Wikipedia

Fife

This article is about the area in Scotland. For the musical instrument, seeFife (instrument).For other uses, seeFife (disambiguation).
"Fifeshire" redirects here. For other uses, seeFifeshire (disambiguation).

Fife(/faɪf/FYFE,Scottish English:[fɐi̯f];Scottish Gaelic:Fìobha[ˈfiːvə];Scots:Fife) is acouncil area,historic county,registration countyandlieutenancy areaofScotland.It is situated between theFirth of Tayand theFirth of Forth,with inland boundaries withPerth and Kinross(i.e., the historic counties ofPerthshireandKinross-shire) andClackmannanshire.By custom it is widely held to have been one of the majorPictishkingdoms,known asFib,and is still commonly known as theKingdom of Fifewithin Scotland. A person from Fife is known as aFifer.In older documents the county was very occasionally known by theanglicisationFifeshire.

Fife
Fìobha(Scottish Gaelic)
Lieutenancyandcouncil area
Coat of arms of Fife
Coat of arms
Fife shown within Scotland
Fife shown withinScotland
Coordinates:56°15′00″N3°12′00″W/ 56.25000°N 3.20000°W/56.25000; -3.20000
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryScotland
Unitary authority1 April 1996
AdministrativeHQFife House, Glenrothes
Government
[1]
• TypeCouncil
• BodyFife Council
•ControlNo overall control
•MPs
4 MPs
•MSPs
5 MSPs
Area
[2]
• Total512 sq mi (1,325 km2)
• Rank13th
Population
(2022)[2]
• Total371,340
• Rank3rd
• Density700/sq mi (280/km2)
DemonymFifer
Time zoneUTC+0(GMT)
• Summer (DST)UTC+1(BST)
ISO 3166 codeGB-FIF
GSS codeS12000047
Websitefife.gov.uk

Fife is Scotland's 3rd largest local authority areaby population.It had a resident population of 371,340 in 2022,[2]over a third of whom live in the three principal settlements,Dunfermline,KirkcaldyandGlenrothes.On the northeast coast of Fife lies the historic town ofSt Andrews,home to theUniversity of St Andrews—the mostancient university of Scotlandand one of theoldest universities in the world—and theOld Course at St Andrews,considered the world's oldestgolf course.

History

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Fife, bounded to the north by theFirth of Tayand to the south by theFirth of Forth,is a natural peninsula whose political boundaries have changed little over the ages. ThePictish king listandDe Situ Albaniedocuments of thePoppleton manuscriptmention the division of thePictishrealm orAlbanyinto seven sub-kingdoms, one being Fife.[3]: 70–72 The earliest known reference to the common epithetThe Kingdom of Fifedates from only 1678, in a proposition that the term derives from the quasi-regal privileges of theEarl of Fife.[3]: 132 The notion of a kingdom may derive from a misinterpretation of an extract fromWyntoun.[3]: 133 The name is recorded asFibin A.D. 1150 andFifin 1165. It was often associated withFothriff.

The hill-fort ofClatchard Craig,nearNewburgh,was occupied as an importantPictishstronghold between the sixth and eighth centuries AD.[4][5]

Fife was an important royal and political centre from the reign of KingMalcolm IIIonwards, as the leaders ofScotlandgradually moved southwards away from their ancient strongholds around Scone. Malcolm had his principal home inDunfermlineand his wifeMargaretwas the main benefactor ofDunfermline Abbey.The Abbey replacedIonaas the final resting place of Scotland's royal elite, withRobert Iamongst those to be buried there.[6]

The Earl of Fife was until the 15th century considered the principal peer of the Scottish realm, and reserved the right of crowning the nation's monarchs, reflecting the prestige of the area.

A new royal palace was gradually constructed atFalkland,formerly the stronghold ofClan MacDuff,and was used by successive monarchs of theHouse of Stuart,who favoured Fife for its rich hunting grounds.[7]

KingJames VI of Scotlanddescribed Fife, inMiddle Scots,as a:"beggar's mantle fringed wi gowd"[8]the golden fringe being the coast and its chain of little ports with their thriving fishing fleets and rich trading links with theLow Countries.Wool,linen,coalandsaltwere all traded.Salt pansheated by local coal were historically a feature of the Fife coast. The distinctive red clay pan tiles seen on many old buildings in Fife arrived as ballast on trading boats and replaced the previously thatched roofs.

In 1598, King James VI employed a group of 11 men from Fife, who became known as theFife adventurers,to colonise theIsle of Lewisin an attempt to begin the "civilisation" and de-gaelicisation of the region.[9]This endeavour lasted until 1609 when the colonists, having been opposed by the native population, were bought out byKenneth Mackenzie,theclan chiefof theMackenzies.[9]

Fife became a centre of heavy industry in the 19th century. Coal had been mined in the area since at least the 12th century, but the number of pits increased ten-fold as demand for coal grew in the Victorian period. Previously rural villages such asCowdenbeathrapidly swelled into towns as thousands moved to Fife to find work in its mines. The opening of theForthandTayrail bridges linked Fife with Dundee and Edinburgh and allowed the rapid transport of goods. Modern ports were constructed atMethil,BurntislandandRosyth.Kirkcaldy became the world centre for the production oflinoleum.PostwarFife saw the development of Scotland's secondnew town,Glenrothes.Originally to provide housing for miners at a new coal mine, the town eventually attracted a high number of modernSilicon Glencompanies to the region.[10][11][12][13]Fife Council and Fife Constabulary also centre their operations in Glenrothes.

There are numerous notable historical buildings in Fife, some of which are managed by theNational Trust for ScotlandorHistoric Scotland.They include Dunfermline Abbey (the last resting place of Scottish royalty), the palace in Culross, Ravenscraig Castle in Kirkcaldy, Dysart Harbour area,Balgonie Castlenear Coaltown of Balgonie, Falkland Palace (hunting palace of the Scottish Kings), Kellie Castle near Pittenweem,Hill of Tarvit(a historical house), St. Andrews Castle,St. Andrews CathedralandSt. Rule's Tower.

Administrative history

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Map of Scottish provinces in 1689 showing the earldom of Fife, which included Kinross and Clackmannan.

Fife was one of the ancientprovinces of Scotland,under the authority of theMormaerorEarl of Fife.The early province of Fife appears to have covered only that part of the later county lying east of a line fromNewburghtoScoonie.The western part of the later county was in the province ofFothriff,which also covered areas that would later becomeKinross-shireand part ofClackmannanshire,including the town ofClackmannan.By the early thirteenth century Fothriff had been joined to the earldom of Fife. Sometime between the reign ofDavid I(reigned 1124–1153) and the mid-thirteenth century, this part of Scotland was divided intoshires,being areas administered by asheriff.Kinross and Clackmannan were each given their own sheriffs, whilst the rest of the Fife and Fothriff area was placed under the authority of theSheriff of Fife.[14]

Over time, Scotland's shires became more significant than the old provinces, with more administrative functions being given to the sheriffs. The larger earldom of Fife, including Kinross and Clackmannan, was therefore gradually eclipsed in importance by the smaller shire of Fife. In 1667Commissioners of Supplywere established for each shire, which would serve as the main administrative body for the area until the creation of county councils in 1890. Following theActs of Unionin 1707, the English term "county" came to be used interchangeably with the older term "shire".[15]

Elected county councils were established in 1890 under theLocal Government (Scotland) Act 1889,taking most of the functions of the commissioners (which were eventually abolished in 1930). The twoburghsofDunfermlineandKirkcaldywere deemed capable of managing their own affairs and so were excluded from the administrative area of the county council.[16]The 1889 act also led to a review of boundaries, with severalexclavesbeing transferred to a county they actually bordered, and parishes which straddled more than one county being adjusted such that each parish was entirely in a single county. These changes saw some adjustments to Fife's boundaries with Kinross-shire and Perthshire, with the most significant change being that Fife gained the two parishes ofCulrossandTulliallan,which had previously formed an exclave of Perthshire.[17]Dunfermline and Kirkcaldy were brought within the administrative area of the county council in 1930, but classed aslarge burghs,allowing them to continue to deliver many local government functions themselves.[18]

County Buildings, Cupar,the former headquarters of Fife County Council

Fife County Council was based atCounty Buildingsin Catherine Street inCupar,which had been built in 1817 as the county's sheriff court and meeting place for the commissioners of supply, replacing the town's medievaltolboothwhich had performed the same functions.[19][20]

Fife County Council was abolished in 1975 under theLocal Government (Scotland) Act 1973,which replaced Scotland's counties, burghs andlandward districtswith a two-tier structure of upper-tierregionsand lower-tierdistricts.Fife region was created covering the same area as the county, divided into threedistricts:Dunfermline,KirkcaldyandNorth-East Fife.In 1996 the district councils were abolished and Fife Regional Council became aunitary authorityknown as Fife Council. Fife is one of the six local authorities in thecity regionof Edinburgh and southeast Scotland.

There was aparliamentary constituencyofFifein theHouse of Commons of the United Kingdomuntil 1885 and theFife constituencyin theParliament of Scotlanduntil theActs of Union 1707.

Governance

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Main article:Fife Council
Fife House,seat of Fife Council

Fife is represented by five constituency members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) and four members of the United Kingdom parliament (MPs) who are sent toHolyroodand theBritish Parliamentrespectively. Following the2015 general election,all four of the MPs constituencies were held by theScottish National Party.[21]In the2017 general election,Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeathwas regained byLabour.[22]At the same election, the seat ofNorth East Fifebecame the closest seat in the country with the SNP holding a majority of 2 over theLiberal Democrats.[23]Three of the Scottish Parliament constituencies are held by theScottish National Party:Cowdenbeath,DunfermlineandMid Fife and Glenrothes.One is held by theScottish Liberal Democrats:North East Fife.[24]

Fife Council's administrative headquarters andPolice Scotland's P Division (formerlyFife Constabulary) are based inGlenrothes.The Council meetings take place inFife Housein the town centre. The west wing of the building was built by the Glenrothes Development Corporation (GDC) as their offices in 1969, which was later used as the headquarters of Fife Regional Council from shortly after its creation in 1975.[25][26]

Geography

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Fifeshire & Kinross-shire Civil Parish map,[27]with parishes outlined in red
Fife is divided into 22 wards, each electing council members of theFife Council.

Fife is apeninsulain eastern Scotland bordered on the north by theFirth of Tay,on the east by theNorth Seaand by theFirth of Forthto the south. The route to the west is partially blocked by the mass of theOchil Hills.Almost all road traffic into and out of Fife has to pass over one of four bridges, south on theForth Road Bridge(public transport and cyclists only) andQueensferry Crossing,west on theKincardine Bridgeor north-east via theTay Road Bridge,the exception being traffic headed north on theM90.Tolls were abolished on the Tay Road Bridge and Forth Road Bridge on 11 February 2008.

There are extinctvolcanicfeatures, such as theLomond Hillswhich rise above rolling farmland, andLargo Law,avolcanic plugin the east. At 522 metres (1,713 ft), theWest Lomondis the highest point in Fife. The coast has fine but small harbours, from the industrial docks inBurntislandandRosythto the fishing villages of theEast Neuksuch asAnstrutherandPittenweem.The large area of flat land to the north of the Lomond Hills, through which theRiver Edenflows, is known as theHowe of Fife.

Looking across the farmland of North East Fife to the distantLomond Hills

North of the Lomond Hills can be found villages and small towns in a primarily agricultural landscape. The areas in the south and west of Fife, including the towns ofDunfermline,Glenrothes,Kirkcaldyand theLevenmouthregion are lightly industrial and more densely populated. The only areas which could claim to be heavily industrial areRosyth,around the naval dockyard and perhaps the Mossmorran Natural Gas Liquids fractionation plant on the outskirts of Cowdenbeath.

The east corner of Fife, along the string of villages betweenEarlsferryandKingsbarns,and along with their hinterland, is known as the East Neuk (corner, or projecting point of land) of Fife;[28]small settlements around sheltered harbours, with distinctive vernacular "Dutch" orcorbie (crow) stepped gabledand stone-built architecture. The area has amongst the highest concentration of second homes and holiday lets in Scotland.[29][30][31][32]Thefishing industry,on which the coastal East Neuk settlements were built, has declined in recent years with the main fishing fleet now operating from Pittenweem and the harbour in Anstruther being used as a marina for pleasure craft.

There are several islands located off the coast of Fife, such as theIsle of May,InchkeithandInchcolm.The formerPreston Islandsouth ofValleyfieldis no longer an island following land reclamation work.

Demography

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Ethnic Group 2001[33] 2011[33][34] 2022[35]
Number % Number % Number %
White:Total 345,003 98.73% 356,550 97.63% 356,885 95.99%
White:Scottish 308,380 88.25% 312,957 85.70% 302,087 81.25%
White:Other British 29,827 8.54% 31,464 8.62% 36,025 9.69%
White:Irish 2,147 0.61% 2,260 0.62% 2,658 0.71%
White:Gypsy/Traveller[note 1] – – 316 – 277 –
White:Polish[note 1] – – 3,058 0.84% 5,491 1.48%
White:Other 4,649 1.33% 6,495 1.78% 10,347 2.78%
Asian,Asian ScottishorAsian British:Total 2,734 0.78% 5,748 1.57% 8,014 2.16%
Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British:Indian 514 0.15% 1,066 0.29% 1,732 0.47%
Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British:Pakistani 1,199 0.34% 1,902 0.52% 2,599 0.70%
Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British:Bangladeshi 72 0.02% 118 – 212 0.06%
Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British:Chinese 750 0.21% 1,735 0.48% 1,878 0.51%
Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British:Asian Other 199 0.06% 927 0.25% 1,596 0.43%
Black,Black ScottishorBlack British[note 2] 93 – – – – –
African:Total 286 0.08% 704 0.19% 1,355 0.36%
African:African,African ScottishorAfrican British – – 684 0.19% 175 –
African:Other African – – 20 – 1,179 0.39%
CaribbeanorBlack:Total – – 422 0.12% 316 0.08%
Caribbean 113 – 234 0.06% 125 –
Black – – 141 – 28 –
Caribbean or Black:Other – – 47 – 164 –
Mixed or multiple ethnic groups:Total 757 0.22% 1,257 0.34% 3,312 0.89%
Other: Total 443 0.13% 517 0.14% 1,899 0.51%
Other:Arab[note 1] – – 299 0.08% 653 0.18%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – 218 0.06% 1,236 0.33%
Total: 349,429 100.00% 365,198 100.00% 371,781 100.00%

Settlements

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class=notpageimage|
The largest settlements in Fife

Cupartook over ascounty townfromCrailin the early 13th century.Glenrothesis now the administrative centre, after the decision to locate the headquarters of the newly established Fife Regional Council there in 1975. Fife's three major towns areKirkcaldy,Dunfermline(awardedcity statusin 2022) and Glenrothes. According to the 2012 estimate, Dunfermline is the largest settlement by population,[36]followed byKirkcaldythen Glenrothes. The next most sizeable towns by population areSt Andrews,Cowdenbeath,Rosyth,MethilandDalgety Bay.

Largest settlements by population:

Settlement Population (2022)[37]
Dunfermline

54,990

Kirkcaldy

50,370

Glenrothes

38,360

St Andrews

18,410

Rosyth

13,570

Cowdenbeath

12,030

Methil

10,890

Dalgety Bay

9,710

Leven

9,420

Cupar

8,960

Lochgelly

7,300

Kelty

6,760[a]

Burntisland

6,630

Ballingry

5,940

Cardenden

5,190

Inverkeithing

4,820

Kennoway

4,570

Newport-on-Tay

4,210

Buckhaven

4,050

Anstruther

3,950

Tayport

3,750

Leuchars

3,160

Leslie

3,010

Kincardine

2,940

Kinghorn

2,940

  1. ^Part ofKeltyis located inPerth and Kinross.

Historic parishes

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The county was formerly divided into parishes, often but not always based on a town or village:

Communities

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Fife is divided into 105community council areas,85 of which havecommunity councilsas at 2023.[39]

Culture

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Falkland Palace
Scottish Lowlandsfarm. Detail from Slezer's Prospect of Dunfermline, 1693
A closer view of theLomond Hills,seen fromAuchtermuchty

Fife contains 4,961listed buildingsand 48conservation areas.[40]Domestic sites of importance includeFalkland Palace,Kellie Castle,Dunfermline Palace,St Andrews Castle,Culross Palaceand Kirkcaldy'sRavenscraig Castle.Fife also has a number ofecclesiastical sitesof historical interest.St Andrews Cathedralwas home to the powerfulArchbishopric of St Andrews,and later became a centre of theScottish Reformation,whileDunfermline Abbeywas the last resting place of a number of Scottish kings.BalmerinoandCulrossabbeys were both founded in the 13th century by theCistercians,while a century beforeLindores Abbeywas founded by theTironensiansoutsideNewburgh;all were highly important sites.

TheStanza Poetry Festival,East Neuk Festival,and Pittenweem Arts Festival are events of national cultural importance. Smaller festivals like theCupar Arts Festivalalso take place. TheByre Theatrein St Andrews and Adam Smith Theatre in Kirkcaldy are both highly regarded as touring venues, the latter also being the base of thegrand operacompanyFife Opera.The Byre has re-opened in Autumn, 2014[41]following its going intoadministrationin 2012.[42]

Places of interest

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Fife Coastal Path
Forth Bridge
St Andrews Cathedral
St Andrews Castle
Isle of May
Deep Sea World
Swilcan Bridge
Dunfermline Abbey
Pittencrieff Park

Notable Fifers

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Sports

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St Andrewsin Fife is the home ofgolf,and the headquarters ofThe R&A,the governing body of the sport throughout the world, aside from the United States and Mexico.The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews,from which it was devolved in 2004, is the world's oldest golf club.

Fife has fourfootballclubs that play in theScottish Professional Football League:Dunfermline Athletic,East Fife(based in Methil),Kelty Hearts,andRaith Rovers(based in Kirkcaldy);Cowdenbeathplayed at this level between 1905 and 2022 but are now members of theLowland Football League.Fifteen clubs compete in theEast of Scotland Leaguewhile one plays in theSJFA East Region.

Fife Flyers(based in Kirkcaldy) are the UK's oldestice hockeyclub and play in Britain's top flight, theElite Ice Hockey League.

Fife is also home to eightrugby unionclubs.Howe of Fife(based in Cupar), andKirkcaldyplay inScottish Rugby's national leagues whileDunfermline,Rosyth Sharks,Glenrothes,Madras,Waid Academy (based in Anstruther) compete in theCaledonia regional leagues.University of St Andrews– the oldest rugby club in Fife – play in theBritish Universities & Colleges Sport(BUCS) system.

Kingdom Kangaroosare Fife's onlyAustralian Rules Footballteam, with training held inRosythandKirkcaldy.

Aberdour Shinty Clubhave two men's teams, two women's teams and multiple youth squads.

Fife also has two competitivebasketballteams;Dunfermline Reign,who play out ofSt Columba's High Schoolin Dunfermline and compete across a number of nationalSBCcompetitions, andFife Steel,a Kirkcaldy-based team, operating a number of age groups, with a Senior men's and an under 19's team currently playing in Division 3 of theLothian Men's Basketball League.

Fife is the location of several of the nation'smotorsportvenues:Knockhill Racing Circuit,Scotland's national motorsport venue and the onlyFIA-graded venue in the country; Cowdenbeath Racewall, a stock car oval racing venue; Lochgelly Raceway, a venue containing theDriftlanddrifting course and a 1/4 mile oval; and Crail Raceway, a venue located on a former militaryaerodromecontaining a 1/4 mile drag strip and a karting circuit, operated by the East of Scotland Kart Club.

Media

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Locally published newspapers include theFife Free PressinKirkcaldy;theDunfermline PressinDunfermline;theGlenrothes GazetteinGlenrothes,theEast Fife MailinLeven,theFife HeraldinCupar/ Howe of Fife and theSt Andrews CitizeninSt Andrews.DC Thomsonpublishes Fife and West Fife editions of theDundee Courier & Advertiser,[43]and the Counties Edition of theEvening Telegraphis sold in Fife.

The only Fife-based radio station isKingdom FM.There is also a community radio station that broadcasts each evening and is run solely by youths, called Fife Youth Radio. Other local radio stations,Tay FM,Greatest Hits Radio Tayside & Fifeand Edinburgh'sForth 1andGreatest Hits Radio Edinburgh, Lothians & Fife,broadcast to the northern and southern parts of the region respectively.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^abcNew category created for the 2011 census
  2. ^Category restructured for the 2011 census

References

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  1. ^"Council & Democracy".Fife Council.Retrieved15 September2024.
  2. ^abc"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022".Office for National Statistics.26 March 2024.Retrieved3 May2024.
  3. ^abcTaylor, Simon; Gilbert Márkus (2012).The Place-Names of Fife, Volume 5.Donington, Lincs.: Shaun Tyas.ISBN9781907730085.
  4. ^"The site record for Clatchard Craig at RCAHMS".Canmore.rcahms.gov.uk.
  5. ^"Excavation Summary by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland"(PDF).
  6. ^"Dunfermline Abbey (SM90116)".portal.historicenvironment.scot.Dunfermline has high significance as the chosen burial place of the Canmore dynasty of Scottish kings. It took on the role of Royal Mausoleum after the loss of Iona to the kingdom of Norway. Kings and Queens believed to lie buried beneath the abbey church include Queen Margaret and King Malcolm III, David I, and Robert I. The site is unparalleled in Scotland as a royal burial place, serving this role for over 250 years. After 1371, the Stewart dynasty chose to be buried elsewhere.
  7. ^"FALKLAND PALACE (GDL00176)".portal.historicenvironment.scot.Falkland Palace was used as a home where the Stuarts could relax, play tennis, practise archery and hunt deer, wild boar, and ride out hawking in the Forest of Falkland.
  8. ^Crofton, Ian (5 November 2012).A Dictionary of Scottish Phrase and Fable.Birlinn.ISBN9780857906373.
  9. ^abKeay, John & Julia (1994).Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland.HarperCollins. p. 370.ISBN978-0-00-255082-6.
  10. ^"Glenrothes And Markinch Visitor Guide - Accommodation, Things To Do & More".visitscotland.
  11. ^Brown, Kate (17 May 2022)."Rothes Colliery: When the ill-fated Glenrothes coal mine was blasted into rubble".
  12. ^"Glenrothes at 70 - scandal, art and royalty".fifetoday.co.uk.5 July 2018.
  13. ^The Professional Engineer in Society.Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 1989.ISBN9781853025013.
  14. ^Chalmers, George (1894).Caledonia (Volume 7).Paisley: Alexander Gardner. pp. 112–119.Retrieved22 April2023.
  15. ^Brown, Keith."Act of the convention of estates of the kingdom of Scotland etc. for a new and voluntary offer to his majesty of £72,000 monthly for the space of twelve months, 23 January 1667".Records of the Parliament of Scotland.University of St Andrews.Retrieved25 February2023.
  16. ^Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, c. 50
  17. ^Shennan, Hay (1892).Boundaries of counties and parishes in Scotland as settled by the Boundary Commissioners under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889.Edinburgh: W. Green. p. 249.Retrieved22 April2023.
  18. ^"Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929",legislation.gov.uk,The National Archives,1929 c. 25,retrieved22 April2023
  19. ^Historic Environment Scotland."County Buildings and former Court House, excluding 4-storey offices and police station adjoining to rear and single storey block to east, St Catherine Street, Cupar (LB24160)".Retrieved18 July2021.
  20. ^"Cupar, Tolbooth".Canmore.Historic Environment Scotland.Retrieved22 April2023.
  21. ^"MPs of Fife".Parliament UK.Retrieved1 August2015.
  22. ^"Kirkcaldy & Cowdenbeath parliamentary constituency – Election 2017".BBC News.
  23. ^"Fife North East parliamentary constituency – Election 2017".BBC News.
  24. ^"Scotland Election 2016".BBC News.
  25. ^"Briefly".Aberdeen Press and Journal.26 November 1975. p. 15.Retrieved22 April2023....at the last meeting of Fife Regional Council to take place in County Hall, Cupar, before they move to Fife House, Glenrothes...
  26. ^FergusonA History of Glenrothesp.91.
  27. ^"The Imperial gazetteer of Scotland; or, Dictionary of Scottish topography".21 July 2010.Retrieved14 April2020.
  28. ^"Fife Place-name Data:: The East Neuk".Fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk.Retrieved16 April2020.
  29. ^Evans, Anna; Graham, Eddy; Rae, Alasdair; Robertson, Douglas; Serpa, Regina (October 2019)."Research into the impact of short-term lets on communities across Scotland"(PDF).Scottish Government.The Indigo House Group in association with IBP Strategy and Research.
  30. ^"Why the East Neuk has lasting appeal | Bricks & Mortar".The Times.5 May 2017.Retrieved14 April2020.
  31. ^"Visitors stay away but second home owners remain in East Neuk villages".13 April 2020.
  32. ^"Empty and second homes causing housing crisis".The Scotsman. 6 June 2018.Retrieved14 April2020.
  33. ^abCensus Dissemination Unit, Mimas (5 May 2011)."InFuse".infuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk.Retrieved24 June2022.
  34. ^"Scotland's Census 2011 – Table KS201SC".scotlandscensus.gov.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 7 January 2019.Retrieved3 November2015.
  35. ^"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data".Scotland's Census.National Records of Scotland.21 May 2024.Retrieved21 May2024.Alternative URL'Search data by location' > 'Local Authority (CA2019)' > 'Fife' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group'
  36. ^"Mid 2012 population estimates of settlements"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 October 2014.
  37. ^"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland".National Records of Scotland.31 March 2022.Retrieved31 March2022.
  38. ^"Fife Place-name Data:: Parish: Ferry-Port-on-Craig".fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk.
  39. ^"Community Councils".Fife Council.8 March 2021.Retrieved22 April2023.
  40. ^"Fife's listed buildings".Historic Scotland.Retrieved25 August2009.
  41. ^"Byre Theatre to reopen after University of St Andrews agree rescue package".Herald Scotland.19 August 2014.
  42. ^"Byre Theatre in St Andrews board 'deeply regrets' closure".BBC News.26 January 2013.Retrieved21 October2013.
  43. ^Foundry, The Theme (25 October 2013)."The Courier | British Newspapers Online".
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