Elista(Russian:Элиста́,[ɪlʲɪˈsta];[8][note 1]Kalmyk:Элст,Elst,[ɛləsˈtə])[9]is thecapital cityof theRepublic of Kalmykia,Russia.
Elista
Элиста | |
|---|---|
| Other transcription(s) | |
| • Kalmyk | Элст |
| • Former name | Stepnoy (Степной) |
 Golden Temple, Echo Monument, Monument to Oka Gorodovikov, Stupa of enlightenment, Golden Door | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Elista  | |
  Elista Location of Elista  Elista Elista (Kalmykia)  Elista Elista (Russia) | |
| Coordinates:46°19′N44°16′E/ 46.317°N 44.267°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Kalmykia[1] |
| Founded | 1865[2] |
| Government | |
| • Leader | Shafran Tepshinov (acting) |
| Elevation | 120 m (390 ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 103,749 |
• Estimate (2018)[4] | 103,132 (−0.6%) |
| • Rank | 156thin 2010 |
| •Subordinated to | Cityof Elista[1] |
| •Capital of | Republic of Kalmykia[1] |
| •Capitalof | City of Elista[1] |
| •Urban okrug | Elista Urban Okrug[5] |
| •Capitalof | Elista Urban Okrug[5] |
| Time zone | UTC+3(MSK [6]) |
| Postal code(s)[7] | 358000–358014 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 84722 |
| OKTMOID | 85701000001 |
| Website | www |
It was known asStepnoy(Степно́й) from 1944 to 1957.
History
edit
Elista was founded in 1865 as a small settlement, the name is fromKalmykels(e)n'sand(y)'.[2]In November 1920, Elista became theadministrative centerof theKalmyk Autonomous Oblast.By the early 1930s, Elista was transformed into a small city as thecollectivizationpolicies ofJoseph Stalinforced manyKalmyksto abandon their traditional pastoral nomadic lifestyle in exchange for a modern, sedentary, and urban lifestyle. In October 1935, Elista was recognized as the capital of theKalmyk ASSR. In late 1942, the city was briefly occupied by theGermanarmy. Because of allegedcollaborationbetween the ethnic Kalmyks and the Germans, on December 27, 1943, the Kalmyk ASSR was dissolved and its ethnic Kalmyk residents were forciblyexiled to Siberia.Russian people were brought in to repopulate Elista, whose name was changed toStepnoy(Степно́й). It was called Stepnoy until 1957, when the survivors of the deportations were allowed to return from exile.
Some western tourists started to visit Elista from the mid-1990s, and more after it received publicity as the host city of the 1998Chess Olympiad.The city is safe and has little traffic. On the outskirts of Elista, there are vast grasslands.
Geography
editThe city is located in the area of theYergenihills, in the upper part of theElistavalley. The sources of the river are located in the western part of the city. The Elista crosses the urban area from west to east, dividing it into two sections, a larger northern part and a smaller southern one.[10]
Climate
editElista has a hot-summerhumid continental climate(Köppen climate classificationDfa), although it has sometimes been described as atemperate semi-arid climate(Köppen classificationBSk).[11]Winters are cold with a January average high of −6.1 °C (21.0 °F) while summers are hot with a July average high of 24.5 °C (76.1 °F).[12]The average annual precipitation is 349 millimetres (14 in) with winters being drier than summers.[13]Record temperatures range from −34.0 °C (−29.2 °F) in January 1935 to 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) in July 2011.[14][15]
| Climate data for Elista (1991-2020, extremes 1927-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
32.1 (89.8) |
37.2 (99.0) |
39.8 (103.6) |
43.3 (109.9) |
42.9 (109.2) |
38.7 (101.7) |
32.7 (90.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
43.3 (109.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.1 (30.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
23.2 (73.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
15.5 (59.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
0.6 (33.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
2.4 (36.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
10.2 (50.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.3 (20.7) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
5.3 (41.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
6.2 (43.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
5.9 (42.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −34.0 (−29.2) |
−32.0 (−25.6) |
−27.2 (−17.0) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
3.3 (37.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−14.7 (5.5) |
−27.7 (−17.9) |
−30.2 (−22.4) |
−34.0 (−29.2) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 25 (1.0) |
22 (0.9) |
32 (1.3) |
31 (1.2) |
48 (1.9) |
41 (1.6) |
37 (1.5) |
24 (0.9) |
34 (1.3) |
35 (1.4) |
30 (1.2) |
31 (1.2) |
390 (15.4) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 7 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 67 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 89 | 86 | 78 | 67 | 62 | 54 | 50 | 48 | 61 | 75 | 86 | 91 | 71 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 71 | 88 | 131 | 201 | 277 | 300 | 326 | 299 | 237 | 167 | 71 | 42 | 2,210 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru[14] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[12][16] | |||||||||||||
Administrative and municipal status
editElista is thecapitalof the republic. Within theframework of administrative divisions,it is, together with four rural localities, incorporated as theCityof Elista—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of thedistricts.[1]As amunicipal division,the City of Elista is incorporated asElista Urban Okrug.[5]
Features
edit
Since 1991, the town has been characterized by the slow decay ofSoviet-built institutions, and the large construction projects instigated by the republic's millionaire presidentKirsan Ilyumzhinov.
The town center has a number of renovated public parks focused on the main square, boasting statues to bothLeninand theBuddha.To the east of the town lies the Olympic village of the 1998 XXXIIIChess Olympiad,known locally as "City-Chess".The site has a public swimming pool and a museum of KalmykBuddhist art,which is also infrequently used as a conference center.
During his visit in 1998,the 14th Dalai Lamachose a location west of the town center to build theBurkhan Bakshin Altan Sume,aBuddhisttemple for city residents. It was opened in December 2005. It is the largest Buddhist temple in Europe.
Transportation
editElista has asmall regional airportwhich is open daily during the week, providing flights toMoscowand various cities in the southern part of the Russian Federation. The airport was closed by the federal aviation authorities sometime in the fall of 2006,[why?]but was reopened sometime in 2007. Rail connections are available toStavropol.
Due to the high cost of air travel, people usually prefer to take the bus between Elista and Moscow. The trip is approximately 18 hours and makes several rest stops along the route. Nowadays there is an airline, Azimuth, that provides air flights to Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Sochi, Crimea and Rostov on Don at affordable cost with direct flights from Elista airport. The price starts at 2500 rubles one way and it saves traveler a lot of time instead of traveling by bus as it was in the past.
Within Elista itself, a network of about a dozenmarshrutka(minibus) routes is run by private companies.[why?]Minibuses are available around every five minutes. This is the preferred option of most Kalmykians because of the minimal cost (10rubles).
Demographics
editPopulation:
103,749 (2010 Census);[3]104,254 (2002 Census);[17]89,695 (1989 Soviet census).[18]
Ethnic composition (2021):[19]
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
Sport
editTyphoon Elista were amotorcycle speedwayteam who regularly participated in theSoviet Union Championshipfrom 15 April 1967 through to 1991. After thedissolution of the Soviet Union,the team disbanded.[21][22]The team raced at the Elista Motordrome or Avtodrom located at (46°19′14″N44°15′45″E/ 46.32056°N 44.26250°E).
Elista was previously home to a top tier football team.Uralan Elistaplayed in theRussian Premier Leaguefrom 1997 until 2000, and then 2001 until 2003 when the team was dissolved. The team have been re-created multiple times since, sometimes known as FC Elista, although always at an amateur level.
Gallery
edit-
Elista's Pushkin Street on a 1961 stamp -
-
-
Elista'sChess City -
Playing chess near the Seven Days Pagoda, Elista
See also
editNotes
edit- ^Most common pronunciation used after 1992 and in Kalmykia itself. The pronunciationЭли́ста[ɪˈlʲistə]was common during the Soviet era.
References
edit- ^abcdefAppendix to Decree #137
- ^abЕ. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира", Москва, 1998, стр. 480.
- ^abRussian Federal State Statistics Service (2011).Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1[2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1].Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census](in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года".Federal State Statistics Service.RetrievedJanuary 23,2019.
- ^abcLaw #308-IV-Z
- ^"Об исчислении времени".Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации(in Russian). June 3, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 19,2019.
- ^Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post).Поиск объектов почтовой связи(Postal Objects Search)(in Russian)
- ^"Большой энциклопедический словарь", под ред. А. М. Прохорова. Москва и Санкт-Петербург, 1997, стр. 1402
- ^The approximate pronunciation of the Cyrillic Kalmyk name inIPAis [ˈeɮstʰ]. The name inOiratclear scriptisᡄᠯᡄᠰᡉᡐᡉorᠡᠯᠡᠡᠰᠦᠲᠦ,Êlêsütü
- ^Google Earth
- ^Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006)."World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated"(PDF).Meteorol. Z.15(3): 259–263.doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.RetrievedDecember 4,2012.
- ^ab "Elista Climate Normals 1961–1990".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedFebruary 12,2017.
- ^"World Weather Information Service – Elista".United Nations.RetrievedDecember 31,2010.
- ^ab"Климатические таблицы. Данные для Элисты".Pogodaikclimat(in Russian). Weather and Climate.RetrievedJuly 30,2023.
- ^"Weather Statistics - Elista"(in Russian). Petrozavodsk State University.RetrievedDecember 4,2012.
- ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Elista-34861"(CSV).National Centers for Environmental Information.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^Federal State Statistics Service(May 21, 2004).Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000](XLS).Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002](in Russian).
- ^Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров[All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers].Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989](in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – viaDemoscope Weekly.
- ^"Таблица 1. Национальный состав населения".RetrievedMarch 26,2023.
- ^"Инвестиционный паспортгорода Элисты"(PDF).gorod-elista.ru(in Russian). Elista. 2015. p. 20.RetrievedNovember 11,2020.
- ^"Soviet Union Team Championship".Speedway History.RetrievedApril 13,2024.
- ^"Soviet Union & Russian Team Championship".Speedway Fansite.RetrievedApril 12,2024.
Sources
edit- Justin Corfield,The History of Kalmykia: From Ancient Times to Kirsan Ilyumzhinov and Aleksey Orlov,2015.ISBN978-1-876586-29-4.
- Президент Республики Калмыкия. Приложение к Указу №137 от 25 июня 2002 г. «Реестр административно-территориальных единиц Республики Калмыкия», в ред. Указа №103 от 27 июня 2011 г «О внесении изменений в Реестр административно-территориальных единиц Республики Калмыкия, утверждённый Указом Президента Республики Калмыкия от 26 декабря 2001 г. №235 "Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц Республики Калмыкия" ».(President of the Republic of Kalmykia. Appendix to Decree #137 of June 25, 2002Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Republic of Kalmykia,as amended by the Decree #103 of June 27, 2011On Amending the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Republic of Kalmykia, Adopted by Decree #235 of the President of the Republic of Kalmykia of December 26, 2001 "On Adopting the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Republic of Kalmykia".).
- Народный Хурал (Парламент) Республики Калмыкия. Закон №308-IV-З от 23 ноября 2011 г. «О некоторых вопросах организации местного самоуправления в Республики Калмыкия», в ред. Закона №105-V-З от 6 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в статью 13.1 Закона Республики Калмыкия "О некоторых вопросах организации местного самоуправления в Республики Калмыкия" ». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Хальмг Унн", №214, 24 ноября 2011 г.(People's Khural (Parliament) of the Republic of Kalmykia. Law #308-IV-Z of November 23, 2011On Various Issues of the Organization of the Local Self-Government in the Republic of Kalmykia,as amended by the Law #105-V-Z of March 6, 2015On Amending Article 13.1 of the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia "On Various Issues of the Organization of the Local Self-Government in the Republic of Kalmykia".Effective as of after 10 days since the day of the official publication.).
External links
edit
Media related toElistaat Wikimedia Commons- Official website of Elista(in Russian)
- Elista Business Directory(in Russian)
- Information about ElistaArchivedMarch 4, 2012, at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
