Wikipedia

Flag of Australia

Thenational flagofAustraliais based on the BritishBlue Ensign—a blue field with theUnion Jackin the upper hoist quarter—augmented with a large white seven-pointed star (theCommonwealth Star) and a representation of theSouthern Crossconstellation, made up of five white stars (one small five-pointed starand four, larger, seven-pointed stars). Australia also has a number of otherofficial flagsrepresenting its people and government bodies.

Flag of Australia
A blue flag with the Union Jack in the top left, a seven pointed star beneath it and the southern cross in the right half.
UseNational flagandstate ensignSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagReverse side is mirror image of obverse side
Proportion1:2
Adopted
  • 11 February 1903;121 years ago(1903-02-11)[1]
  • 8 December 1908;115 years ago(1908-12-08)[2](current seven-pointed Commonwealth Star version)
  • 8 April 1954;70 years ago(1954-04-08)(designated as theAustralian National Flagand given priority over theUnion Jack)
DesignABlue Ensigndefacedwith theCommonwealth Starin the lowerhoistquarter and the five stars of theSouthern Crossin theflyhalf.
Designed byAnnie Dorrington,Ivor Evans,Lesley Hawkins, Egbert Nutall and William Stevens

The original version of the flag first flew as theCommonwealth blue ensignon 3 September 1901, after being selected alongside a red version (theRed Ensign) ina competitionheld followingFederation.A slightly simplified version as approved byKing Edward VIIwas officially adopted in 1903. It was later modified to the current design on 8 December 1908, with the change from a six- to a seven-point Commonwealth Star. In 1954, the flag was recognised in legislation with the passage of theFlags Act 1953.This act also ended the confusion since 1901 as to whether the red ensign or the blue ensign was to be used, with the blue ensign designated as theAustralian National Flagand given priority for the first time over theUnion Jack.

Design

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Devices

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The Australian flag uses three prominent symbols: theSouthern Cross,theUnion Jack(Union Flag) and theCommonwealth Star.[3]

Adopted in its current form in 1801, the Union Jack incorporates threeheraldic crossesrepresenting the nations of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandas they were constituted at the time:[4]

The Union Jack acknowledges the history of British settlement in Australia. Further, theBritish Admiraltyrequired a flag based on the Blue orRed Ensignfor maritime use.[5]

TheCommonwealth Star,also known as the Federation Star, originally had six points, representing the six federating colonies.[6]In 1908, a seventh point was added to symbolise theTerritory of Papua,and any future territories.[6][7]Another rationale for the change was to match the star used on the coat of arms, which was created in the same year.[citation needed]The Commonwealth Star does not have any official relation toBeta Centauri,despite the latter's brightness and location in the sky; however, the 1870 version of theflag of South Australiafeatured the pointer stars,Alphaand Beta Centauri.[8][9]

TheSouthern Crossis one of the most distinctiveconstellationsvisible in the Southern Hemisphere, and has been used to represent Australia since the early days of British settlement.[6]Ivor Evans,one of the flag's designers, intended the Southern Cross to also refer to the four moral virtues ascribed to the four main stars byDante:justice, prudence, temperance and fortitude.[10]The number of points on the stars of the Southern Cross on the modern Australian flag differs from the original competition-winning design, in which they ranged between five and nine points each, representing their relative brightness in the night sky.[6]The stars are named after the first five letters of theGreek Alpha bet,in decreasing order ofbrightnessin the sky.[6]Alpha was originally larger than Beta and Gamma whilst Delta was originally smaller than Beta and Gamma. In order to simplify manufacture, theBritish Admiraltystandardised the size and shape of the four larger outer stars at seven points and each of the same size, leaving the smaller, more central star with five points.[citation needed]This change was officially gazetted on 23 February 1903.[6]

A complete specification for the official design was published in theCommonwealth Gazettein 1934.[11]

The flag of Australia is represented as theUnicodeemojisequenceU+1F1E6🇦REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER A,U+1F1FA🇺REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER U.[12]

Colours

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The colours of the flag, although not specified by the Flags Act, have been givenPantonespecifications by the Parliamentary and Government Branch of theDepartment of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.[13]The Australian Government'sStyle Manual for Authors, Editors and Printersalso givesCMYKandRGBspecifications for depicting the flag in print and on screen respectively.[14]

Scheme Source(s)
Pantone 280 C 185 C [15][16]
RGB
(Hex) 		0–0–139
(#00008B)		 255–0–0
(#FF0000)		 255–255–255
(#FFFFFF)		 [14]
CMYK 100%–80%–0%–0% 0%–100%–100%–0% 0%–0%–0%–0% [14]

The shade of the red colour in the canton of the Australian flag (Pantone 185C, Hex: #FF0000) is actually generally lighter than the shade used (no specific shade is specified[17]) in the British flag (Pantone 186C, Hex: #C8102E) from which it originated. The blue colour has a different hex code for RGB scheme, but when printed -the Pantone number- it is the same: Australia (Pantone 280C, Hex: 00008B) vs.United Kingdom(Pantone 280C, Hex: 012169).

Construction

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Construction sheet for the flag of Australia. The length of the flag is twice the width.

Under the Flags Act, the Australian National Flag must meet the following specifications:[18][19]

  • the Union Jack occupying the upper quarter (canton) next to thestaff;
  • a large seven-pointed white star (six representing the six states of Australia and one representing the territories) in the centre of the lower quarter next to the staff and pointing direct to the centre ofSt George's Crossin the Union Jack;
  • five white stars (representing theSouthern Cross) in the half of the flag further from the staff.

The location of the stars is as follows:[18]

  • Commonwealth Star– 7-pointed star, centred in lower hoist.
  • Alpha Crucis– 7-pointed star, straight below centre fly1⁄6up from bottom edge.
  • Beta Crucis– 7-pointed star,1⁄4of the way left and1⁄16up from the centre fly.
  • Gamma Crucis– 7-pointed star, straight above centre fly1⁄6down from top edge.
  • Delta Crucis– 7-pointed star,2⁄9of the way right and31⁄240up from the centre fly.
  • Epsilon Crucis– 5-pointed star,1⁄10of the way right and1⁄24down from the centre fly.

The outer diameter of the Commonwealth Star is3⁄20of the flag's width, while that of the stars in the Southern Cross is1⁄14of the flag's width, except for Epsilon, for which the fraction is1⁄24.Each star's inner diameter is4⁄9of the outer diameter. The flag's width is the measurement of the hoist edge of the flag (the distance from top to bottom).[18]

Protocol

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The flag flying

Guidelines for flying the flag are laid out in the pamphlet "Australian Flags", which is infrequently published by the Australian Government. The guidelines say that the Australian National Flag is allowed to be flown on every day of the year,[20]and that it "should be treated with the respect and dignity it deserves as the nation's most important national symbol".[21]

The National Flag must always be flown in a position superior to that of any other flag or ensign when flown in Australia or on Australian territory, and it should always be flown aloft and free.[21]The flag must be flown in all government buildings and (where possible) displayed in or near polling stations when there is a national election or referendum.[22]Government ships, fishing vessels, pleasure craft, small craft and commercial vessels under 24 metres in tonnage length, can fly either the Red Ensign or the Australian National Flag, but not both.[23]The British Blue Ensign can be flown on an Australian owned ship instead of the Australian flag if the owner has a warrant valid under British law.[24]

TheDepartment of the Prime Minister and Cabinetalso advises that the flag should only be flown during daylight hours, unless it is illuminated.[21]Two flags should not be flown from the same flagpole.[21]The flag should not be displayed upside down under any circumstances, not even to express a situation of distress.[21]The flag is not to be placed or dropped on the ground, nor should it be used to cover an object in the lead-up to an unveiling ceremony, or to hide other material.[21]Flags that have decayed or faded should not be displayed.[21]Old or decayed flags should be disposed of in private "in a dignified way"; a method given as an example is to cut the flag into small pieces before being placed in the waste.[21]

Australian flag at half-mast onRemembrance Day

When the flag is flown athalf-mast,it should be recognisably at half-mast—for example, a third of the way down from the top of the pole.[25]The Australian flag should never be flown half mast at night, unless directed to half-mast for an extended period.[25]Days on which flags are flown at half-mast on government buildings include,[25]

  • On the death of thesovereign– from the time of announcement of the death up to and including the funeral. On the day the accession of the new sovereign is proclaimed, it is customary to raise the flag to the top of the mast from 11 am.
  • On the death of a member of theroyal familyby special command of the Sovereign and/or by direction of the Australian Government.
  • On the death of the governor-general or a former governor-general.
  • On the death of a distinguished Australian citizen in accordance with protocol. Flags in any locality may be flown at half-mast on the death of a notable local citizen or on the day, or part of the day, of their funeral.
  • On the death of the head of state of another country with which Australia has diplomatic relations – the flag would be flown at half-mast on the day of the funeral.
  • OnANZAC Daythe flag is flown at half-mast until noon.[26]
  • OnRemembrance Dayflags are flown at peak until 10:30 am, at half-mast from 10:30 am to 11:02 am, then at peak for the remainder of the day.[27]

The department provides an email service called the Commonwealth Flag Network, which gives information on national occasions to fly the flag at half-mast as well as national days of commemoration and celebration of the flag.[28]

The Australian National Flag may be used for commercial or advertising purposes without formal permission as long as the flag is used in a dignified manner and reproduced completely and accurately; it should not be defaced by overprinting with words or illustrations, it should not be covered by other objects in displays, and all symbolic parts of the flag should be identifiable.[22]It also must sit first (typically, left) where more than one flag is used.[29]For this reason theCollingwood Football Clubhad to reverse its logo, which previously featured the flag until a logo refresh at the end of 2017.[citation needed]

There have been several attempts to makedesecrationof the Australian flag a crime. In 1953, during the second reading debate on the Flags Bill, the leader of theOpposition,Arthur Calwell,unsuccessfully called for provisions to be added to the bill to criminalise desecration.Michael Cobbintroducedprivate member's billsin 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992 to ban desecration, but on each occasion the bill lapsed.[30]In 2002, the leader of theNational Party,John Anderson,proposed to introduce laws banning desecration of the Australian flag, a call that attracted support from some parliamentarians both in his own party and the seniorCoalitionpartner, theLiberal Party.The Prime Minister,John Howard,rejected the calls, stating that "in the end I guess it's part of the sort of free speech code that we have in this country".[31]In 2003, theAustralian flags (Desecration of the Flag) Billwas tabled in Parliament byTrish Draperwithout support from Howard and subsequently lapsed.[32]In 2006, following a flag-burning incident during the2005 Cronulla riotsand a burnt flag display by a Melbourne artist, Liberal MPBronwyn Bishopintroduced theProtection of the Australian National Flag (Desecration of the Flag) Bill 2006.[33]This bill sought to make it an offence to desecrate the flag by "wilfully destroying or otherwise mutilating the Australian National Flag in circumstances where a reasonable person would infer that the destruction or mutilation is intended publicly to express contempt or disrespect for the Flag or the Australian Nation".[34][35]The bill received a second reading but subsequently lapsed and did not proceed to be voted in the House of Representatives.[36]

History

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For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of the flag of Australia.

The Union Jack, as the flag of the British Empire, was first used on Australian soil on 29 April 1770 when LieutenantJames Cooklanded atBotany Bay.[37]Following the arrival of theFirst Fleet,CaptainArthur Phillipestablished a convict settlement atSydney Coveon 26 January 1788. He first raised the Union Jack on 7 February 1788 when he proclaimed the Colony of New South Wales.[38][37][39]

The Union Jack at that stage was the one introduced in 1606, which did not include theSaint Patrick's Saltire;it was included from 1801 after theActs of Union 1801.The second version post-1801 is depicted on the Australian flag. Each colony also had its own flag based on the British Blue Ensign, defaced with a state badge.[40]As an Australian national consciousness began to emerge, several flag movements were formed and unofficial new flags came into common usage.[41]Two attempts were made throughout the nineteenth century to design a national flag. The first such attempt was theNational Colonial Flagcreated in 1823–1824 by Captains John Nicholson and John Bingle.[37]This flag consisted of a red cross on a white background, with an eight-point star on each of the four limbs of the cross, while incorporating a Union Jack in the canton.[37]The most popular national flag of the period was the 1831Federation Flag,also designed by Nicholson.[42]This flag was the same at the National Colonial Flag, except that the cross was blue instead of resembling that of St. George.[42]Although the flag was designed by Nicholson in 1831, it did not become widely popular until the latter part of the century, when calls for federation began to grow louder.[42]These flags, and many others such as theEureka Flag(which came into use at theEureka Stockadein 1854), featured the Southern Cross.[41]The oldest known flag to show the stars arranged as they are seen in the sky is theAnti-Transportation League Flag,which is similar in design to the present National Flag.[43]The differences were that there was no Commonwealth Star, while the components of the Southern Cross are depicted with eight points and in gold.[43]This flag was only briefly in usage, as two years after the formation of the Anti-Transportation League in 1851, the colonial authorities decided to stop the intake of convicts, so the ATL ceased its activities.[43]The Eureka Flag has become an enduring symbol in Australian culture and has been used by various groups and movements.[44][42]TheMurray River Flag,popular since the 1850s, is still widely used by boats that traverse Australia'smain waterway.[43]It is the same as the National Colonial Flag, except that the white background in the three quadrants other the canton were replaced with four alternating blue and white stripes, representing the four major rivers that run into the Murray River.[43]

1901 Federal Flag Design Competition

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Main article:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
The edition of theReview of Reviewsfront cover signed by Egbert Nuttall, after the winning designers of the 1901 Federal Flag design competition were announced
Annie Dorrington,one of the winning designers for the Australian flag
Entries for the Federal Flag Competition

As Federation approached, thoughts turned to an official federal flag. In 1900, theMelbourne Heraldconducted a design competition with a prize of 25Australian pounds(A$4,400 in 2021 terms).[45][46]The competition conducted by theReview of Reviews for Australasia—a Melbourne-based publication— suggested that entries incorporate a design based on the British ensigns and around the Southern Cross, noting that designs without these emblems were unlikely to be successful.[46][47]AfterFederationon 1 January 1901, and following receipt of a request from the British government to design a new flag, the newCommonwealth Governmentheld an official competition for a new federal flag in April.[48][49]The competition attracted 32,823 entries, including those originally sent to theReview of Reviews.[49]One of these was submitted by an unnamed governor of a colony.[49]The two contests were merged after theReview of Reviewsagreed to being integrated into the government initiative.[47]The £75 prize money of each competition were combined and augmented by a further £50 donated by Havelock Tobacco Company.[50][47]Each competitor was required to submit two coloured sketches, a red ensign for the merchant service and public use, and a blue ensign for naval and official use.[51]The judging criteria for the designs included historical relevance, compliance with the conventions of heraldry, originality, utility, and the cost of manufacture.[50]The majority of designs incorporated the Union Jack and the Southern Cross, but native animals were also popular, including one that depicted a variety of indigenous animals playingcricket,a six-tailed kangaroo representing the six Australian states, and a kangaroo aiming a gun at the Southern Cross.[50][49]The entries were put on display at theRoyal Exhibition Buildingin Melbourne and the judges took six days to deliberate before reaching their conclusion.[49]Five almost identical entries were chosen as the winning design, and the designers shared the £200 (2021: $35,200) prize money, with £40 each.[50][49]They wereIvor Evans,a fourteen-year-old schoolboy fromMelbourne;Leslie John Hawkins, a teenager apprenticed to an optician fromSydney;Egbert John Nuttall, an architect from Melbourne;Annie Dorrington,an artist fromPerth;and William Stevens, a ship's officer fromAuckland,New Zealand.[49]The differences to the current flag were the six-pointed Commonwealth Star, while the components stars in the Southern Cross had different numbers of points, with more if the real star was brighter.[52]This led to five stars of nine, eight, seven, six and five points respectively.[52]The Inner Diameter of the six-pointed Federal Star in the lower Hoist was larger than that of the later seven-pointed version of the Federal Star in the lower Hoist. Alpha Crucis and Delta Crucis were of different sizes than they are today—with Alpha being larger than at present and Delta being smaller than at present.[53]

The flag's initial reception was mixed. Readers ofThe Agenewspaper were told that,[54]

a huge "Blue Ensign," with the prize design of the Southern Cross and a six pointed star thereon, was run up to the top of the flagstaff on the dome, and breaking, streamed out on the heavy south-westerly breeze a brave and inspiriting picture.

The report carried by theArgusnewspaper was also celebratory in nature, stating,[48]

In years to come the flag which floated yesterday in the Exhibition building over Her Excellency the Countess of Hopetoun, who stood for Great Britain, and the Prime Minister (Mr Barton), who stood for Australia, will, in all human probability, become the emblem upon which the millions of the free people of the Commonwealth will gaze with a thrill of national pride.

Alternatively, the then republican magazineThe Bulletinlabelled it,[55]

a staled réchauffé of the British flag, with no artistic virtue, no national significance... Minds move slowly: and Australia is still Britain's little boy. What more natural than that he should accept his father's cut-down garments, – lacking the power to protest, and only dimly realising his will. That bastard flag is a true symbol of the bastard state of Australian opinion.

Melbourne Heraldcompetition winning design Blue version of winning design As approved by King Edward VII

As the design was basically theVictorian flagwith a star added, many critics in both the Federal Government and the New South Wales government objected to the chosen flag for being "too Victorian".[56]They wanted the Australian Federation Flag, and Prime Minister Barton, who had been promoting the Federation Flag, submitted this flag along with that chosen by the judges to the Admiralty for final approval.[57]The Admiralty chose the Red for private vessels and Blue Ensigns for government ships.[58]The Barton government regarded both the Blue and Red Ensigns as colonial maritime flags[59]and "grudgingly" agreed to fly it only on naval ships. Later governments, that of Chris Watson in 1904 and Andrew Fisher in 1910, were also unhappy with the design, wanting something "more distinctive" and more "indicative of Australian unity".[60]

The original, official painting of the opening of Old Parliament House byHarold Septimus Power,showing numerous Red Ensigns alongside Union Jacks
A colour lithograph by an unknown artist of the opening of provisional parliament house in Canberra, 9 May 1927
First raising of the Australian flag

On 3 September 1901, the new Australian flag flew for the first time from the dome of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne.[52]The names of the joint winners of the design competition were announced byHersey, Countess of Hopetoun(the wife of theGovernor-General,the7th Earl of Hopetoun) and she unfurled the flag for the first time.[61]Since 1996 this date has been officially known asAustralian National Flag Day.[52]

The competition-winning designs were submitted to the British Colonial Secretary in 1902. Prime MinisterEdmund Bartonannounced in the Commonwealth Gazette thatKing Edward VIIhad officially approved the design as the flag of Australia on 11 February 1903.[1]The published version made all the stars in the Southern Cross seven-pointed and of equal size apart from the smallest—and is the same as the current design except for the six-pointed Commonwealth Star.[52]

Blue versus red ensign

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Australian red ensignin maritime use

In the decades following federation the red ensign was also the pre-eminent flag in use by private citizens on land. This was largely due to the Commonwealth government, assisted by flag suppliers, discouraging the use of the blue ensign by the general public.[62]Both the blue and red versions were used by armed forces during the First and Second World Wars (see:Flags of the Australian Defence Force).[63]A colourised version of a photograph held by the Australian War Memorial of the Armistice Day celebrations in Sydney's Martin Place, 11 November 1918, reveals both ensigns being displayed by the assembled crowd.[64][65]Illustrations and photos of the opening of Australia's provisionalParliament Housein 1927 show Australian Ensigns flown alongside Union Jacks. However, sources disagree on the colours of the Australian flags, leaving open the possibility that either ensign or both were used.[59][66][67]

A 1934 issue ofNational Geographiccovering the flags of the world and containing coloured illustrations describes the red ensign as "Australia – Merchant" and omits the blue ensign altogether.[68]A memo from the Prime Minister's Department dated 6 March 1939states that"the Red Ensign is the flag to be flown by the public generally" and the federal government policy was "The flying of the Commonwealth Blue Ensign is reserved for Commonwealth Government use but there is no reservation in the case of the Commonwealth Merchant Flag, or Red Ensign".[69]

TheFlags Act 1953specified the Blue Ensign as the Australian National Flag and theRed Ensignas the merchant shipping flag.

In the 1940s, the federal government began to encourage public use of the blue ensign.[70]Despite this, there remained confusion until theFlags Act 1953declared the Blue Ensign to be the national flag and the Red Ensign the flag of the Australian mercantile marine.[70]It has been claimed[according to whom?]that this choice was made on the basis that the predominately red version carried too many communist overtones for the government of the day to be legislated for as the chief national symbol, although no cabinet documents yet released to the public including the more detailed minutes have ever been adduced in support of this theory.[71]This theory is unlikely, as since 1904 the Australian Government had given precedence to the blue ensign, for example by giving the right to fly it in schools in 1940. Blue suited the anti-communist policy of the Menzies government (and other organisations such as the Catholic Church), however it was also suitable to the Labor party as it was the same colour as the Eureka Flag.[72]The Red Ensign continues to be paraded onAnzac Dayin recognition of its historical significance.[73]

Technically, private non-commercial vessels were liable to a substantial fine if they did not fly the British Red Ensign. However, an Admiralty Warrant was issued on 5 December 1938, authorising these vessels to fly the Australian Red Ensign. TheShipping Registration Act 1981reaffirmed that the Australian Red Ensign was the proper colours for commercial ships over 24 metres (79 ft) in tonnage length.[74]

As a result of the declaration of 3 September as Merchant Navy Day in 2008, the Red Ensign can be flown on land alongside the Australian national flag on this occasion as a matter of protocol.[75]

Status of the Union Jack

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The Australian flag and theUnion Jackduring anAnzac Dayceremony in 1937
The Australian flag and the Union Jack embellishing the Victoria Cross Memorial in theQueen Victoria Building,Sydney

The Blue Ensign replaced the Union Jack at theOlympic Gamesat St Louis in 1904. In the same year, due to lobbying byRichard CrouchMP, it had the same status as the Union Jack in the UK, when the Australian House of Representatives proclaimed that the Blue Ensign "should be flown upon all forts, vessels, saluting places and public buildings of the Commonwealth upon all occasions when flags are used".[76]The government agreed to fly the Blue Ensign on special flag days, but not if it meant additional expense, which undermined the motion.[76]The Blue Ensign could only be flown on a state government building if a state flag was not available.[59]

On 2 June 1904 a resolution was passed by parliament to replace the Union Jack with the "Australian flag" on forts. Initially the Department of Defence resisted using the Flag, considering it to be a marine ensign and favouring King's Regulations that specified the use of the Union Jack. After being approached by the Department of Defence, Prime MinisterChris Watsonstated in parliament that he was not satisfied with the design of the Australian flag and that implementation of the 1904 resolution could wait until consideration was given to "adopt another [flag] which in our opinion is more appropriate".[77]In 1908, Australian Army Military Order, No 58/08 ordered the "Australian Ensign" replace the Union Jack at all military establishments. From 1911 it was the saluting flag of the Australian army at all reviews and ceremonial parades.[78][79]

TheRoyal Australian Navy(RAN) was promulgated on 5 October 1911 and was directed to fly the BritishWhite Ensignon the stern and the flag of Australia on thejackstaff.[80][70][81]Despite the government wanting to use the Blue Ensign on Australian warships, officers continued to fly the Union Jack, and it was not until 1913, following public protest inFremantleafter its use for the review ofHMASMelbourne,that the government reminded them of the 1911 legislation.[82]The British White Ensign was finally replaced by a distinctivelyAustralian White Ensignon 1 March 1967 (seeFlags of the Australian Defence Force).[78]Despite the new Australian flags official use, from 1901 until the 1920s theFederation Flagremained the most popular Australian flag for public and even some official events. It was flown at the 1907 State Premiers conference in Melbourne and during the 1927 visit to Australia of the Duke and Duchess of York, the futureKing George VIandQueen Elizabeth.[83]

In the 1920s there was debate over whether the Blue Ensign was reserved for Commonwealth buildings only, culminating in a 1924 agreement that the Union Jack should take precedence as the National Flag with state and local governments henceforth able to use the blue ensign.[59]As the Union Jack was recognised as the national flag, it was considered disloyal to fly either ensign without the Union Jack alongside, and it was the Union Jack that covered the coffins of Australia's war dead.[59][84]

In 1940 the Victorian government passed legislation allowing schools to purchase Blue Ensigns,[85]which in turn allowed its use by private citizens. Prime Minister Robert Menzies then recommended schools, government building and private citizens to use the Blue Ensign, issuing a statement the following year allowing Australians to use either ensign providing it was done so respectfully.[7][59]

Prime MinisterBen Chifleyissued a similar statement in 1947.[7][86]

On 4 December 1950, thePrime MinisterRobert Menziesaffirmed the Blue ensign as the National flag and in 1951 King George VI approved the Government's recommendation.

When the Flags Bill was introduced into parliament on 20 November 1953, Menzies said,[87]

This bill is very largely a formal measure which puts into legislative form what has become almost the established practice in Australia... The design adopted was submitted to His Majesty King Edward VII, and he was pleased to approve of it as the Australian flag in 1902. However, no legislative action has ever been taken to determine the precise form of the flag or the circumstances of its use, and this bill has been brought down to produce that result.

This status was formalised on 14 February 1954, whenQueen Elizabeth IIgaveroyal assentto theFlags Act 1953,which had been passed two months earlier.[88][70]The monarch's assent was timed to coincide with the Queen's visit to the country and came after she had opened the new session of Parliament.[88]The act confers statutory powers on thegovernor-generalto appoint "flags and ensigns of Australia"[89]and authorise warrants and make rules as to use of flags.[90]Section 8 ensures that the "right or privilege" of a person to fly the Union Jack is not affected by the act.[91]

South Australia chose to continue with the Union Jack as the national flag until 1956, when schools were given the option of using either the Union Jack or Australian flag.[92]The former was still regarded as the national flag by many Australians well into the 1970s, which inspired Arthur Smout's campaign from 1968 to 1982 to encourage Australians to give the Australian flag precedence.[93]

By the mid-1980s, the Commonwealth Government no longer reminded Australians they had the right to fly the Union Jack alongside the National Flag or provided illustrations of how to correctly display them together.[94]

In 1977, the Australian flag was first displayed in the House of Representatives inOld Parliament House.It continued to be displayed in the chamber on the openingNew Parliament Housein 1988. Subsequently, the flag was displayed in the Senate for the first time in 1992.[95]

Flag Day

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Main article:Flag Day (Australia)

In 1996, 3 September was proclaimed as Australian National Flag Day.[96]Flag Daycelebrations had been occurring inSydneysince 1985. The inaugural event was held under the auspices of the New South Wales branch of the Australian National Flag Association to commemorate the anniversary of the flag being first flown in 1901.[97]On Flag Day, ceremonies are held in schools, major centres, and the Governor-General, Governors and some politicians attend or release statements to the media.[98]Australian National Flag Day is not a public holiday.

Centenary flags

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Centenary flag of state

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On the centenary of the first flying of the flag, 3 September 2001, theAustralian National Flag Associationpresented the then prime minister John Howard with a flag at theRoyal Exhibition Buildingintended to replace the missing original flag.[99]This flag was not a replica of the original flag, on which the Commonwealth Star had only six points, but was a current Australian National Flag with a seven pointed Commonwealth Star.[99]The flag has a special headband,[100]including a cardinal red stripe and an inscription.[101][100]The red stripe represents the "crimson thread of kinship of all peoples of Australia"; an idea sourced from aHenry Parkesspeech that urged Federation, due to the "crimson thread of kinship" of a common British origin that connected the colonists together.[102][103]

A warrant authorising the use of the Centenary Flag under section 6 of the Flags Act was issued by the Governor-General and the flag is now used as the official flag of state on important occasions.[104]These included the opening of new parliamentary terms and when visiting heads of state arrive.[99]The flag has been transported across the country for flying in every state and territory. It was later used onRemembrance Dayin 2003 for the opening of the Australian War Memorial inHyde ParkinLondon.[99]

Parliament house centenary flag

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On 18 September 2001 during the centenary of federation the federal member for Hinkler,Paul Neville,requested to the speaker that

before [the flag] becomes too faded or too tattered, [it] be taken down and perhaps offered to a museum or an art gallery as the seminal flag that flew over this building 100 years from the time the first flag was flown?[105]

The parliament house centenary flag was subsequently entrusted to theAustralian flag Societyand has been paraded at schools to mark Australian National Flag Day on a tour of the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Queensland.[106][107][108][109][110][111][112]

Other Australian flags

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Main article:List of Australian flags
The Australian national,AboriginalandTorres Strait Islanderflags as they are often displayed at official events

Under Section 5 of theFlags Act 1953,the Governor-General may proclaim flags other than the National Flag and the Red Ensign as flags or ensigns of Australia.[89]Five flags have been appointed in this manner. The first two were theRoyal Australian Navy Ensignand theRoyal Australian Air Force Ensign,the flags used by theRoyal Australian Navyand theRoyal Australian Air Force.TheAustralian Armyhas no ensign of its own, but they are given the ceremonial task to be the defender of the National Flag.[113]The Air Force and the Navy flew the appropriate British ensigns (theWhite Ensignand theRoyal Air Force Ensign) until the adoption of similar ensigns based on the Australian National Flag in 1948 and 1967 respectively.[63]The current Navy and Air Force Ensigns were officially appointed in 1967 and 1982 respectively.[63]

TheQueen's Personal Australian flagwas approved by QueenElizabeth IIon 20 September 1962 and was only flown when she visited Australia. It was used in a similar way as theRoyal Standard of the United Kingdom.[114][115]

In 1995, theAboriginal flagand theTorres Strait Islander flagwere also appointed flags of Australia.[116]While mainly seen as a gesture ofreconciliation,this recognition caused a small amount of controversy at the time, with then opposition leaderJohn Howarddescribing it as divisive.[117]SomeIndigenous people,such as the flag's designerHarold Thomas,felt that the government was appropriating their flag,[117]saying it "doesn't need any more recognition".[118]However, Thomas later transferred the flag's copyright to the Commonwealth Government, expressing hope that doing so would "provide comfort to all Aboriginal people and Australians to use the flag".[119]

TheAustralian Defence Force Ensignwas proclaimed in 2000. This flag is used to represent the Defence Force when more than one branch of the military is involved, such as at theAustralian Defence Force Academy,and by the Minister for Defence.[120][121]

TheLegislative Instruments Act 2003required the proclamations of these flags to be lodged in a Federal Register. Due to an administrative oversight they were not, and the proclamations were automatically repealed.[122]TheGovernor-General of Australiaissued new proclamations dated 25 January 2008, with effect from 1 January 2008 (or 1 October 2006 in the case of the Defence Force Ensign).[123]

In addition to the seven flags declared under theFlags Act,there are three additional Australian Government flags, theAustralian Civil Aviation Ensign,Australian Border Force Flagand the Australian Federal Police Flag,[124]eight Vice-Regal flags and nine state and territory flags that are recognised as official flags through other means.[125]

Flag debate

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Main article:Australian flag debate
A poster calling for a redesign of the Australian flag, released byAusflagin 2000 to coincide with the2000 Summer Olympics

There have been mild but persistent debates over whether or not the Union Jack should be removed from the canton of the Australian flag.[126]This debate has culminated on several occasions, such as the period preceding theAustralian Bicentenary in 1988,and during the Prime Ministership ofPaul Keating,[126]who publicly supported a change in the flag, saying "I do not believe that the symbols and the expression of the full sovereignty of Australian nationhood can ever be complete while we have a flag with the flag of another country on the corner of it."[127]

There are two lobby groups involved in the flag debate:Ausflag(established 1981), which supports changing the flag,[128]and theAustralian National Flag Association(ANFA) (established 1983), which wants to keep the existing flag.[129]The primary arguments for keeping the flag cite historic precedence, while those for changing the flag are based around the idea that the status quo does not accurately depict Australia's status as an independent and multicultural nation,[130]nor is its design unique enough to easily distinguish it from similar flags, such as the flags ofNew Zealand,Cook IslandsandTuvalu(despite the counter argument that this is not uncommon, as seen withRomaniaandChadsharing near identical flags). The similarity between the flag of Australia and those of other countries is often derived from a common colonial history.[131]

The Coalition government underJohn Howardin 1996 establishedAustralian National Flag Dayand in 1998 sponsored an amendment to theFlags Actto require any changes to the national flag design to be passed at a plebiscite along the same lines of the 1977 national song poll. In 2002 it also supplied ANFA's promotional video free to all primary schools and in 2004 required all schools receiving federal funds to fly the Australian flag.[132]

Ausflag periodically campaigns for flag change in association with national events such as the2000 Summer Olympics,[133]and holds flag design competitions,[128]while ANFA's activities include promotion of the existing flag through events such as National Flag Day.[134]OnAustralia Dayin 2018, Ausflag released an alternative design of the flag without the Union Jack, featuring aCommonwealth StarandSouthern Cross.The date of the release was met with some backlash, which Harold Scruby, Ausflag's executive director called "the lowest form of censorship". Following the release,Malcolm Turnbull,then-prime minister and a former Ausflag director, told the group that the flag would never change, viewing it as an important symbol of Australian history.[135]

A 2004Newspollthat asked: "Are you personally in favour or against changing the Australian flag so as to remove the Union Jack emblem?" was supported by 32% of respondents and opposed by 57%, with 11% uncommitted.[136][note 1]A 2010Morgan Pollthat asked: "Do you think Australia should have a new design for our National Flag?" was supported by 29% of respondents and opposed by 66%, with 5% uncommitted.[137]A 2013 survey found that 95 per cent of surveyed adults stated that they took pride in the national flag, which was enjoying increasing popularity; half (50%) said they were extremely proud.[138]Conversely, a 2016 self-selected non-weighted online survey from Western Sydney University found that 64% of the responders wanted the flag to change, with 36% wanting it to remain the same.[139]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^According to a breakdown of the figures, 41% said they were "strongly" opposed, more than favoured change overall.

References

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  • Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2022).Australian flags(PDF)(3rd ed.). Australian Government.ISBN978-0642471345.Archived(PDF)from the original on 17 May 2023.
  1. ^abCommonwealth of Australia GazetteNo. 8, 20 February 1903
  2. ^"Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 1908 No. 65".Australian Government Federal Register of Legislation.19 December 1908. p. 1709.Retrieved25 January2019.
  3. ^Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022,pp. 4–6.
  4. ^Foley, Carol A. (1996).The Australian flag: colonial relic or contemporary icon?.Sydney: Federation Press. p. 18.ISBN9781862871885.
  5. ^Kwan, Elizabeth (7 July 2007)."National Parliament, National Symbols: From British to Australian Identity".aph.gov.au.Retrieved10 August2024.
  6. ^abcdefDepartment of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2022,p. 6.
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  9. ^Foley, Carol A. (1996).The Australian flag: colonial relic or contemporary icon?.Sydney: Federation Press. pp. 29–30.ISBN9781862871885.
  10. ^Kwan, Elizabeth. 2006.Flag and Nation: Australians and their national flags since 1901UNSW PressISBN0-86840-567-1p. 143.
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