Wikipedia

Fatehpur Sikri

Fatehpur Sikri(Hindi:[ˈfətɛɦpʊɾˈsiːkɾiː]) is a town in theAgra DistrictofUttar Pradesh,India.Situated 35.7 kilometres (22.2 mi) from the district headquarters ofAgra,[3]Fatehpur Sikri itself was founded as the capital of theMughal Empirein 1571 byEmperorAkbar,serving this role from 1571 to 1585, when Akbar abandoned it due to a campaign inPunjaband was later completely abandoned in 1610.[4]

Fatehpur Sikri
Town
Buland Darwaza,the 54-metre-high (177 ft) entrance to Fatehpur Sikri'sJama Masjid
Fatehpur Sikri is located in Uttar Pradesh
Fatehpur Sikri
Fatehpur Sikri
Fatehpur Sikri is located in India
Fatehpur Sikri
Fatehpur Sikri
Coordinates:27°05′28″N77°39′40″E/ 27.091°N 77.661°E/27.091; 77.661
CountryIndia
StateUttar Pradesh
DistrictAgra
Founded byAkbar
Population
[1]
• Total32,905
Language
• OfficialHindi[2]
• Additional officialUrdu[2]
Time zoneUTC+5:30(IST)
Vehicle registrationUP-80
Official nameFatehpur Sikri
CriteriaCultural: ii, iii, iv
Reference255
Inscription1986 (10thSession)
Kos Minar#793 at kilometric point 19 onAgra–Fatehpur Sikri Road section ofNational Highway 21

The name of the city is derived from the village calledSikriwhich previously occupied the location. AnArchaeological Survey of India(ASI) excavation from 1999 to 2000 indicated that there was housing, temples and commercial centres here before Akbar built his capital. The region was settled bySungasfollowing their expansion. It was controlled by SakarwarRajputsfrom the 7th to 16th century CE until theBattle of Khanwa(1527).[5]

ThekhanqahofSheikhSalim Chishtiexisted earlier at this place. Akbar's son,Jahangir,was born in the village of Sikri to his favourite wifeMariam-uz-Zamaniin 1569,[6]and, in that year, Akbar began construction of a religious compound to commemorate the Sheikh who had predicted the birth. After Jahangir's second birthday, he began the construction of a walled city and imperial palace here. The city came to be known asFatehpur Sikri,the "City of Victory", after Akbar'svictorious Gujarat campaign in 1573.

After occupying Agra in 1803, theEast India Companyestablished an administrative centre here and it remained so until 1850. In 1815, theMarquess of Hastingsordered the repair of monuments at Sikri.

Because of its historical importance as the capital of the Mughal Empire and its outstanding architecture, Fatehpur Sikri was awarded the status ofUNESCOWorld Heritage Sitein 1986.[7][8]

History

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Archaeological evidence points to settlement of the region since thePainted Grey Ware period.According to historian Syed Ali Nadeem Rezavi, the region flourished underSungarule and then under Sikarwar Rajputs, who built a fortress when they controlled the area from 7th to 16th century, until theBattle of Khanwa(1527). The area later came under the rule of theDelhi Sultanateand many mosques were built at the place which grew in size during the period of theKhalji dynasty.[9][10]

Basing his arguments on the excavations by theArchaeological Survey of India(ASI) in 1999–2000 at the Chabeli Tila, seniorAgrajournalist Bhanu Pratap Singh said the antique pieces, statues, and structures all point to a lost "culture and religious site," more than 1,000 years ago. "The excavations yielded a rich crop ofJainstatues, hundreds of them, including the foundation stone of a temple with the date. The statues were a thousand years old ofBhagwanAdi Nath,BhagwanRishabh Nath,BhagwanMahavirandJain Yakshinis,"said Swarup Chandra Jain, senior leader of theJain community.Historian Sugam Anand states that there is proof of habitation, temples and commercial centres even before Akbar established it as his capital. He states that the open space on a ridge was used by Akbar to build his capital.[11][12][13]

But preceding Akbar's appropriation of the site for his capital city, his predecessorsBaburandHumayundid much to redesign Fatehpur Sikri's urban layout.[14]Attilio Petruccioli, a scholar of Islamic architecture and Professor of Landscape Architecture at thePolytechnic University of Bari,Italy, notes that "Babur and his successors" wanted "to get away from the noise and confusion of Agra [and] build an uninterrupted sequence of gardens on the free left bank of the Yamuna, linked both by boat and by land."[14]Petruccioli adds that when such escapist landscapes are envisioned, the monument becomes the organising element of the city at large, partly due to its orientation at a significant location and partly due to its sheer size.Buland Darwazawas one such organising element, which at a height of 150 feet towered over the city and is now one of the most recognisable Mughal monuments in the country.[14]

The place was much loved byBabur,who called itShukri(Thanks), after its large lake that was used by Mughal armies.[15]Annette Beveridgein her translation ofBaburnamanoted that Baburpoints"Sikri" to read "Shukri".[16]Per his memoirs, Babur constructed a garden here called the "Garden of Victory" after defeatingRana Sanghaat its outskirts.Gulbadan Begum'sHumayun-Namadescribes that in the garden he built an octagonal pavilion which he used for relaxation and writing. In the center of the nearby lake, he built a large platform. Abaoliexists at the base of a rock scarp about a kilometre from theHiran Minar.This was probably the original site of a well-knownepigraphcommemorating his victory.[15]

Abul Fazlrecords Akbar's reasons for the foundation of the city inAkbarnama:"In as much as his exalted sons (Salim andMurad) had been born at Sikri, and the God-knowing spirit of Shaikh Salim had taken possession thereof, his holy heart desired to give outward splendour to this spot which possessed spiritual grandeur. Now that his standards had arrived at this place, his former design was pressed forward, and an order was issued that the superintendents of affairs should erect lofty buildings for the special use of the Shahinshah. "[17]

Akbar remained heirless until 1569 when his son, who became known asJahangir,was born in the village of Sikri in 1569. Akbar began the construction of a religious compound in honour of theChisti saintSheikhSalim,who had predicted the birth of Jahangir. After Jahangir's second birthday, he began the construction of a walled city and imperial palace probably to test his son's stamina. By constructing his capital at thekhanqahof Sheikh Salim, Akbar associated himself with this popular Sufi order and brought legitimacy to his reign through this affiliation.[18]

The city was founded in 1571 and was named after the village of Sikri which occupied the spot before. TheBuland Darwazawas built in honour of hissuccessful campaigninGujarat,when the city came to be known asFatehpur Sikri- "The City of Victory". It was abandoned by Akbar in 1585 when he went to fight a campaign in Punjab. It was later completely abandoned by 1610. The reason for its abandonment is usually given as the failure of the water supply, though Akbar's loss of interest may also have been the reason since it was built solely on his whim.[19]Ralph Fitchdescribed it as such, "Agra and Fatehpore Sikri are two very great cities, either of them much greater than London, and very populous. Between Agra and Fatehpore are 12 miles (Kos) and all the way is a market of victuals and other things, as full as though a man were still in a town, and so many people as if a man were in a market. "[20]

Akbar visited the city only once in 1601 after abandoning it.William Finch,visiting it 4–5 years after Akbar's death, stated, "It is all ruinate," writing, "lying like a waste desert."[21]During the epidemic ofbubonic plaguefrom 1616 to 1624,Jahangirstayed for three months here in 1619.[22]Muhammad Shahstayed here for some time and the repair works were started again. However, with the decline of Mughal Empire, the conditions of the buildings worsened.[23]

While chasingDaulat Rao Sindhia's battalions in October 1803,Gerard Lakeleft the most cumbersome baggage and siege guns in the town.[24]After occupying Agra in 1803, the British established an administrative centre here and it remained so until 1850.[23]In 1815, theMarquess of Hastingsordered the repair of monuments at Sikri and Sikandra.[25]The town was amunicipalityfrom 1865 to 1904 and was later made anotified area.The population in 1901 was 7,147.[26]

Demographics

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As of2011 Indian Census,Fatehpur Sikri had a total population of 32,905, of which 17,392 were males and 15,513 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 5,139. The total number of literates in Fatehpur Sikri was 17,236, which constituted 52.4% of the population with male literacy of 60.4% and female literacy of 43.4%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Fatehpur Sikri was 62.1%, of which male literacy rate was 71.6% and female literacy rate was 51.4%. TheScheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribespopulation was 4,110 and 1 respectively. Fatehpur Sikri had 4936 households in 2011.[1]

Language

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According to the 2011 census, 98.81% of the people identified asHindispeakers and 1.04% asBrajbhashaspeakers.[27]

Government and politics

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Fatehpur Sikri is one of the fifteenBlockheadquarters in theAgra district.It has 52Gram panchayats(VillagePanchayat) under it.

TheFatehpur Sikri,is a constituency of theLok Sabha,Lower house of theIndian Parliament,and further comprises fiveVidhan Sabha(legislative assembly) segments:

Architecture

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General plan of Fatehpur Sikri city in 1917.

Fatehpur Sikri sits on a rocky ridge, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) in length and 1 km (0.62 mi) wide, and the palace city is surrounded by a 6 km (3.7 mi) wall on three sides with the fourth bordered by a lake. The city is generally organised around this 40 m high ridge, and falls roughly into the shape of a rhombus. The general layout of the ground structures, especially the "continuous and compact pattern of gardens and services and facilities" that characterised the city leads urban archaeologists to conclude that Fatehpur Sikri was built primarily to afford leisure and luxury to its famous residents.[14]

The dynastic architecture of Fatehpur Sikri was modelled onTimurid forms and styles.[28]The city was built massively and preferably with red sandstone.[29]Gujarati influences are also seen in its architectural vocabulary and decor of the palaces of Fatehpur Sikri.[30]The city's architecture reflects both the Hindu and Muslim form of domestic architecture popular in India at the time.[31]The remarkable preservation of these original spaces allows modern archaeologists to reconstruct scenes of Mughal court life, and to better understand the hierarchy of the city's royal and noble residents.[14]

It is accessed through gates along the 5 miles (8.0 km) long fort wall, namely, Delhi Gate, the Lal Gate, the Agra Gate and Birbal's Gate, Chandanpal Gate, The Gwalior Gate, the Tehra Gate, the Chor Gate, and the Ajmeri Gate. The palace contains summer palace and winter palace forQueen Mariam-uz-Zamanicommonly known as Jodha Bai.

Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri
Tomb of Salim ChishtiinJama Masjidcourtyard, Fatehpur Sikri
Panch Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri
Hiran Minar, Fatehpur Sikri
Rear view of the grand gateway ofJodha Bai Mahal,the largest residential complex in Fatehpur Sikri

Some of the important buildings in this city, both religious and secular are:

  • Buland Darwaza:Set into the south wall of congregational mosque, the Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri is 54 metres (177 ft) high, from the ground, gradually making a transition to a human scale in the inside. The gate was added around five years after the completion of the mosquec. 1576-1577as a victory arch, to commemorateAkbar's successful Gujarat campaign. It carries two inscriptions in the archway, one of which reads: "Isa, Son of Mariam said: The world is a bridge, pass over it, but build no houses on it. He who hopes for an hour may hope for eternity. The world endures but an hour. Spend it in prayer, for the rest is unseen".
    The central portico comprises three arched entrances, with the largest one, in the centre, is known locally as the Horseshoe Gate, after the custom of nailing horseshoes to its large wooden doors for luck. Outside the giant steps of the Buland Darwaza to the left is a deep well.
  • Jama Masjid:It is aJama Mosquemeaning the congregational mosque and was perhaps one of the first buildings to be constructed in the complex, as its epigraph givesAH979 (A.D. 1571–72) as the date of its completion, with a massive entrance to the courtyard, the Buland Darwaza added some five years later. It was built in the manner of Indian mosques, with iwans around a central courtyard. A distinguishing feature is the row ofchhatriover the sanctuary. There are threemihrabsin each of the seven bays, while the large central mihrab is covered by a dome, it is decorated with white marbleinlay,in geometric patterns.
  • Tomb of Salim Chishti:A white marble encased tomb of theSufisaintSalim Chishti(1478–1572), within the Jama Masjid'ssahn(courtyard). The single-storey structure is built around a central square chamber, within which is the grave of the saint, under an ornate wooden canopy encrusted withmother-of-pearlmosaic. Surrounding it is a covered passageway forcircumambulation,with carvedJalis,stone pierced screens all around with intricate geometric design and an entrance to the south. The tomb is influenced by earlier mausolea of the early 15th centuryGujarat Sultanateperiod. Other striking features of the tomb are white marble serpentinebrackets,which support slopingeavesaround theparapet.
    On the left of the tomb, to the east, stands a red sandstone tomb ofIslam Khan I,son of Shaikh Badruddin Chishti and grandson of Shaikh Salim Chishti, who became a general in the Mughal army in the reign ofJahangir.The tomb is topped by a dome and thirty-six small domedchattrisand contains a number of graves, some unnamed, all male descendants of Shaikh Salim Chishti.
  • Diwan-i-Aam:Diwan-i-Aamor Hall of Public Audience, is a building typology found in many cities where the ruler meets the general public. In this case, it is a pavilion-like multi-bayed rectangular structure fronting a large open space. South west of the Diwan-i-Am and next to the Turkic Sultana's House stand Turkic Baths.
  • Diwan-i-Khas: theDiwan-i-Khasor Hall of Private Audience, is a plain square building with fourchhatrison the roof. However it is famous for its central pillar, which has a square base and an octagonal shaft, both carved with bands of geometric and floral designs, further its thirty-six serpentinebracketssupport a circular platform for Akbar, which is connected to each corner of the building on the first floor, by four stone walkways. It is here that Akbar had representatives of different religions discuss their faiths and gave private audience.
  • Ibadat Khana:(House of Worship) was a meeting house built in 1575 by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, where the foundations of a newSyncretisticfaith,Din-e-Ilahiwere laid by Akbar.
  • Anup Talao:Anup Talao was built by Raja Anup Singh Sikarwar. An ornamental pool with a central platform and four bridges leading up to it. Some of the important buildings of the royal enclave are surround by it including,Khwabgah(House of Dreams) Akbar's residence,Panch Mahal,a five-storey palace,Diwan-i-Khas(Hall of Private Audience),Ankh Michauliand the Astrologer's Seat, in the south-west corner of the Pachisi Court.
  • Jodha Bai Mahal:The place of residence of Akbar's favourite and chief Rajput wife,Mariam-uz-Zamani,commonly known as Jodha Bai, shows Rajput influence and is built around a courtyard, with special care being taken to ensure privacy. It also has a Hindu temple and a tulsi math used by his Hindu wife for worship. This palace was internally connected to the khawabgah of Akbar.
  • Naubat Khana:Also known asNaqqar Khanameaning adrum house,where musician used drums to announce the arrival of the Emperor. It is situated ahead of theHathi Pol Gateor the Elephant Gate, the south entrance to the complex, suggesting that it was the imperial entrance.
  • Pachisi Court: A square marked out as a large board game, the precursor to modern dayLudogame where people served as the playing pieces. Though many historians argue it to have been constructed in 17th century.
  • Panch Mahal:A five-storied palatial structure, with the tiers gradually diminishing in size, until the final one, which is a single large-domedchhatri.Originally pierced stone screens faced the facade and probably sub-divided the interior as well, suggesting it was built for the ladies of the court. The floors are supported by intricately carved columns on each level, totalling to 176 columns in all.
  • Birbal's House: The house of Akbar's favourite minister, who was a Hindu. Notable features of the building are the horizontal sloping sunshades orchajjasand the brackets which support them.
  • Hiran Minar: The Hiran Minar, or Elephant Tower, is a circular tower covered with stone projections in the form of elephant tusks. Traditionally it was thought to have been erected as a memorial to the Emperor Akbar's favourite elephant. However, it was probably a used as a starting point for subsequent mileposts.[32]

Other buildings includedTaksal(mint),Daftar Khana(Records Office),Karkhana(royal workshop),Khazana(Treasury),Hammam(Turkic Baths),Darogha'squarters, stables,caravanserai,Hakim's quarters, etc.

Transport

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Fatehpur Sikri is about 39 kilometres (24 mi) from Agra. The nearest Airport isAgra Airport(also known asKheria Airport), 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Fatehpur Sikri. The nearest railway station isFatehpur Sikri railway station,about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the city centre. It is connected to Agra and neighbouring centres by road, where regular bus services are operated byUPSRTC,in addition to tourist buses and taxis.

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In literature

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Wikisourcehas original text related to this article:

In her poetical illustration to an engraving of a painting by William Purser,Futtypore Sicri(Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833),Letitia Elizabeth Landonassociates its abandonment by Akbar with 'the revenge of the dead'.[33]

Vita Sackville-West,in her novelAll Passion Spent,places the key meeting between Deborah, Lady Slane, and Mr FitzGeorge, at Fatehpur Sikri.

She stood again on the terrace of the deserted Indian city looking across the brown landscape where puffs of rising dust marked at intervals the road to Agra. She leaned her arms upon the warm parapet and slowly twirled her parasol. She twirled it because she was slightly ill at ease. She and the young man beside her were isolated from the rest of the world.[34]

Salman Rushdie's novelThe Enchantress of Florenceis partly set in 16th century Fatehpur Sikri.[35]

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  • Buland Darwaza
  • Buland Darwaza rear view
  • King's Gate
  • Palace of Akbar's favourite consort, Queen Mariam-uz-Zamani
  • Diwan-i-Khas
  • Mariam-uz-Zamani's kitchen
  • Akbar's Harem Complex
  • Panoramic view of Fatehpur Sikri Palace
  • Fatehpur Sikri near Agra, Uttar Pradesh
  • Fatehpur Sikri near Agra in Uttar Pradesh

See also

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References

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  1. ^ab"Census of India: Fatehpur Sikri".censusindia.gov.in.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2020.Retrieved8 December2019.
  2. ^ab"52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"(PDF).nclm.nic.in.Ministry of Minority Affairs.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 May 2017.Retrieved26 December2018.
  3. ^"Fatehpur Sikri".tajmahal.gov.in.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2022.Retrieved8 March2022.
  4. ^Andrew Petersen (11 March 2002).Dictionary of Islamic Architecture.Routlegde. p. 82.ISBN9781134613656.
  5. ^Patil, Devendrakumar Rajaram (1963).The Antiquarian Remains in Bihar.Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute. p. 75.
  6. ^Hindu Shah, Muhammad Qasim.Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi.p. 223.
  7. ^"Fatehpur Sikri".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.Archivedfrom the original on 15 February 2022.Retrieved15 February2022.
  8. ^"30 Years as World Heritage Site: Fatehpur Sikri".22 March 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 13 January 2022.Retrieved13 January2022.
  9. ^Rezavi, Syed Ali Nadeem (2013).Sikri before Akbar.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-908256-8.Archivedfrom the original on 13 January 2020.Retrieved13 January2020.
  10. ^Safvi, Rana (10 December 2017)."The secrets about Fatehpur Sikri".The Hindu.Archivedfrom the original on 13 January 2020.Retrieved13 January2020.
  11. ^"Fatehpur Sikri, that Mughal emperor Akbar established as his capital and is now a World Heritage site, was once a" flourishing trade and Jain pilgrimage centre ", a new book says.",India Times,17 July 2013,archivedfrom the original on 12 November 2020,retrieved30 March2016
  12. ^"Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre: Book",Zee News,27 February 2013,archivedfrom the original on 13 February 2021,retrieved29 March2016
  13. ^"Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre",The Free Press Journal,28 February 2013
  14. ^abcdePetruccioli, Attilio (1984)."The Process Evolved by Control Systems of Urban Design in the Mogul Epoch in India: The Case of Fatehpur Sikri"(PDF).Environmental Design:18–27. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 March 2018.Retrieved22 March2018– via ARCHNET.
  15. ^abCatherine Ella Blanshard Asher (1992).Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume.Cambridge University Press. p. 22.ISBN9780521267281.
  16. ^Annette Susannah Beveridge (2002).Babur-nama: (Memoirs of Babur).Sang-e-Meel Publications, University of Michigan Press. p. 851.ISBN9789693512939.
  17. ^Edward James Rapson,Sir Wolseley Haig,Sir Richard Burn,Henry Dodwell,Mortimer Wheeler(1963).The Cambridge History of India, Volume 4.Cambridge University Press. p. 103.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher (1992).Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4.Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–53.ISBN9780521267281.
  19. ^Andrew Petersen (11 March 2002).Dictionary of Islamic Architecture.Routlegde. pp. 82–84.ISBN9781134613656.
  20. ^Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava(1973).Akbar the Great, Vol. III: Society and culture in 16th century India.Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 10.
  21. ^Abraham Eraly(200).Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals.Penguin Books India. p. 179.ISBN9780141001432.
  22. ^Abraham Eraly(2000).Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals.Penguin Books India. p. 284.ISBN9780141001432.
  23. ^abAniruddha Roy (2016).Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey.Taylor & Francis. p. 262.ISBN9781351997317.
  24. ^Randolf G. S. Cooper (2003).The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy.Cambridge University Press. p. 200.ISBN9780521824446.
  25. ^Singh, Upinder(2004).The discovery of ancient India: early archaeologists and the beginnings of archaeology.Permanent Black. p. 185.ISBN9788178240886.
  26. ^Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series, Volume 24, Issue 1.Superintendent of Government Print. 1908. p. 415.
  27. ^"C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Town level".censusindia.gov.in.Archivedfrom the original on 28 July 2021.Retrieved2 April2021.
  28. ^Markus Hattstein, Peter Delius (2000).Islam: Art and Architecture.Könemann. p. 466.
  29. ^Moritz Herrmann (2011).Mughal Architecture.GRIN Verlag. p. 3.ISBN9783640930036.
  30. ^Ebba Koch(1991).Mughal Architecture: An Outline of Its History and Development (1526-1858).Prestel. p. 60.
  31. ^Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher (1992).Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4.Cambridge University Press. p. 50.ISBN9780521267281.
  32. ^Wright, Colin."General view of the Hiran Minar, Fatehpur Sikri".bl.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2021.Retrieved13 December2019.
  33. ^Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1832). "poetical illustration".Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833.Fisher, Son & Co.Archivedfrom the original on 21 November 2022.Retrieved21 November2022.Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1832). "picture".Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833.Fisher, Son & Co.Archivedfrom the original on 21 November 2022.Retrieved21 November2022.
  34. ^FromAll Passion Spent(Hogarth Press,1931)
  35. ^Choudhury, Chandrahas (18 April 2008)."An ode to adolescent fantasy".Mint.Archivedfrom the original on 27 March 2022.Retrieved27 March2022.

Further reading

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