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Five kings of Wa

Thefive kings of Wa(Oa の năm vương,Wa no go ō)[1]were kings of ancientJapan(Wa) who sent envoys toChinaduring the 5th century to strengthen the legitimacy of their claims to power by gaining the recognition of theChinese emperor.Details about them are unknown. According to written records in China, their names wereSan(Tán),Chin(Trân),Sai(Tế),Kō(Hưng) andBu(Võ).

Titles bestowed on the Kings of Wa

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In general, five kings of Wa were bestowed the titlesAn đông đại tướng quân Oa Quốc vương(Antō Dai-Shōgun, Wa-kokuō,Grand General of Antō, King of Wa). In the Southern Dynasties of China in this period, there were three ranks of General titles which were bestowed to the chiefs of the subject state (located in the East of China) who sent envoy to the emperor of the Dynasty. The highest general title wasChinh đông đại tướng quân(Seitō Dai-Shōgun,Grand General conquering the East). The next high title wasTrấn Đông đại tướng quân(Chintō Dai-Shōgun,Grand General appeasing the East). The third high title and the lowest among three wasAn đông đại tướng quân(Antō Dai-Shōgun,Grand General pacifying the East).

In theSongdynasty, the emperor bestowedChinh đông đại tướng quân(Grand General conquering the East) on the King ofGoguryeo,andTrấn Đông đại tướng quân(Grand General appeasing the East) on the King ofBaekje.However, the Song Emperor bestowed the third general title,An đông đại tướng quân(Grand General pacifying the East) on the King of Wa. There are interpretations on this fact that the King of Goguryeo stood in the highest rank, and the King of Wa stood in the lowest rank, while the King of Baekje stood between Goguryeo and Wa.[2]But there are also other opinions against this interpretation. The difference of general ranks among the three states (Goguryo, Baekje, and Wa) was due to the order which each state had first sent envoy to the dynasty, and it cannot be said that the ranks of Goguryeo and Baekje were substantially higher than that of Wa.[3]Sakamoto also points out the different view on these general titles.[4]

Chinese records and the bestowed titles on the kings of Wa

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Gregorian date(AD) Dynasty Chinese calendar Original Chinese source King of Wa Short summary[a]
413
Jin
Giki 9(Nghĩa hi chín năm)
Book of Jin,Taiping Yulan
Unknown[b]
 The king of Wa sent a tributary.[clarification needed]
421
Song
Eisho 2(Vĩnh sơ hai năm)
Book of Song
San
 King San sent a tributary[clarification needed]to Jin.Emperor Wu of Songbestowed the title, possiblyAn đông tướng quân Oa Quốc vương(General pacifying the East, King of Wa),on San.
425
Song
Genka 2(Nguyên gia hai năm)
Book of Song
San
 King San sent Shiba Sōtatsu (Tư Mã tào đạt)[c]as an envoy and madeEmperor Wen of Songa present.
430
Song
Genka 7(Nguyên gia bảy năm)
Book of Song
Unknown[d]
 In January, the king of Wa sent a tribute.
438
Song
Genka 15(Nguyên gia mười lăm năm)
Book of Song
Chin
 King San died, his younger brother Chin succeeded to the throne. Chin sent a tribute and styled himself the title ofSử cầm tiết đô đốc Oa trăm tế tân la nhậm kia Tần Hàn mộ Hàn lục quốc chư quân sự an đông đại tướng quân Oa Quốc vương.
In April, Emperor Wen appointed Chin to the title ofAn đông tướng quân Oa Quốc vương(General pacifying the East, King of Wa).
The emperor also appointed Wa Zui (Oa Tùy) and other 13 subordinates of Chin to the titles ofBình tây chinh lỗ quán quân phụ quốc tướng quân.
443
Song
Genka 20(Nguyên gia 20 năm)
Book of Song
Sai
 Sai sent a tribute and was appointed to the title ofAn đông tướng quân Oa Quốc vương(General pacifying the East, King of Wa).
451
Song
Genka 28(Nguyên gia 28 năm)
Book of Song
Sai
 King Sai was appointed to the title ofSử cầm tiết đô đốc Oa tân la nhậm kia thêm la Tần Hàn mộ Hàn lục quốc chư quân sự.as well asAn đông tướng quân(General pacifying the East).
In July, Sai was promoted to the title ofAn đông đại tướng quân Oa Quốc vương(Grand General pacifying the East, King of Wa). 23 subordinates were also promoted.
460
Song
Daimei 4(Đại minh bốn năm)
Unknown[e]
 In December, the king of Wa sent a tribute.
462
Song
Daimei 6(Đại minh 6 năm)
Book of Song
Kō
 In March,Emperor Xiaowu of Songappointed Kō, a crown prince of Sai, to the title ofAn đông tướng quân Oa Quốc vương.(General pacifying the East, King of Wa)
477
Song
Shōmei 1(Thăng Minh Nguyên năm)
Book of Song
Bu
 In November, the king of Wa sent a tribute.
King Kō died, his younger brother Bu succeeded to the throne. Bu styled himself the title ofSử cầm tiết đô đốc Oa trăm tế tân la nhậm kia thêm la Tần Hàn mộ Hàn bảy quốc chư quân sự an đông đại tướng quân Oa Quốc vương.
478
Song
Shōmei 2(Thăng minh hai năm)
Book of Song
Bu
 Bu styled himself the title of khai phủ nghi cùng tam tư and petitioned the official appointment.Emperor Shun of Songappointed Bu to the title ofSử cầm tiết đô đốc Oa tân la nhậm kia thêm la Tần Hàn mộ Hàn lục quốc chư quân sự an đông đại tướng quân Oa vương.
479
Qi
Kengen 1(Kiến nguyên nguyên niên)
Book of Qi
Bu
 Emperor Gao of Qipromoted Bu to the title ofTrấn Đông đại tướng quân ( Chinh Đông tướng quân )(Grand General appeasing the East, (General conquering the East)).[f]
502
Liang
Tenkan 1(Thiên giam nguyên niên)
Book of Liang
Bu
 In April,Emperor Wu of Liangpromoted Bu to the title ofChinh đông đại tướng quân(Grand General conquering the East).[f]

Comparison with the Nihon Shoki

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Genealogy of theFive kings of Waand Emperors
Book of Song Book of Liang
San of Wa
(421, 425 ce)		Chin of Wa
(438 ce)
Sai of Wa
(443, 451 ce)
Ko of Wa
(462 ce)		Bu of Wa
(478 ce)
San of WaChin of Wa
Sai of Wa
Ko of WaBu of Wa
Genealogy of Emperors inNihon Shoki

(Numbers in parentheses are Japanese epithets)

15Ojin
( dự điền đừng )
16Nintoku
( đại chim hồng tước )
17Richū
( đi tới tuệ đừng )		18Hanzei
( thụy xỉ đừng )		19Ingyō
( hùng triều tân gian con trẻ túc di )
Ichinobe no OshiwaKinshari20Ankō
( huyệt tuệ )		21Yūryaku
( đại đậu lại ấu võ )


As the name of kings recorded inChinese historyare very different from the names of Emperors in theNihon Shoki,the specification of which emperor was the one recorded is the subject of numerous disputes which have endured for centuries. Most contemporary historians assign the five Japanese kings to the following emperors (two possibilities are identified for the Kings San and Chin), mostly based on the individual features of their genealogies reported in the Chinese sources.

On the other hand, archeological evidence, such as the inscriptions on theInariyamaandEta Funayama Sword,also supports the idea that Bu is an equivalent of Emperor Yūryaku, who was calledWakatakeru Ōkimiby his contemporaries.

Since Bu is most likely to be Yūryaku, Kō, who is said to be Bu's older brother, is likely to be an equivalent of Ankō, who is also noted in theNihonshokias an elder brother to Yūryaku. However, theBook of Songrecords Kō as "Crown PrinceKō "; there is a possibility that he is not Ankō, but ratherPrince Kinashi no Karu,who was a crown prince of Ingyō.

Meanings of titles bestowed on the kings of Wa

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In the age of theSongDynasty and the Southern Dynasties, there were various titles for high officials and military lords of the empire. These titles were also bestowed on the Monarch of the subject States in theSakuhō System.

King of Wa was generally bestowed the two titles, "(Grand) General Antō" (An đông ( đại ) tướng quân,Antō (Dai) Shōgun) and "King of Wa" (Oa Quốc vương,Wa-Kokuō). Some Kings of Wa, such as King Chin or King Bu, asked the more strong and higher rank Titles. The Emperor of Chinese Dynasty bestowed some of them, but not approved every titles required.

King Chin asked the titles”Sử cầm tiết đô đốc Oa trăm tế tân la nhậm kia Tần Hàn mộ Hàn lục quốc chư quân sự an đông đại tướng quân Oa Quốc vương"(Shijisetsu, Totoku, Wa, Baekje, Silla, Mimana, Shinkan, Bokan, Rokkoku-Shogunji, Antō-Shōgun, Wa-Kokuō). This contains the Five Titles.

  1. Sử cầm tiết,Shijisetsu:Highest Rank Military Commander (General)[8][g]
  2. Đô đốc,Totoku:Military Governor[9]
  3. Đô đốc -Region- chư quân sự,Totoku - Region - Shogunji:Governor/Commander ruling all the military matters of the said Region (Region, State, Province, etc.)
  4. An đông đại tướng quân,Antō Dai-Shōgun:Grand General of Antō (Grand General pacifying the East)
  5. Oa Quốc vương,Wa-Kokuō:King of Wa State

Therefore,”Sử cầm tiết đô đốc Oa trăm tế tân la nhậm kia Tần Hàn mộ Hàn lục quốc chư quân sự an đông đại tướng quân Oa Quốc vương"means 1) Highest Rank Military General, 2) Governor ruling all the military matters of the Six States - Wa, Baekje, Silla, Mimana, Shinkan and Bokan, 3) Grand General pacifying the East, 4) King of Wa. The Song dynasty did not approve the Title ofĐô đốc - trăm tế - chư quân sự(Totoku - Baekje - Shogunji). The Song dynasty did not approve that King Chin would hold the power of militarily ruling the State area of Baekje. (King Bu also asked this power - militarily ruling the Baekje State -, but the Song did no approve as well.)[7]

King Bu asked the TitleKhai phủ nghi cùng tam tư(Kaifu Gidō-Sanshi), but the Emperor of Song dynasty did not approve, and instead bestowed the Titles "Sử cầm tiết đô đốc Oa tân la nhậm kia thêm la Tần Hàn mộ Hàn lục quốc chư quân sự an đông đại tướng quân Oa vương"(Shijisetsu, Totoku, Wa, Silla, Mimana, Kara, Shinkan, Bokan, Rokkoku-Shogunji, Antō-Shōgun, Wa-Kokuō).[7]The TitleKaifu Gidō-Sanshiis very high Rank title.

  1. Khai phủ nghi cùng tam tưKaifu Gidō-Sanshi:Person whose Position is equivalent or corresponds to the "Three Lords" (Highest Ranking Officials in the old Imperial Chinese governments. That is,Thừa tướng ( Tư Đồ )Jōshō (Shito),Thái úyTaii,Ngự sử đại phu ( Tư Không )Gyoshi-Taifu (Shikū)[10][11]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^These titles for sovereignty over the states described had no bearing on reality. The appointments reflected the struggle for hegemony over the Korean Peninsula betweenGoguryeoand Wa, as depicted in theGwanggaeto Stele.[5]
  2. ^This is listed under "King San" in theBook of Liang
  3. ^In this case,Shibamight be the title of Sōtatsu, rather than his surname.[6]Sōtatsu might be a member oftoraijingroup.[7]
  4. ^Possibly King San
  5. ^Possibly King Sai
  6. ^abThe promotions in 479 and 502 were automatic given the establishment of new dynasties in China.
  7. ^There were three ranks in Military high official (Generals). The highest rank was calledSử cầm tiếtShijisetsu,the next higher rank wasCầm tiếtJisetsu,the lowest rank was仮 tiếtKasetsu.Tiếtsetsuis a small wand indicating that emperor gave the formal mission to one who holds it.[8]

References

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  1. ^http:// hongwontack.pe.kr/homepage4/data/450815.pdf
  2. ^Ishii 2005, p.169
  3. ^Ishii 2005, p.175
  4. ^(ja) bản nguyên nghĩa loại 『 Oa の năm vương 』 giáo dục xã, 1981 năm 9 nguyệt, 180 trang.ISBN4315401455.
  5. ^Cát điền tinh,Oa vương 権 の thời đại,Tân Nhật Bản nhà xuất bản, 1998
  6. ^(ja)NipponicaNhật Bản đại bách khoa toàn thư ( ニッポニカ ), Oa の năm vươngBản nguyên nghĩa loại (Retrieved 2023-0209)
  7. ^abcBản nguyên nghĩa loại “Quyển đầu sử luận nghiên cứu sử cổ đại の Nhật Bản と Triều Tiên -- “Bảy chi đao” “Hảo quá vương bia” “Oa の năm vương” nghiên cứu の thành quả と đầu đề” 『 lịch sử đọc bổn 』 đệ 51 quyển đệ 3 hào, tân nhân vật lui tới xã, 2006 năm 2 nguyệt, 58-59 trang
  8. ^ab(ja)Kotobank Shijisetsu(Retrieved 2023-0209)
  9. ^(ja)Kotobank Totoku(Retrieved 2023-0209)
  10. ^(ja)Kotobank Kaifu Gidō-Sanshi(Retrieved 2023-0209)
  11. ^(ja)Kotobank Sanshi(Retrieved 2023-0209)
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