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First Army (United States)

(Redirected fromFirst United States Army)
For the fictitious World War II-era unit intended to deceive Axis forces of the Invasion of Normandy, seeFirst United States Army Group.

First Armyis the oldest and longest-establishedfield armyof theUnited States Army.[4]It served as a theater army, having seen service in bothWorld War IandWorld War II,and supplied the US army with soldiers and equipment during theKorean Warand theVietnam Warunder some of the most famous and distinguishedofficersof the U.S. Army. It now serves as a mobilization, readiness and training command.[5]

First Army
Shoulder sleeve insigniaandcombat service identification badgeof the First United States Army.
Active1918-1919
1933-present
CountryUnited States
BranchUnited States Army
TypeSecurity operations
RoleTraining support
SizeTheater Army
Part ofUnited States Army Forces Command
Garrison/HQRock Island Arsenal
Rock Island County, Illinois,U.S.
Nickname(s)Doughboys
Motto(s)First in Deed
Anniversaries10 August 1918
EngagementsWorld War I
World War II
Websitefirst.army.mil
Commanders
Commanding GeneralLTGMark H. Landes
Deputy Commanding General (Operations)MG Mark D. McCormack[1]
Deputy Commanding General (Support)MG Timothy E. Brennan[2]
Command Sergeant MajorCSMChristopher A. Prosser[3]
Notable
commanders		John J. Pershing
Omar Bradley
Courtney Hodges
Russel L. Honoré
Insignia
Distinctive unit insignia
Flag

History

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Establishment and World War I

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The First Army was established on 10 August 1918 as a field army when sufficient American military manpower had arrived on theWestern Frontduring the final months ofWorld War I.The large number of troops assigned to theAmerican Expeditionary Forces(AEF) required the activation of subordinate commands. To fill this need, First Army was the first of three field armies established under the AEF. The first commander was GeneralJohn J. Pershing,who also served asCommander-in-Chief(C-in-C) of the AEF. The headquarters planned and directed the first major American offensive, the St Mihiel Offensive (September 12 to 16, 1918).[6][7]It later went on to fight in the largest and deadliest battle in the United States Army's history, theMeuse–Argonne offensive.Serving in its ranks throughout World War I were many figures who later played important roles inWorld War II.First Army, now under Lieutenant GeneralHunter Liggett,was inactivated on April 20, 1919, five months after theArmistice with Germanywhich ended hostilities.[7]

Inter-war years

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As part of the realization of the1920 amendmentto theNational Defense Act of 1916,the Army Chief of Staff, GeneralDouglas MacArthur,directed the establishment of six field armies that each commanded threecorps areasthat were geographically located. The "First Army Area" (First, Second, and Third Corps Areas) contained the First and Fourth Armies, the "Second Army Area" (Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Corps Areas) contained the Second and Fifth Armies, and the "Third Army Area" (Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Corps Areas) contained the Third and Sixth Armies. Between 1921 and 1932, the six field armies were constituted in theOrganized Reserverather than in the Regular Army, as the War Department did not see a need for active-duty field army headquarters in peacetime. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company, First Army, was originally constituted in the Organized Reserve on 15 October 1921 and allotted to the Second Corps Area. The headquarters was initiated on 28 August 1924 atNew York City,New York.In August 1927, the War Department realized it would need at least one active-duty field army, in command of three corps, in case of any contingencies, and so the First Army was withdrawn from the Organized Reserve on 15 August 1927 and demobilized.

A new field army, designated Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Seventh Army, was constituted in the Regular Army on 15 August 1927 and allotted to the SecondCorps Areain place of First Army. It was redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Company, First Army on 13 October 1927. Headquarters, First Army, was activated on 8 September 1932 atGovernor’s Island,New York, and assumed control over the First, Second, and Third Corps Areas. TheFirst Corps Areawas headquartered inBoston,Massachusetts,Second Corps Areawas headquartered atFort Jay,onGovernors IslandinNew York Harbor,andThird Corps Areaheadquarters was atFort HowardnearBaltimore, Maryland.The overall mission of First Army was commanding and training the Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units in its three corps areas.

First Army's first commander, from 1932 to 1936, was Major GeneralDennis E. Nolan,who had been the American Expeditionary Force's (AEF) chief of intelligence during World War I. He was followed by Major GeneralFox Conner,previously First Corps Area commander, who had been the AEF's Chief of Operations in World War I. In the years between the wars, Conner was a crucial mentor in the careers ofDwight EisenhowerandGeorge C. Marshall.Passed over as a candidate for Army Chief of Staff for Douglas MacArthur in 1930, Conner was assigned to command the First Corps Area instead, later commanding First Army in 1936. Conner retired in 1938.

In 1938, First Army came under command of GeneralHugh A. Drum.Drum began to develop the First Army into a bona fide field army with the expansion of the Army in 1939 and through the early 1940s. It began to establish and develop its own staff and participated in the large-scale Army maneuvers in Louisiana and North Carolina between 1939 and 1941. As the United States entered World War II, Drum was assigned command of the newly establishedEastern Defense Command,responsible for coastal and domestic defense, which relieved the First Army of this responsibility on 24 December 1942. Drum retired in 1943 when he reached the mandatory retirement age. GeneralGeorge Grunert,commander of the Second Service Command, assumed command of the First Army until Headquarters, First Army was activated in Bristol, England in January 1944 under the command of GeneralOmar Bradley.

World War II

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First Army's entry into World War II began in October 1943 asBradleyreturned to Washington, D.C., to receive his command and began to assemble a staff and headquarters to prepare forOperation Overlord,the codename assigned to the establishment of a large-scalelodgementon the European Continent followingOperation Neptune,which was theinvasion of Normandy.The headquarters were activated in January 1944 at Bristol, England.

The second iteration of the First Army as constituted in the Regular Army after World War I did not continue the lineage of the World War I-era First Army; on 27 June 1944, the World War I-era First Army was reconstituted in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, First Army, and was consolidated with the active Headquarters and Headquarters Company, First Army. Upon going ashore on 6 June 1944,D-Day,First Army came under GeneralBernard Montgomery's21st Army Group(alongside theBritish Second Army) which commanded all American ground forces during the invasion. Three American divisions were landed by sea at the western end of the beaches, and two more were landed by air. OnUtah Beach,the assault troops ofVII Corpsmade good progress, butV CorpsonOmaha Beachcame nearest of all of the five landing areas to disaster. The two American airborne divisions that landed, the 82nd and 101st, were scattered all over the landscape, and caused considerable confusion among the German soldiers, as well as largely securing their objectives, albeit with units completely mixed up with each other. First Army captured much of the early gains of the Allied forces inNormandy.Once the beachheads were linked together, its troops struck west and isolated theCotentin Peninsula,and then capturedCherbourg.When the AmericanMulberry harbourwas wrecked by a storm, Cherbourg became even more vital.

After the capture of Cherbourg, First Army struck south. InOperation Cobra,its forces finally managed to break through the German lines. The newly establishedThird Armywas then fed through the gap and raced across France.

With the arrival of more US troops in France, the Army then passed from the control of the 21st Army Group to the newly arrived12th Army Groupwhich commanded the First Army and the newly formed Third Army under Lieutenant GeneralGeorge S. Patton.General Bradley assumed command of the 12th Army Group and Lieutenant GeneralCourtney Hodgeswas placed in command of the First Army. First Army followed Third Army, the American armies forming the southern part of the encirclement of Germans at theFalaise pocket.

After capturing Paris (theWehrmachtbefehlshabervon Groß-Paris,Dietrich von Choltitz,capitulated 25 August, ignoring Hitler'sTrümmerfeldbefehl),[8][9]During theBattle of the Mons PocketVII Corps took approximately 25,000 prisoners.[10]First Army headed towards the south of theNetherlands.First Army liberated most of Luxembourg in three days from 9–12 September 1944.

When the Germans attacked during theBattle of the Bulge,First Army found itself on the north side of the salient, and thus isolated from12th Army Group,its commanding authority. It was, therefore, temporarily transferred, along withNinth Army,back to 21st Army Group under Montgomery on 20 December.[11]The salient was reduced by early February 1945. Following the Battle of the Bulge, theRhineland Campaignbegan, and First Army was transferred back to 12th Army Group. InOperation Lumberjack,First Army closed up to the lowerRhineby 5 March, and the higher parts of the river five days later.

On 7 March, in a stroke of luck, Company A, 27th Armored Infantry Battalion, part ofCombat CommandB,9th Armored Division,found theLudendorff Bridgeacross the Rhine atRemagenstill standing. It quicklycaptured the bridgeand established a secure bridgehead. in the next 15 days, over 25,000 troops and their equipment crossed the river. By 4 April, an enormous pocket had been created by First Army andNinth Army,which contained theGerman Army Group BunderField Marshal Model,the last significant combat force in the northwest of Germany. While some elements of First Army concentrated on reducing theRuhr pocket,others headed further east, creating another pocket containing theGerman Eleventh Army.First Army reached theElbeby 18 April. There the advance halted, as that was the agreed demarcation zone between the American and Soviet forces. First Army and Soviet forces met on 25 April.

In May 1945, advance elements of First Army headquarters had returned to New York City and were preparing to redeploy to thePacific theater of the warto prepare for Operation Coronet, the planned second phase ofOperation Downfallthe proposed invasion ofHonshū,the main island of Japan in the spring of 1946, but theJapanese surrenderin August 1945 thanks to theatomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiterminated that effort.

Post-war and peacetime missions

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First Army returned to the United States in late 1945; first toFort Jackson (South Carolina),then toFort Bragg,North Carolina, returning toFort Jay,Governors Island,New York, in the spring of 1946. Twenty years later, in 1966, First Army relocated toFort Meade,Maryland, and took over the responsibilities ofSecond Army,which was inactivated. In 1973, First Army's mission changed from training and preparation of active units to Army Reserve units. In a 1993 reorganization, five divisions carried out that training and support mission:

75th Division,Houston, Texas
78th "Lightning" Division,Edison, New Jersey
85th "Custer" Division,Arlington Heights, Illinois
87th "Golden Acorn" Division,Birmingham, Alabama
91st "Wild West" Division,Dublin, California

In 1993, Headquarters First Army relocated toFort Gillem,near Atlanta, Georgia, and became responsible for the training and mobilization of all Army Reserve and National Guard units in the United States and providing assistance to the civilian sector during national emergencies and natural disasters. In the latter role, First Army's contributions during the 2005Hurricane Katrinadisaster was a rare bright spot in leading federal relief efforts in the aftermath of the storm. Its commander,Russel L. Honoré,a Louisiana native, became a nationally recognized figure in his direct, no-nonsense approach to disaster relief which earned First Army aJoint Meritorious Unit Award.

In the 21st century, First Army was subjected to more changes as base closures and force structures were instituted to modernize, economize and change its mission. In 2005, aBase Realignment and Closure (BRAC)Commission decision called for the relocation of First Army headquarters toRock Island Arsenal,Illinois, in 2011. Its former quarters at Fort Gillem was to transition to a single national location for the mobilization and demobilization of Army National Guard and Reserve units.

In a second change, as part of the 2006reorganization of the United States Armyprogram, First Army exchanged its civilian assistance mission for the training and support missions for military units in the western United States formerly held by USFifth Army.Fifth Army then became U.S. Army, North with responsibilities for homeland defense and domestic emergency assistance.

First Army inactivated its training divisions and reactivated them as separate training brigades under two commands.First Army Division East,headquartered at Fort Knox, Kentucky (relocated from Fort Meade, Maryland in 2016), has responsibilities in all states east of the Mississippi River; andFirst Army Division Westassuming Fifth Army's role and relocating from Fort Carson to its new headquarters atFort Cavazos,Texas, oversees units in all states west of the Mississippi River.

First United States Army was redesignated as First Army on 3 October 2006.

Heraldic items

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Shoulder sleeve insignia

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  • Description: On a background equally divided horizontally white and red,3+1⁄4inches high and2+1⁄2inches wide at base and2+1⁄8inches wide at top, a black block letter "A",2+3⁄4inches high, 2 inches wide at base and1+5⁄8inches wide at top, all members 7/16 inch wide, all enclosed within a 1/8 inch Army Green border.
  • Symbolism:
  1. The red and white of the background are the colors used in flags for Armies.
  2. The letter "A" represents "Army" and is also the first letter of the Alpha bet suggesting "First Army."
  • Background:
US Army 1st Army Shoulder Sleeve Insignia Prior to 1950 red and white background
  1. A black letter "A" was approved as the authorized insignia by the Commanding General, American Expedition Force, on 16 November 1918 and approved by the War Department on 5 May 1922.
  2. The background was added on 17 November 1950.

Insignia

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  • Description:
  1. A gold color metal and enamel device1+1⁄4inches high overall consisting of a black enamel capital letter "A" bearing three gold stars on the top cross bar and five gold on the center cross bar, in front of and interlaced with a gold fleur-de-lis.
  2. The vertical petal is charged in base with a red enamel arrowhead behind and extending above the letter "A" and the tops of the two outside or flanking petals above the cross bar extending over the vertical legs of the letter "A".
  3. The lower ends of the outside petals curve under and over the lower ends of the vertical legs of the letter "A" and are joined by a gold arched scroll inscribed "First In Deed" in black enamel letters.
  4. The areas within the letter "A" above the center cross bar are white enamel and the areas below the cross bar are red enamel.
  • Symbolism:
  1. The basic design was suggested by the authorized shoulder sleeve insignia of the First Army.
  2. The Interlaced fleur-de-lis represent wartime service in France and alludes to the initial organization of the Headquarters Company as the Headquarters Troop, First Army atLa Ferte-sous-Jouarre,France 10 August 1918.
  3. The three stars at the top of the letter "A" are forLorraine 1918,St. MihielandMeuse-Argonne campaignsin which the First Army participated inWorld War I.
  4. The five stars on the center cross bar are for theNormandy,Northern France,Rhineland,Ardennes-AlsaceandCentral Europe campaignsin which the First Army participated inWorld War II,the red arrowhead referring to the assault landing on theNormandybeaches.
  5. The motto "First In Deed" is based on the numerical designation, purpose and achievements of the First United States Army.
  • Background: The insignia was approved on 27 January 1969.

Lineage

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  • TheFirst United States Armywas organized on 10 August 1918 in the Regular Army in France asHeadquarters and Headquarters Troop, First Army.
  • Headquarters Troop was reorganized and redesignated in September 1918 asTroop A, Headquarters Battalion, First Army.It saw action in theAmerican Expeditionary Forcein the latter stages ofWorld War Iand included many figures who were later to become very famous, such asDouglas MacArthur.
  • Troop A, Headquarters Battalion, First Army was redesignated on 1 March 1919, as Headquarters Troop, First Army, and Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, First Army, demobilized on 20 April 1919 in France.
  • First Army was Constituted 15 August 1927 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Seventh Army, but was Redesignated 13 October 1927 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, First Army.
  • Headquarters, First Army activated 1 October 1933 atFort Jay,Governors Island,New York. It had the mission of training Army formations at the time, as did all the other field armies.
  • Headquarters Company activated 18 November 1940 atFort Jay,Governors Island,New York.
  • October 1943, Headquarters First Army relocated fromFort Jay,Governors Island,New York to Bristol, England in anticipation of Normandy invasion.
  • A separate First Army was Reconstituted on 27 June 1944 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, First Army; concurrently consolidated with the original Headquarters and Headquarters Company, First Army. The consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, First Army.
  • First Army Headquarters returns toFort Jay,Governors Island,New York in 1946.
  • First Army was Redesignated 1 January 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, First United States Army.
  • Merger of First and Second Army, relocation of headquarters to Fort Meade and closure ofFort Jay,Governors Island,New York announced 20 November 1964.
  • 1 January 1966, the First and Second U.S. Armies merged and First Army headquarters moved toFort Meade,Maryland.
  • Headquarters Company inactivated 5 June 1970 at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, while Headquarters, First U.S. Army continued to function.
  • In 1973 the First Army again changed its orientation to improving the readiness of the Reserve Components.
  • In 1993, First Army headquarters was moved toFort Gillem,Georgia(the former Atlanta Army Depot).
  • In 2005, First Army is awarded aJoint Meritorious Unit Awardfor leading federal response toHurricane Katrina.[12]
  • In 2006, it was announced that subject to Base Realignment and Closure Act, Fort Gillem would eventually be closed and First Army headquarters relocated toRock Island ArsenalIllinois.
  • 1 December 2006, First Army reorganizes and reflags its five Reserve Component Training Support Divisions into 16 training brigades and establishes two sub-commands, First Army Division East and First Army Division West. First Army East at Fort Meade, Maryland administers eight brigades east of the Mississippi River and First Army West at Fort Cavazos, Texas, assumes the training responsibilities with eight brigades formerly held by U.S. Fifth Army. Fifth Army becomes U.S. Army, North, and assumes First Army's domestic assistance duties.

First U.S. Army honors

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Campaign participation credit

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Conflict Streamer Year(s)
World War I
 St. Mihiel 1918
Meuse-Argonne 1918
Lorraine 1918 1918
World War II

 Normandy(with arrowhead) 1944
Northern France 1944
Rhineland 1945
Ardennes-Alsace 1944–1945
Central Europe 1945

Decorations

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Ribbon Award Year Orders
Joint Meritorious Unit Award 2005 For leading the federal response
toHurricane Katrina2005.[12]
Army Superior Unit Award 2001–2004 Lineage & Honors Statement
30 April 2012[13]
Army Superior Unit Award 2004–2008 Permanent Orders 120-10
30 April 2009[14]
Army Superior Unit Award 2008–2011
Permanent Orders 332-07 announcing award of the Army Superior Unit award

Organization

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On order,[15]First Army expands to nine Mobilization force generation installations (MFGI) to mobilize the Reserve component of the US Army. The Army Reserve mobilizes Focused readiness units (FRU) to meet Operational plan (OPLAN) requirements of thecombatant commander(CCDR).

Current

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First Army Division East– Fort Knox, Kentucky[16]

4th "Saber" Cavalry Brigade– Fort Knox, Kentucky. Formerly the 85th Division's 4th Brigade.
157th "Spartan" Infantry Brigade– Camp Atterbury, Indiana. Formerly the 87th Division's 5th Brigade.
174th "Patriot" Infantry Brigade– Fort Dix, New Jersey. Formerly the 78th Division's 2nd Brigade.
177th "Mudcats" Armored Brigade– Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Formerly the 87th Division's 3rd Brigade.
188th "Battle Ready" Infantry Brigade– Fort Stewart, Georgia. Formerly the 87th Division's 4th Brigade.

First Army Division West– Fort Cavazos, Texas[17]

5th Armored Brigade– Fort Bliss, Texas. Formerly the 91st Division's 2nd Brigade.
120th Infantry Brigade– Fort Cavazos, Texas. Formerly the 75th Division's 2nd Brigade.
166th Aviation Brigade– Fort Cavazos, Texas. Formerly the 75th Division's 3rd Brigade.
181st "Eagle" Infantry Brigade– Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. Formerly the 85th Division's 2nd Brigade.
189th "Bayonet" Infantry Brigade– Fort Lewis, Washington. Formerly the 78th Division's 4th Brigade.

List of commanders

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Notes

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  1. ^"MG Mark D. McCormack".first.army.mil.Retrieved21 June2023.
  2. ^"MG Timothy E. Brennan".first.army.mil.Retrieved21 June2023.
  3. ^"CSM Christopher A. Prosser".first.army.mil.Retrieved21 June2023.
  4. ^Salzer, Darron (16 August 2018)."First Army celebrates 100 years of history".Army.mil.Arlington, VA: U.S. Army.
  5. ^"Mission statement".The United States Army Reserve Support Command, First Army (USARSCFA).Retrieved3 September2021.
  6. ^Lt. Col. Peter F. Owens, USMC (RET); Lt. Col. John Swift, USMC (RET)."A HIDEOUS PRICE"(PDF).p. 6.Retrieved13 January2025.
  7. ^abOrder of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War American Expeditionary Forces: General Headquarters Armies, Army Corps, Services of Supply.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1931. pp. 107, 149.
  8. ^"Dietrich von Choltitz - Trümmerfeldbefehl".choltitz.de.
  9. ^Dokument,Deutsches Historisches Museum
  10. ^"The Mons Pocket, or the" Petit Stalingrad "of the Borinage".Europe Remembers.Liberation Route Europe Foundation.Retrieved21 March2021.
  11. ^Ardennes-AlsaceArchived6 December 2008 at theWayback Machine,Sullivan, Gordon R.
  12. ^abOffice of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel & Readiness (4 January 2018)."Joint Meritorious Unit Award – Approved DoD Activities"(PDF).PRhome.defense.gov.Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Defense. p. 16.Retrieved25 July2022.HQ, Joint Task Force Katrina, Fort Gillem, Georgia 31 Aug 05 – 13 Oct 05
  13. ^United States Army Center of Military History,Lineage and HonorsArchived3 February 2017 at theWayback Machine,First United States Army, dated 30 April 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  14. ^US Army Human Resources Command,Permanent Orders 120-10,dated 30 April 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  15. ^Sgt. Audrey Hayes (October 17, 2018) Army Reserve preparing to fight on a new battlefield
  16. ^"First Army Division East".
  17. ^First Army Division WestArchived11 October 2009 at theWayback Machine

References

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This article incorporatespublic domain materialfromFirst United States Army.United States Army Center of Military History.

  • After Action Report First U.S. Army, 1–3 December 1944.Fort Jackson, 1945.
  • American Battle Monuments Commission.American Armies and Battlefields in Europe.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1938. Reprint. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992.
  • Blumenson, Martin.Breakout and Pursuit.United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1961.OCLC78605078
  • Borovatz, Frank M. "First United States Army: A Working Army".Army Digest25 (February 1970): 4–8.
  • A Brief History of the First United States Army From 1918 to 1946.Fayetteville, N. C.: Worth Publishing Co., 1947.OCLC4985955
  • Cole, Hugh M.The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge.United States Army in World War II. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1965.OCLC78624377
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  • Hallas, James H.Squandered Victory: The American First Army at St. Mihiel.Westport, Conn.: Praeger Pubs., 1996.ISBN0275950220
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  • Harrison, Gordon A.Cross-Channel Attack.United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1951.
  • Historical Section, Army War College.Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War; American Expeditionary Forces; General Headquarters, Armies, Army Corps, Services of Supply, and Separate Forces.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1937. Reprint. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1988.
  • Historical Section, Army War College.The Genesis of the American First Army.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1929. 2d ed. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1938.
  • Liggett, Hunter.Commanding an American Army, Recollections of the World War.Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1925.
  • MacDonald, Charles B.The Last Offensive. United States Army in World War II.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973.
  • MacDonald, Charles B.The Siegfried Line Campaign.United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1963.
  • "Why Didn't They Let First Army Win the War?"Army9 (April 1959):48–52.
  • Pershing, John J.My Experiences in the World War.New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1931.
  • Pogue, Forrest C.The Supreme Command.United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1954.
  • Report of the Commanding General, First Army, American Expeditionary Forces: Organizations and Operations,First Army, A.E.F. France, 1919.
  • Report of the First Army, American Expeditionary Forces: Organization and Operations.Fort Leavenworth: General Service Schools Press, 1923.
  • Report of the First Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Organization and Operations,General John J Pershing, 10 Aug. 1918; Lieutenant General Hunter Liggett, 16 Oct. 1918, 20 Apr. 1919. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: General Service School Press, 1923.
  • "Salute to the Numbered U.S. Armies".Army Information Digest17 (October 1962):32–39.
  • Walker, Glenn D. "First U.S. Army: A New Challenge".Army23 (October 1973):72–76.
  • Ziemke, Earl F.The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany 1944–1946Archived9 June 2017 at theWayback Machine.Army Historical Series. Washington, D.C.:United States Army Center of Military History,1990 (1975). CMH Pub 30–6.

Further reading

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