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Fairchild Semiconductor

Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc.was an Americansemiconductorcompany based inSan Jose, California.It was founded in 1957 as a division ofFairchild Camera and Instrumentby the "traitorous eight"who defected fromShockley Semiconductor Laboratory.It became a pioneer in the manufacturing oftransistorsand ofintegrated circuits.Schlumbergerbought the firm in 1979 and sold it toNational Semiconductorin 1987; Fairchild wasspun offas an independent company again in 1997. In September 2016, Fairchild was acquired byON Semiconductor.[4]

Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc.
Company typePublic
Nasdaq:FCS
Industry
FoundedOctober 1, 1957;67 years ago(1957-10-01)
Founders
DefunctSeptember 2016(2016-09)
FateAcquired byON Semiconductor
Headquarters
Sunnyvale, California
,
United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products
RevenueDecreaseUS$1.370 billion (2015)[2]
DecreaseUS$6.30 million (2015)[2]
Negative increase–US$15.1 million (2015)[2]
Total assetsDecreaseUS$1.58 billion (2015)[2]
Total equityDecreaseUS$1.10 billion (2015)[2]
Number of employees
6,379 (2015)[2]
ParentON Semiconductor
Site of invention of the first commercially practicable integrated circuit
DesignatedMay 8, 1991
Reference no.1000[3]

The company had locations in the United States atSan Jose, California;San Rafael, California;South Portland, Maine;West Jordan, Utah;andMountain Top, Pennsylvania.Outside the US, it operated locations inAustralia;[5]Singapore;Bucheon, South Korea;Penang, Malaysia;Suzhou, China;andCebu, Philippines,among others.

History

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1950s

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The building at 844 East Charleston Road, Palo Alto, California, where the first commercially practical integrated circuit was invented

In 1955,William ShockleyfoundedShockley Semiconductor Laboratory,funded byBeckman InstrumentsinMountain View, California;[6]his plan was to develop a new type of "4-layer diode" that would work faster and have more uses than then-currenttransistors.At first he attempted to hire some of his former colleagues fromBell Labs,but none were willing to move to the West Coast or work with Shockley again at that time. Shockley then founded the core of the new company with what he considered the best and brightest graduates coming out of American engineering schools.

While Shockley was effective as a recruiter, he was less effective as a manager. A core group of Shockley employees, later known as thetraitorous eight,became unhappy with his management of the company. The eight men wereJulius Blank,Victor Grinich,Jean Hoerni,Eugene Kleiner,Jay Last,Gordon Moore,Robert Noyce,andSheldon Roberts.Looking for funding on their own project, they turned toSherman Fairchild'sFairchild Camera and Instrument,an Eastern U.S. company with considerable military contracts.[7]In 1957 the Fairchild Semiconductor division was started with plans to makesilicontransistors at a time whengermaniumwas still the most common material for semiconductor use.

According to Sherman Fairchild, Noyce's impassioned presentation of his vision was the reason Sherman Fairchild had agreed to create the semiconductor division for the traitorous eight. Noyce advocated the use of silicon as substrate – since the material costs would consist of sand and a few fine wires, the major cost would be in the manufacturing process. Noyce also expressed his belief that silicon semiconductors would herald the start of disposable appliances that, due to cheap electronic components, would not be repaired but merely discarded when worn out.[8]

Their first transistors were of thesilicon mesavariety, innovative for their time, but exhibiting relatively poor reliability.

Fairchild's first marketed transistor was the 19582N697,a mesa transistor developed by Moore,[9]and it was a success. The first batch of 100 was sold toIBMfor $150 apiece in order to build the computer for theB-70bomber. More were sold toAutoneticsto build the guidance system for theMinutemanballistic missile.[10]

At the same timeJean Hoernideveloped theplanar process,which was a major improvement:planar transistorscould be made more easily, at a lower cost and with greater performance and reliability, making other transistors obsolete. One such casualty wasPhilco's transistor division, whose newly built $40 million plant to make their germaniumPADTprocess transistors became nonviable. Within a few years, every other transistor company paralleled or licensed the Fairchild planar process. Hoerni's 2N1613 was a major success, with Fairchild licensing the design across the industry.

In 1960, Fairchild built a circuit with four transistors on a singlewaferof silicon, thereby creating the first silicon integrated circuit (Texas Instruments'Jack Kilbyhad developed an integrated circuit made of germanium on September 12, 1958, and was awarded a U.S.patent,however Kilby's method was not scalable and the semiconductor industry adopted Fairchild's process to manufacture integrated circuits). The company grew from twelve to twelve thousand employees, and was soon making $130 million a year.

1960s

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1957, Diagram of one of the SiO2 transistor devices made by Frosch and Derick[11]

Fairchild's Noyce and Texas Instrument's Kilby had independently invented theintegrated circuit(IC) based on bipolar technology. In 1960, Noyce invented the planar integrated circuit. The industry preferred Fairchild's invention over Texas Instruments' because the transistors in planar ICs were interconnected by a thin film deposit, whereas Texas Instruments' invention required fine wires to connect the individual circuits. Noyce's invention was enabled by theplanar processdeveloped by Jean Hoerni.[12]In turn, Hoerni's planar process was inspired by thesurface passivationmethod developed atBell LabsbyCarl Froschand Lincoln Derick in 1955[13][14]and 1957.[15][16]

At Bell Labs, the importance of Frosch and Derick technique and transistors was immediately realized. Results of their work circulated around Bell Labs in the form of BTL memos before being published in 1957. AtShockley Semiconductor,Shockley had circulated the preprint of their article in December 1956 to all his senior staff, includingJean Hoerni,[17][18][19][20]who would later invent theplanar processin 1959 while at Fairchild Semiconductor.[21][22]

In 1948, Bardeen and Brattain patented at Bell Labs an insulated-gate transistor (IGFET) with an inversion layer, this concept forms the basis of CMOS technology today.[23]In 1963,Chih-Tang SahandFrank WanlassbuiltCMOSMOSFET logic.[24][25]

In 1963, Fairchild hiredRobert Widlarto design analog operational amplifiers using Fairchild's process. Since Fairchild's processes were optimized for digital circuits, Widlar collaborated with process engineer Dave Talbert. The collaboration resulted in two revolutionary products – μA702 and μA709.[26]Hence, Fairchild dominated the analog integrated circuit market, having introduced the first ICoperational amplifiers,or "op-amps",Bob Widlar's μA702 (in 1964) and μA709. In 1968, Fairchild introduced David Fullagar's μA741, which became the most popular IC op amp of all time.[27]

By 1965, Fairchild's process improvements had brought low-cost manufacturing to the semiconductor industry – making Fairchild nearly the only profitable semiconductor manufacturer in the United States. Fairchild dominated the market in DTL, op-amps and mainframe computer custom circuits. In 1965, Fairchild opened a semiconductor assembly plant on the Navajo Nation in Shiprock, New Mexico.[28][29]At its peak, the plant employed over a thousand Navajos, the majority of whom were women. InThe Shiprock Dedication Commemorative Brochurereleased by the Fairchild company, the Diné (Navajo) women circuit makers were celebrated as "culture workers who produced circuits as part of the 'reproductive' labor of expressing Navajo culture, rather than merely for wages." This claim was based on the opinion that circuits of the electronic chips had a mere resemblance with the complex geometric patterns on the Navajo rugs. Paul Driscoll, the Shiprock plant manager, spoke of the "untapped wealth of natural characteristics of the Navajo...theinherent flexibilityand dexterity of the Indians. "Although highly successful during its operation, the plant was closed in 1975.[30]While the Fairchild corporation claims the Diné women were chosen to work in the Shiprock plant due to their "'nimble fingers'" as previously noted, the women of the Shiprock reservation were actually chosen as the workforce due to a lack of labor rights asserted by the women in addition to "cheap, plentiful workers and tax benefits".[31]

Fairchild had not done well in the digital integrated circuit market. Their first line of ICs was the "micrologic"resistor–transistor logic(RTL) line which was used in theApollo Guidance Computer.It had the advantage of being extremely simple – each inverter consisted of just one transistor and two resistors. The logic family had many drawbacks that had made it marginal for commercial purposes, and not well suited for military applications: the logic could only tolerate about 100 millivolts ofnoise– far too low for comfort. It was awhile before Fairchild relied on more robust designs, such asdiode–transistor logic(DTL) which had much better noise margins.

Sales due to Fairchild semiconductor division had doubled each year and by the mid-1960s comprised two-thirds of total sales of the parent company. In 1966, Fairchild's sales were second to those ofTexas Instruments,followed in third place byMotorola.Noyce was rewarded with the position of corporate vice-president and hence became thede factohead of the semiconductor division.

However, internal trouble at Fairchild began to surface with a drop in earnings in 1967. There was increasing competition from newer start-ups. The semiconductor division, situated in Mountain View and Palo Alto, California, was actually managed by executives fromSyosset, New York,who visited the California sites once a year, even though the semiconductor division earned most of the profits of the company. Fairchild's president at that time, John Carter, had used all the profits to fund acquisitions of unprofitable ventures.

Noyce's position on Fairchild's executive staff was consistently compromised by Sherman Fairchild's faction.Charles E. Sporckwas Noyce's operations manager. Sporck was reputed to run the tightest operation in the world. Sporck,Pierre Lamondand most managers had grown upset and disillusioned with corporate focus on unprofitable ventures at the expense of the semiconductor division. Executives at the semiconductor division were allotted substantially fewer stock options compared to other divisions. In March 1967, Sporck was hired away by Peter J. Sprague toNational Semiconductor.Sporck brought with him four other Fairchild personnel.[32]Actually, Lamond had previously assembled a team of Fairchild managers in preparation to defect toPlessey,a British company. Lamond had recruited Sporck to be his own Boss. When negotiations with Plessey broke down over stock options, Lamond and Sporck succumbed to Widlar's and Talbert's (who were already employed at National Semiconductor) suggestion that they look to National Semiconductor.[33]Widlar and Talbert had earlier left Fairchild to join Molectro, which was later acquired by National Semiconductor.[34]

In the fall of 1967, Fairchild suffered a loss for the first time since 1958 and announced write-offs of $4 million due to excess capacity, which contributed to a total loss of $7.6 million. Profits had sunk to $0.50 a share, compared to $3 a share the previous year, while the value of the stock dropped in half. In October 1967, the board ordered Carter to sell off all of Fairchild's unprofitable ventures. Carter responded to the order by resigning abruptly.

Furthermore, Fairchild's DTL technology was being overtaken by Texas Instruments's fasterTTL(transistor–transistor logic).

While Noyce was considered the natural successor to Carter, the board decided not to promote him. Sherman Fairchild led the board to choose Richard Hodgson. Within a few months Hodgson was replaced by a management committee led by Noyce, while Sherman Fairchild looked for a new CEO other than Noyce. In response, Noyce discreetly planned a new company withGordon Moore,the head of R&D. They left Fairchild to foundIntelin 1968 and were soon joined byAndrew GroveandLeslie L. Vadász,who took with them the revolutionaryMOS Silicon Gate Technology(SGT), recently created in the Fairchild R&D Laboratory byFederico Fagginwho also designed the Fairchild 3708, the world’s first commercial MOS integrated circuit using SGT. Fairchild MOS Division was slow in understanding the potential of the SGT which promised not only faster, more reliable, and denser circuits, but also new device types that could enlarge the field of solid state electronics – for example, CCDs for image sensors, dynamic RAMs, and non-volatile memory devices such as EPROM and flash memories. Intel took advantage of the SGT for its memory development. Federico Faggin, frustrated, left Fairchild to join Intel in 1970 and design the first microprocessors using SGT. Among the investors of Intel were Hodgson and five of the founding members of Fairchild.

Sherman Fairchild hiredLester Hogan,who was the head ofMotorolasemiconductor division. Hogan proceeded to hire another hundred managers from Motorola to entirely displace the management of Fairchild.

The loss of these iconic executives, coupled with Hogan's displacement of Fairchild managers demoralized Fairchild and prompted the entire exodus of employees to found new companies.

Many of the original founders, otherwise known as the "fairchildren", had left Fairchild in the 1960s to form companies that grew to prominence in the 1970s. Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore were among the last of the original founders to leave, at which point the brain-drain of talents that had fueled the growth of the company was complete.

A Fairchild advertisement of the time showed acollageof thelogosofSilicon Valleywith the annotation "We started it all". It was later, in 1971,Don Hoeflerpopularizated the name "Silicon Valley USA" inElectronic News.[35]He notes he did not invent the name. See also Gregory Gromov[36]andTechCrunch2014 update[37]of Hoefler's article.[35]

1970s

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Hogan's action to hire from Motorola had Motorola file a lawsuit against Fairchild, which the court then decided in Fairchild's favor in 1973. Judge William Copple ruled that Fairchild's results were so unimpressive that it was impossible to assess damages "under any theory". Hogan was dismissed as president the next year, but remained as vice chairman.[38]

In 1973, Fairchild became the first company to produce a commercialcharge-coupled device(CCD) following its invention atBell Labs.Digital image sensors are still produced today at their descendant company, Fairchild Imaging. The CCD had a difficult birth, with the devastating effects on Fairchild of the1973–75 recessionthat followed on the1973 oil crisis.[39]

After Intel introduced the80088-bit microprocessor, Fairchild developed theFairchild F88-bit microprocessor, which was according to the CPU Museum "in 1977 the F8 was the world's leading microprocessor in terms of CPU sales."[40]

In 1976, the company released the first video game system to use ROM cartridges, the Fairchild Video Entertainment System (or VES) later renamedChannel F,using the F8 microprocessor. The system was successful initially, but quickly lost popularity when theAtari 2600Video Computer System (or VCS) was released.

By the end of the 1970s they had few new products in the pipeline, and increasingly turned to niche markets with their existing product line, notably "hardened" integrated circuits for military and space applications and isoplanar ECL products used in exotic applications like Cray Computers.[41]Fairchild was being operated at a loss, and the bottomline subsisted mostly from licensing of its patents.

In 1979, Fairchild Camera and Instrument was purchased bySchlumberger Limited,anoil fieldservices company, for $425 million. At this time, Fairchild's intellectual properties, on which Fairchild had been subsisting, were expiring.

1980s

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In 1980, under Schlumberger management, the Fairchild Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence Research (FLAIR) was started within Fairchild Research.[42] In 1985 the lab was separated to form Schlumberger Palo Alto Research (SPAR).

Fairchild research developed theClipper architecture,a 32-bitRISC-like computer architecture, in the 1980s, resulting in the shipping of the C100 chip in 1986. The technology was later sold toIntergraph,its main customer.

Schlumberger sold Fairchild toNational Semiconductorin 1987 for $200 million.[43]The sale did not include Fairchild's Test Division, which designed and producedautomated test equipment(ATE) for the semiconductor manufacturing industry, nor did it include Schlumberger Palo Alto Research.

In the early 1980s, Fairchild was one of several silicon valley tech companies involved in a lawsuit brought on by residents of San Jose, California. The case pertained to industrial solvent contamination of ground water and soil in San Jose's Los Paseos neighborhood. A settlement was reached and the area designated a superfund. Superfund site cleanup ended in 1998.[44]

1990s

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In 1997, the reconstituted Fairchild Semiconductor was reborn as an independent company, based inSouth Portland, Maine,with Kirk Pond as CEO.

On March 11, 1997, National Semiconductor Corporation announced the US$550 million sale of a reconstituted Fairchild to the management of Fairchild with the backing of Sterling LLC, a unit of Citicorp Venture Capital. Fairchild carried with it what was mostly the Standard Products group previously segregated byGil Amelio.

The Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation announced November 27, 1997, that it would acquire the semiconductor division of theRaytheon Corporationfor about $120 million in cash. The acquisition was completed on December 31, 1997.[45]

In December 1998, Fairchild announced the acquisition ofSamsung's power division, which made powerMOSFETs,IGBTs,etc.[46]The deal was finalized in April 1999 for $450 million.[47]To this day, Fairchild remains an important supplier for Samsung.[48]

In August 1999, Fairchild Semiconductor again became a publicly traded company on theNew York Stock Exchangewith the ticker symbol FCS. Fairchild's South Portland, Maine, and Mountaintop, Pennsylvania, locations are the longest continuously operating semiconductor manufacturing facilities in the world, both operating since 1960.[citation needed]

2000s

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On March 19, 2001, Fairchild Semiconductor announced that it had completed the acquisition ofIntersil Corporation's discrete power business for approximately $338 million in cash. The acquisition moved Fairchild into position as the second-largest powerMOSFETsupplier in the world, representing a 20 percent share of this $3 billion market that grew 40 percent last year.[when?]

On September 6, 2001, Fairchild Semiconductor announced the acquisition of Impala Linear Corporation, based in San Jose, California, for approximately $6 million in stock and cash. Impala brought with it expertise in designing analog power management semiconductors for hand-held devices like laptops, MP3 players, cell phones, portable test equipment and PDAs.

On January 9, 2004, Fairchild Semiconductor CEO Kirk Pond was appointed as a Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, elected by member banks to serve a three-year term.[49]

On April 13, 2005, Fairchild announced appointment of Mark Thompson as CEO of the corporation. Thompson would also be President, Chief Executive Officer and a member of the board of directors of Fairchild Semiconductor International. He originally joined Fairchild as Executive Vice President, Manufacturing and Technology Group.[50]

On March 15, 2006, Fairchild Semiconductor announced that Kirk P. Pond would retire as Chairman at the company's annual stockholders' meeting on May 3, 2006. Pond would continue as a member of the company’s board of directors.[51]Mark Thompson (then CEO) became Chairman.

On September 1, 2007, New Jersey–based RF semiconductor supplier Anadigics acquired Fairchild Semiconductor's RF design team, located in Tyngsboro, Massachusetts, for $2.4 million.

2010s

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In April 2011, Fairchild Semiconductor acquired TranSiC, a silicon carbide power transistor company originally based in Sweden.

On November 18, 2015,ON Semiconductormade an offer to acquire Fairchild Semiconductor for $2.4 billion (or $20 per share) after a few months of speculation that Fairchild was seeking a potential buyer.

On April 10, 2016, Fairchild Semiconductor moved its headquarters from San Jose (3030 Orchard Pkwy.) to Sunnyvale (1272 Borregas Ave.).

On September 19, 2016, ON Semiconductor and Fairchild Semiconductor jointly announced that ON Semiconductor had completed its announced $2.4 billion cash acquisition of Fairchild.

In the fall of 2016, the Fairchild 'ON' Semiconductor International closed the West Jordan, Utah, manufacturing plant.[52]

Landmark status

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The historic marker at the Fairchild building at which thetraitorous eightset up shop and the first commercially practical integrated circuit was invented

On May 8, 1991, theState Historic Preservation Officedesignated the site of invention of the first commercially practicable integrated circuit as a California historical landmark #1000. A description on the commemorative plaque reads: "At this site in 1959, Dr. Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation invented the first integrated circuit that could be produced commercially. Based on 'planar' technology, an earlier Fairchild breakthrough, Noyce's invention consisted of a complete electronic circuit inside a small silicon chip. His innovation helped revolutionize 'Silicon Valley's' semiconductor electronics industry, and brought profound change to the lives of people everywhere."[3]

Alumni

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ab"About Fairchild - Overview of Fairchild Semiconductor Company".Fairchild. Archived fromthe originalon December 10, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 8,2014.
  2. ^abcdef"Fairchild Semiconductor Intl Inc Annual Report (Form 10-K)".U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 25, 2016.RetrievedMarch 7,2017.
  3. ^ab"site of invention of the first commercially practicable integrated circuit".Office of Historic Preservation.RetrievedDecember 15,2023.
  4. ^"ON Semiconductor Successfully Completes Acquisition of Fairchild Semiconductor for $2.4 Billion in Cash".businesswire.September 19, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 28,2020.
  5. ^Archived atGhostarchiveand theWayback Machine:"Even back in 1968, workers were worried about being replaced by technology | RetroFocus".YouTube.September 11, 2018.
  6. ^"ON Shockley Semiconductor".pbs.org.1999.RetrievedJanuary 28,2022.
  7. ^Leslie R Berlin."Robery Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor, 1957-1968"(PDF).People.seas.harvard.edu.Business History Review. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 3, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 8,2016.
  8. ^Jeffrey S. Young (1998).Greatest Technology Stories.John Wiley and Sons. p.118.ISBN0-471-24374-4.Forbes Greatest Technology Stories disposable components.
  9. ^"Transistor Museum Photo Gallery Fairchild 2N697 Silicon Mesa Transistor".Semiconductormuseum.RetrievedJanuary 8,2016.
  10. ^"Silicon Mesa Transistors Enter Commercial Production".computerhistory.RetrievedSeptember 21,2018.
  11. ^Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957)."Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon".Journal of the Electrochemical Society.104(9): 547.doi:10.1149/1.2428650.
  12. ^ Christophe Lécuyer (2006).Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970.MIT Press. pp.214–252.ISBN978-0-262-12281-8.fairchild planar Making Silicon Valley.
  13. ^US2802760A,Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 1957-08-13
  14. ^Huff, Howard; Riordan, Michael (September 1, 2007)."Frosch and Derick: Fifty Years Later (Foreword)".The Electrochemical Society Interface.16(3): 29.doi:10.1149/2.F02073IF.ISSN1064-8208.
  15. ^Lojek, Bo (2007).History of Semiconductor Engineering.Springer Science & Business Media.p. 120.ISBN9783540342588.
  16. ^Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957)."Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon".Journal of the Electrochemical Society.104(9): 547.doi:10.1149/1.2428650.
  17. ^Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016).Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century.John Wiley & Sons.p. 168.ISBN978-0-470-50892-3.
  18. ^Christophe Lécuyer; David C. Brook; Jay Last (2010).Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor.MIT Press. pp. 62–63.ISBN978-0-262-01424-3.
  19. ^Claeys, Cor L. (2003).ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium.The Electrochemical Society.pp. 27–30.ISBN978-1-56677-376-8.
  20. ^Lojek, Bo (2007).History of Semiconductor Engineering.Springer Science & Business Media.p. 120.ISBN9783540342588.
  21. ^US 3025589Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959
  22. ^US 3064167Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960
  23. ^Howard R. Duff (2001). "John Bardeen and transistor physics".AIP Conference Proceedings.Vol. 550. pp. 3–32.doi:10.1063/1.1354371.
  24. ^"1963: Complementary MOS Circuit Configuration is Invented".Computer History Museum.RetrievedJuly 6,2019.
  25. ^Sah, Chih-Tang;Wanlass, Frank(1963).Nanowatt logic using field-effect metal-oxide semiconductor triodes.1963 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. Vol. VI. pp. 32–33.doi:10.1109/ISSCC.1963.1157450.
  26. ^Linden T. Harrison (August 22, 2005).Current Sources and Voltage References: A Design Reference for Electronics Engineers.Newnes. pp. 3–.ISBN978-0-08-045555-6.
  27. ^Rakesh Kumar Garg; Ashish Dixit; Pavan Yadav (January 1, 2008).Basic Electronics.Firewall Media. pp. 331–.ISBN978-81-318-0302-8.
  28. ^Nakamura, Lisa (January 2, 2014)."Indigenous Circuits".Computer History Museum.RetrievedJanuary 21,2016.
  29. ^Shirriff, Ken (September 2024)."The Pentium as a Navajo weaving".Fairchild and Shiprock: Marilou Schultz is currently creating another weaving based on an integrated circuit, shown below. Although this chip, the Fairchild 9040, is much more obscure than the Pentium, it has important historical symbolism, as it was built by Navajo workers at a plant on Navajo land.
  30. ^Nakamura, Lisa (December 2014)."Indigenous Circuits:Navajo Women and the Racialization of Early Electronic Manufacture"(PDF).American Quarterly.66(4): 919–941.doi:10.1353/aq.2014.0070.S2CID143975328.RetrievedJanuary 21,2016.
  31. ^Nakamura, Lisa (December 15, 2014)."Indigenous Circuits: Navajo Women and the Racialization of Early Electronic Manufacture".American Quarterly.66(4): 919–941.doi:10.1353/aq.2014.0070.ISSN1080-6490.S2CID143975328.
  32. ^Jeffrey S. Young (1998).Greatest Technology Stories.John Wiley and Sons. p.127.ISBN0-471-24374-4.Forbes Greatest Technology Stories fairchild.
  33. ^Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970, by Christophe Lécuyer, published by MIT Press, 2006.ISBN0-262-12281-2,ISBN978-0-262-12281-8;page 260
  34. ^National Semiconductor#Founding
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  38. ^Martin, Douglas (August 16, 2008)."Lester Hogan's obituary - New York Times".The New York Times.
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  40. ^"8-bit Microprocessors - F8 (3850)".Archived fromthe originalon July 17, 2011.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.
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  45. ^"Acquisition of Raytheon's semiconductor division".Electronic News.January 12, 1998.
  46. ^Stephan Ohr (December 21, 1998)."Fairchild acquires Samsung power group".EE Times.
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  49. ^"Kirk Pond appointed as a Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston".Business Wire.January 9, 2004.
  50. ^"Fairchild announces appointment of Mark Thompson as CEO".Powerelectronics.Archived fromthe originalon December 1, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 8,2016.
  51. ^"Fairchild Semiconductor announces Kirk Pond's retirement as Chairman".Powerpulse.net.March 15, 2006.RetrievedJanuary 8,2016.
  52. ^King, Ian (August 26, 2014)."Fairchild to Close Plants, Cut Up to 15% of Workforce".Bloomberg.Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 17,2017.
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