FM broadcast band

TheFM broadcast bandis a range ofradio frequenciesused forFM broadcastingbyradio stations.The range of frequencies used differs between different parts of the world. In Europe and Africa (defined asInternational Telecommunication Union(ITU)region1) and in Australia and New Zealand,it spans from 87.5 to 108megahertz(MHz) - also known as VHFBand II- while in the Americas (ITU region 2) it ranges from 88 to 108 MHz. The FM broadcast band inJapanuses 76 to 95 MHz, and inBrazil,76 to 108 MHz. TheInternational Radio and Television Organisation(OIRT) band inEastern Europeis from 65.9 to 74.0 MHz, although these countries now primarily use the 87.5 to 108 MHz band, as in the case ofRussia.Some other countries have already discontinued the OIRT band and have changed to the 87.5 to 108 MHz band.

Graphical depiction of FM broadcasting allotments.

Narrow bandFrequency Modulationwas developed and demonstrated byHanso Idzerdain 1919.

Wide bandFrequency modulationradio originated in theUnited Statesduring the 1930s; the system was developed by the Americanelectrical engineerEdwin Howard Armstrong.However, FM broadcasting did not become widespread, even inNorth America,until the 1960s.

Frequency-modulated radio waves can be generated at any frequency. All the bands mentioned in this article are in thevery high frequency(VHF) range, which extends from 30 to 300 MHz.

CCIR band plan

Center frequencies

While all countries use FMchannelcenter frequencies ending in 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 MHz, some countries also use center frequencies ending in 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 MHz. A few others also use 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, 0.65, 0.75, 0.85, and 0.95 MHz.

AnITUconference inGeneva,Switzerland,on December 7, 1984, resolved to discontinue the use of 50 kHz channel spacings throughoutEurope.

• Most countries have used 100 kHz or 200 kHz channel spacings for FM broadcasting since this ITU conference in 1984.
• Some digitally-tuned FM radios are unable to tune using 50 kHz or even 100 kHz increments. Therefore, when traveling abroad or importing receivers, stations that broadcast on certain frequencies using such increments may not be heard clearly. This problem will not affect reception on an analog-tuned radio.
• A few countries, such asItaly,which have heavily congested FM bands, still allow a station on any multiple of 50 kHz wherever one can be squeezed in.
• The 50 kHz channel spacings help preventco-channel interference,and these take advantage of FM'scapture effectandreceiverselectivity.

ITU Region 2 bandplan and channel numbering

The original frequency allocation inNorth Americaused byEdwin Armstrongused the frequency band from 42 through 50 MHz, but this allocation was changed to a higher band beginning in 1945. InCanada,theUnited States,Mexico,the Bahamas,etc., there are 101FM channelsnumbered from200(center frequency 87.9 MHz) to300(center frequency 107.9 MHz), though these numbers are rarely used outside the fields ofradio engineeringand government.

The center frequencies of the FM channels are spaced in increments of 200 kHz. The frequency of 87.9 MHz, while technically part of TV channel 6 (82 to 88 MHz), is used by just twoFM class-Dstations in the United States. Portable radiotunersoften tune down to 87.5 MHz, so that the same radios can be made and sold worldwide.Automobilesusually have FM radios that can tune down to 87.7 MHz, so that TV channel 6's audio at 87.75 MHz (±10 kHz) could be received while driving. This is largely no longer possible due to the 2009digital television transition,though in 2023 the FCC authorized fourteenlow-powered Channel 6 television stationsto continue to operate radio services indefinitely.

In the United States, the twenty-one channels with center frequencies of 87.9–91.9 MHz (channels 200 through 220) constitute thereserved band,exclusively fornon-commercial educational(NCE) stations. The other channels (92.1 MHz through 107.9 MHz (Channels 221–300) may be used by both commercial and non-commercial stations.(Note that in Canada and in Mexico this reservation does not apply; Mexico introduced a reservation of 106.1–107.9 MHz for community and indigenous stations in 2014, though dozens of stations are grandfathered due to lack of space to relocate them.)

Originally, the AmericanFederal Communications Commission(FCC) devised abandplanin which FM radio stations would be assigned at intervals of four channels (800 kHz separation) for any one geographic area. Thus, in one area, stations might be at 88.1, 88.9, 89.7, etc., while in an adjacent area, stations might be at 88.3, 89.1, 89.9, 90.7 etc. Certain frequencies were designated for Class A only (seeFM broadcasting), which had a limit of threekilowattsofeffective radiated power(ERP) and anantennaheight limit for the center of radiation of 300 feet (91.4 m) height above average terrain (HAAT). These frequencies were 92.1, 92.7, 93.5, 94.3, 95.3, 95.9, 96.7, 97.7, 98.3, 99.3, 100.1, 100.9, 101.7, 102.3, 103.1, 103.9, 104.9, 105.5, 106.3 and 107.1. On other frequencies, a station could be Class B (50 kW, 500 feet) or Class C (100 kW, 2,000 feet), depending on which zone it was in.

In the late 1980s, the FCC switched to a bandplan based on a distance separation table using currently operating stations, and subdivided the class table to create extra classes and change antenna height limits to meters. Class A power was doubled to six kilowatts, and the frequency restrictions noted above were removed. As of late 2004, a station can be "squeezed in" anywhere as long as the location and class conform to the rules in the FCC separation table.The rules for second-adjacent-channel spacing do not apply for stations licensed before 1964.

In 2017, Brazil laid the groundwork to reclaim channels 5 and 6 (76.1–87.5 MHz) for sound broadcasting use and required new radio receivers to be able to tune into the newextended band(Portuguese:faixa estendida,abbreviated eFM). Five transmitters of public broadcasterBrazil Communication Companywere the first extended-band stations to begin broadcasts on May 7, 2021.

In 2023, Chile announced the expansion of the FM band to 76-108 MHz as part of the analog TV shutdown, scheduled for April 2024.

Deviation and bandpass

Normally each channel is 200kHz(0.2 MHz) wide, and can passaudioandsubcarrierfrequencies up to 100 kHz.Deviationis typically limited to 150 kHz total (±75 kHz) in order to preventadjacent-channel interferenceon the band. Stations in the U.S. may go up to 10% over this limit if they use non-stereosubcarriers,increasing totalmodulationby 0.5% for each 1% used by the subcarriers. Some stations may limited to (±50 kHz) deviation in order to reduce transmitted bandwidth so that additional stations can be squeezed in.

OIRT bandplan

TheOIRTFM broadcast band covers 65.8 to 74 MHz. It was used in theSoviet Unionand most of the otherWarsaw Pactmember countries of theInternational Radio and Television OrganisationinEastern Europe(OIRT), with the exception ofEast Germany,which always used the 87.5 to 100 (later 104) MHz broadcast band—in line with Western Europe.

Thelower portion of the VHF bandbehavesa bit likeshortwave radioin that it has a longer reach than the upper portion of the VHF band. It was ideally suited for reaching vast and remote areas that would otherwise lack FM radio reception. In a way, FM suited this band because the capture effect of FM could mitigate interference fromskywaves.

Transition to the 87.5 to 108 MHz band started as early as the 1980s in some East European countries. Following the collapse of the communist governments, that transition was remarkably accelerated as private stations have been established. This was also prompted by the lack of equipment for the OIRT band and the modernisation of existing transmission networks.

Many countries have completely ceased broadcasting on the OIRT FM band, although use continues in others, mainly the former republics of the USSR. The future of broadcasting on the OIRT FM band is limited, due to the lack of new consumer receivers for this band outside of Russia.

Countries which still use the OIRT band areRussia(includingKaliningrad),Belarus,Moldova,Ukraine,andTurkmenistan.

InCzechoslovakia,the decision to use the 87.5 to 108 MHz band instead of 65.9 to 74 MHz band was made in the beginning of the eighties. The frequency plan was created, which was internationally coordinated at Regional Administrative Conference for FM Sound Broadcasting in the VHF band in Geneva, 1984.Allocated frequencies are still valid and are used in theCzech RepublicandSlovakia.The first transmitter was put into operation on 102.5 MHz near Prague in November 1984. Three years later, there were eleven transmitters in service across the country, including three in the Prague neighborhood of Žižkov. In 1988, the plan was to set up 270 transmitters in 45 locations eventually.The transition was finished in 1993.

In Poland all OIRT broadcast transmitters were closed down at the end of 1999.

Hungary closed down its remaining broadcast transmitters in 2007, and for thirty days in July of that year, several Hungarian amateur radio operators received a temporary experimental permit to perform propagation and interference experiments in the 70–70.5 MHz band.

In Belarus, only government-run public radio stations are still active on OIRT. All stations on OIRT in Belarus are a mirror of normal FM broadcasts. The main purpose of those stations is compatibility with older equipment.

In 2014, Russia began replacing OIRT-banded transmitter with CCIR-banded (the "western" ) FM transmitters. The main reason for the change to CCIR FM is to reach more listeners.

Unlike Western practice, OIRT FM frequencies are based on 30 kHz rather than 50, 100 or 200 kHz multiples. This may have been to reduce co-channel interference caused bySporadic E propagationand other atmospheric effects, which occur more often at these frequencies. However, multipath distortion effects are less annoying than on the CCIR band.

Stereo is generally achieved by sending the stereo difference signal, using a process calledpolar modulation.Polar modulation uses a reduced subcarrier on 31.25 kHz with the audio on both side-bands. This gives the following signal structure: L + R --> 31.25 kHz reduced subcarrier L - R.

The4-meter band(70–70.5 MHz)amateur radioallocation used in many European countries is entirely within the OIRT FM band. Operators on this band and the6-meter band(50–54 MHz) use the presence of broadcast stations as an indication that there is an "opening" into Eastern Europe or Russia. This can be a mixed blessing because the 4 meter amateur allocation is only 0.5 MHz or less, and a single broadcast station causes considerable interference to a large part of the band.

TheSystem Dtelevision channels R4 and R5 lie wholly or partly within the 87.5–108 MHz FM audio broadcast band. Countries which still use System D therefore have to consider the re-organisation of TV broadcasting in order to make full use of this band for audio broadcasting.

Japanese bandplan

See also:FM broadcasting in Japan

The FM band in Japan is 76–95 MHz (previously 76–90). The 90–108 MHz section was used for analog VHF TV Channels 1, 2 and 3 (eachNTSCtelevision channel is 6 MHz wide). The narrowness of the Japanese band (19 MHz compared to slightly more than 20 MHz for the CCIR band) limits the number of FM stations that can be accommodated on the dial with the result that many commercial radio stations are forced to useAM.

Many Japanese radios are capable of receiving both the Japanese FM band and the CCIR FM band, so that the same model can be sold within Japan or exported. The radio may cover 76 to 108 MHz, the frequency coverage may be selectable by the user, or during assembly the radio may be set to operate on one band by means of a specially placed diode or other internal component.

Conventional analog-tuned (dial & pointer) radios were formerly marked with "TV Sound" in the 76–88 section. If these radios were sold in the US, for example, the 76–88 section would be marked TV sound for VHF channels 5 and 6 (as two 6 MHz-wide NTSC TV channels), with the 88–108 section band as normal FM. The compatibility of "TV sound" with conventional FM radio ended with theU.S. digital TV transitionin 2009, with the exception of thelimited number of low-power stations on channel 6that still use analog; these low-power stations will switch to digital in 2021.

Second-hand automobiles imported from Japan contain a radio designed for the Japanese FM band, and importers often fit a "converter" to down-convert the 87.5 to 107.9 MHz band to the frequencies that the radio can accept. In addition to showing an incorrect frequency, there are two other disadvantages that can result in undesired performance; the converter cannot down-convert in full the regular international FM band (up to 20.5 MHz wide) to the only 14 MHz-wide Japanese band (unless the converter incorporates two user-switchable down-convert modes), and the car'santennamay perform poorly on the higher FM band. Some converters simply down-convert the FM band by 12 MHz, leading to logical frequencies (e.g. 78.9 for 90.9, 82.3 for 94.3, etc.), but leaving off the 102–108 MHz band. Also,RDSis not used in Japan, whereas most modern car radios available in Europe have this system. Also the converter may not allow pass-through of theMW band,which is used for AM broadcasting. A better solution is to replace the radio and antenna with ones designed for the country where the car will be used.

Australiahad a similar situation with Australian TV channels 3, 4 and 5 that are between 88 and 108 MHz, and was intending to follow Japan, but in the end opted for the western bandplan, due to CCIR radios that entered the country. There were some radios sold in Australia for 76 to 90 MHz.

Historic U.S. bandplan

In the 1930s investigations were begun into establishing radio stations transmitting on "Very High Frequency" (VHF) assignments above 30 MHz. In October 1937, theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) announced new frequency allocations, which included a band of experimental and educational "Apex"stations, that consisted of 75 channels spanning from 41.02 to 43.98 MHz.Like the existing AM band these stations employed amplitude modulation, however the 40 kHz spacing between adjacent frequencies was four times as much as the 10 kHz spacing on the standard AM broadcast band, which reduced adjacent-frequency interference, and provided more bandwidth for high-fidelity programming.

Also during the 1930sEdwin Howard Armstrongdeveloped a competing transmission technology, "wide-band frequency modulation", which was promoted as being superior to AM transmissions, in particular due to its high-fidelity and near immunity to static interference. In May 1940, largely as the result of Armstrong's efforts, the FCC decided to eliminate the Apex band, and authorized an FM band effective January 1, 1941, operating on 40 channels spanning 42–50 MHz,with the first five channels reserved for educational stations. There was significant interest in the new FM band by station owners, however, construction restrictions that went into place during World War II limited the growth of the new service.

Following the end of the war, the FCC moved to standardize its frequency allocations. One area of concern was the effects oftroposphericandSporadic E propagation,which at times reflected station signals over great distances, causing mutual interference. A particularly controversial proposal, spearheaded by theRadio Corporation of America(RCA), which was headed byDavid Sarnoff,was that the FM band needed to be shifted to higher frequencies in order to avoid this potential problem. Armstrong charged that this reassignment had the covert goal of disrupting FM radio development,however RCA's proposal prevailed, and on June 27, 1945 the FCC announced the reassignment of the FM band to 90 channels from 88–106 MHz,which was soon expanded to 100 channels from 88–108 MHz, with the first 20 channels reserved for educational stations. A period of allowing existing FM stations to broadcast on both the original "low" and new "high" FM bands followed, which ended at midnight on January 8, 1949, at which time all low band transmissions had to end.

In 1978 one additional frequency reserved for educational stations, 87.9 MHz, was allocated.In March 2008, the FCC requested public comment on turning the bandwidth currently occupied by analog television channels 5 and 6 (76–88 MHz) over to extending the FM broadcast band when the digital television transition was to be completed in February 2009 (ultimately delayed to June 2009).This proposed allocation would have effectively assigned frequencies corresponding to the existing Japanese FM radio service (which begins at 76 MHz) for use as an extension to the existing North American FM broadcast band.Several low-power television stations colloquially known as "Franken-FMs"operated primarily as radio stations on channel 6, using the 87.7 MHz audio carrier of that channel as a radio station receivable on most FM receivers configured to cover the whole ofBand II,from 2009 to 2021; since then, a reduced number have received special temporary authority to carry a special audio carrier on theirATSC 3.0signals to continue the status quo.

FM radio switch-off

With the gradual adoption ofdigital radio broadcasting(e.g.HD Radio,DAB+) radio, some countries have planned and started anFM radio switch-off.Norway,in January 2018, was the first country to discontinue FM as a result.

See also

• FM broadcasting
• Frequency modulation