devices (electrochemical cells) or different metals junctions^{[clarification needed]}generating anelectromotive force.

Electric field work is formally equivalent to work by other force fields in physics,^[1]and the formalism for electrical work is identical to that of mechanical work.

Physical process

Particles that are free to move, if positively charged, normally tend towards regions of lower electric potential (net negative charge), while negatively charged particles tend to shift towards regions of higher potential (net positive charge).

Any movement of a positive charge into a region of higher potential requires external work to be done against theelectric field,which is equal to the work that the electric field would do in moving that positive charge the same distance in the opposite direction. Similarly, it requires positive external work to transfer a negatively charged particle from a region of higher potential to a region of lower potential.

Kirchhoff's voltage law,one of the most fundamental laws governing electrical and electronic circuits, tells us that the voltage gains and the drops in any electrical circuit always sum to zero.

The formalism for electric work has an equivalent format to that of mechanical work. The work per unit of charge, when moving a negligible test charge between two points, is defined as thevoltagebetween those points.

W=Q\int _{a}^{b}\mathbf {E} \cdot \,d\mathbf {r} =Q\int _{a}^{b}{\frac {\mathbf {F_{E}} }{Q}}\cdot \,d\mathbf {r} =\int _{a}^{b}\mathbf {F_{E}} \cdot \,d\mathbf {r}

where

Qis theelectric chargeof the particle

Eis theelectric field,which at a location is the force at that location divided by a unit ('test') charge

F_Eis theCoulomb(electric) force

ris thedisplacement

$\cdot$ is thedot productoperator

Mathematical description

Given a charged object in empty space, Q+. To move q+closerto Q+ (starting from $r_{0}=\infty$ ,where thepotential energy=0, for convenience), we would have to apply an external force against theCoulomb fieldand positive work would be performed. Mathematically, using the definition of aconservative force,we know that we can relate this force to apotential energygradient as:

{\frac {\partial U}{\partial \mathbf {r} }}=\mathbf {F} _{ext}

Where U(r) is thepotential energyof q+ at a distance r from the source Q. So, integrating and usingCoulomb's Lawfor the force:

U(r)=\Delta U=\int _{r_{0}}^{r}\mathbf {F} _{ext}\cdot \,d\mathbf {r} =\int _{r_{0}}^{r}{\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{\mathbf {r^{2}} }}\cdot \,d\mathbf {r} =-{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\left({\frac {1}{r_{0}}}-{\frac {1}{r}}\right)={\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {1}{r}}

Now, use the relationship

W=-\Delta U\!

To show that the external work done to move a point charge q+ from infinity to a distance r is:

W_{ext}={\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {1}{r}}

This could have been obtained equally by using the definition of W and integrating F with respect to r, which willprovethe above relationship.

In the example both charges are positive; this equation is applicable to any charge configuration (as the product of the charges will be either positive or negative according to their (dis)similarity). If one of the charges were to be negative in the earlier example, the work taken to wrench that charge away to infinity would be exactly the same as the work needed in the earlier example to push that charge back to that same position. This is easy to see mathematically, as reversing the boundaries of integration reverses the sign.