Wikipedia

Fredericksburg, Texas

Fredericksburg(German:Friedrichsburg) is a city in and theseatofGillespie County, Texas,United States.[4]As of the2020 Census,this city had a population of 10,875.[5]

Fredericksburg, Texas
City
East end of downtown Fredericksburg
East end of downtown Fredericksburg
Official seal of Fredericksburg, Texas
Seal
Nicknames:
Fritztown, The Burg
Location of Fredericksburg, Texas
Location of Fredericksburg, Texas
Coordinates:30°15′50″N98°52′29″W/ 30.26389°N 98.87472°W/30.26389; -98.87472
CountryUnited States
StateTexas
CountyGillespie
Named forPrince Frederick of Prussia
Area
[1]
• Total
9.25 sq mi (23.95 km2)
• Land9.19 sq mi (23.81 km2)
• Water0.05 sq mi (0.14 km2)
Elevation
[2]
1,723 ft (525 m)
Population
(2020)
• Total
10,875
• Density1,200/sq mi (450/km2)
Time zoneUTC−06:00(Central (CST))
• Summer (DST)UTC−05:00(CDT)
ZIP Code
78624
Area code830
FIPS code48-27348[3]
GNISfeature ID2410542[2]
Websitewww.fbgtx.org

Fredericksburg was founded in 1846 and named afterPrince Frederick of Prussia.Old-time German residents often referred to Fredericksburg as Fritztown, a nickname that is still used in some businesses.[6]It is located 70 miles northwest ofSan Antonio,and approximately 80 miles west ofAustin.This city is also notable as the home ofTexas German,a dialect spoken by the first generations of German settlers who initially refused to learn English. Fredericksburg shares many cultural characteristics withNew Braunfels,which had been established byPrince Carl of Solms-Braunfelsthe previous year. Fredericksburg is the birthplace of Fleet AdmiralChester Nimitz.It is the sister city ofMontabaur,Germany.[7]On October 14, 1970, theFredericksburg Historic Districtwas added to theNational Register of Historic Places in Texas.[8]

History

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Main article:History of Fredericksburg, Texas

Geography

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Fredericksburg is located east of the center of Gillespie County 70 miles (110 km) north ofSan Antonioand 78 miles (126 km) west ofAustin.

According to theUnited States Census Bureau,the city has a total area of 22.3 square kilometres (8.6 sq mi), of which 22.2 square kilometres (8.6 sq mi) are land and 0.12 km2(0.05 sq mi), or 0.55%, is covered by water.[9]

Enchanted Rock

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Enchanted Rockis a geographical landmark 27 km (17 mi) north of Fredericksburg inLlano County.The rock is a huge, pink graniteexfoliation domethat rises 425 ft (130 m) above the surrounding land, has a summit elevation of 1,825 ft (556 m) above sea level, and covers 640 acres (260 ha). Enchanted Rock offers 8.4 miles of hiking trails, camping, picnicking, rock climbing, and other outdoor activities. It is one of the largestbatholiths(underground rock formation uncovered by erosion) in the United States, and was declared aNational Natural Landmarkin 1970. In 1994, theState of Texasopened it as Enchanted Rock State Natural Area after adding facilities. The same year, Enchanted Rock was added to theNational Register of Historic Places.[10][11]

Balanced Rock

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Balanced Rock, date unknown

Balanced Rock was a famous local landmark that perched atop Bear Mountain 16 km (10 mi) north of Fredericksburg.[12]The natural wonder stone pillar, precariously balanced on its small tip.[13]It fell prey to vandals, who dynamited it off its base in April 1986.[14][15]

Cross Mountain

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Cross Mountain overlooking Fredericksburg in 2020

The first known record of Cross Mountain (elevation 584 m (1,916 ft)) was in 1847 byFerdinand von Roemer.Native Americans used the location to signal each other about intrusions into their territory. The area was part of settler John Christian Durst's 10-acre (4.0 ha) allotment. Durst found a timber cross on the mountain, indicating that Spanish missionaries had once used the site. Durst named the place "Kreuzberg"or Cross Mountain. In 1849, Father George Menzel erected a new cross. In 1946, St. Mary's Catholic Church erected a metal and concrete cross. The mountain has been used both for the Easter Fires pageant and for Easter sunrise services. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark 1976.[16]

Climate

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Fredericksburg experiences ahumid subtropical climate,with hot summers and generally mild winters. Average temperatures range from 82 °F (28 °C) in the summer to 47 °F (8 °C) during winter.

Climate data for Fredericksburg, Texas (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1896–1915, 1939–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 90
(32) 		96
(36) 		101
(38) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		108
(42) 		109
(43) 		109
(43) 		109
(43) 		102
(39) 		92
(33) 		88
(31) 		109
(43)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 59.8
(15.4) 		63.8
(17.7) 		70.7
(21.5) 		78.0
(25.6) 		84.0
(28.9) 		90.3
(32.4) 		93.4
(34.1) 		94.2
(34.6) 		87.9
(31.1) 		79.1
(26.2) 		68.2
(20.1) 		61.4
(16.3) 		77.6
(25.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 47.0
(8.3) 		51.2
(10.7) 		58.3
(14.6) 		65.6
(18.7) 		73.3
(22.9) 		79.4
(26.3) 		82.1
(27.8) 		82.2
(27.9) 		76.0
(24.4) 		66.7
(19.3) 		56.1
(13.4) 		48.6
(9.2) 		65.5
(18.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 34.2
(1.2) 		38.5
(3.6) 		45.9
(7.7) 		53.2
(11.8) 		62.5
(16.9) 		68.5
(20.3) 		70.7
(21.5) 		70.2
(21.2) 		64.1
(17.8) 		54.2
(12.3) 		43.9
(6.6) 		35.8
(2.1) 		53.5
(11.9)
Record low °F (°C) −5
(−21) 		−3
(−19) 		12
(−11) 		24
(−4) 		37
(3) 		48
(9) 		55
(13) 		54
(12) 		35
(2) 		24
(−4) 		12
(−11) 		1
(−17) 		−5
(−21)
Averageprecipitationinches (mm) 1.56
(40) 		1.84
(47) 		2.50
(64) 		2.55
(65) 		4.26
(108) 		2.98
(76) 		1.88
(48) 		2.42
(61) 		3.25
(83) 		3.10
(79) 		2.18
(55) 		2.04
(52) 		30.56
(776)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) 7.0 7.2 8.4 6.4 8.1 6.2 4.5 5.2 6.3 6.5 6.8 7.0 79.6
Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in) 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Source:NOAA[17][18]

Architecture

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The Vereins Kirche, the Pioneer Museum Complex, Pioneer Memorial Library, and other architecture.

Further information:Architecture of Fredericksburg, Texas

Churches and religion

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St. Mary's Catholic Church July 2017 2 (Main Church)
Further information:Architecture of Fredericksburg, Texas
Interior of Saint Mary Catholic Church in Fredericksburg, Texas

Nimitz Hotel and National Museum of the Pacific War

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Further information:National Museum of the Pacific War

Railway

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On January 3, 1913, theSan Antonio, Fredericksburg and Northern Railwaywas chartered to connect Fredericksburg with theSan Antonio and Aransas Pass RailwaynearWaring.[19]In 1913 a 920-foot (280 m) long railroad tunnel was built. The cost of the tunnel sent the railroad into receivership on October 28, 1914.[20]It was sold under foreclosure on December 31, 1917, to Martin Carle who deeded the property to theFredericksburg and Northern Railway,which had been chartered on December 26 of that year. The train operated until July 27, 1942.[21][22]Since the shutdown of the railway the tunnel has become a bat cave, hosting over 3 millionMexican free-tailed bats.In 2012 it becameOld Tunnel State Park,with provides picnic and restroom facilities for visitors.[23]

Agritourism

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The Fredericksburg-Stonewall area has become known as thePeachCapital of Texas[24]and Benjamin Lester Enderle is known as the Father of the Hill Country Peach Industry. He was Gillespie County Surveyor and a math and science teacher at Fredericksburg High School when he planted five peach trees and began selling the fruit in 1921. Enderle worked to develop the Hale, Burbank, Elberta, and Stark varieties. He began marketing them through theH-E-Bgrocery chain, and eventually had 5,000 producing peach trees on 150 acres (61 ha).[25]Growers claim the taste[26]is due to the area having the right combination of elevation, sandy soil, and climate to produce flavorful clingstone andfreestonepeaches. The fruit ripens May–August, and consumers can either buy picked fruit, or pick their own.[27]

Main Street at Fredericksburg, aBiergartenis along the major street.

Herb farms,[28]grape culture,lavenderproduction, and wildflower seeds have become burgeoning businesses in Fredericksburg. Combinations of agribusiness with day spas, wedding facilities, or bed-and-breakfast accommodations are not unusual.[29][self-published source?]Even a Texas Hill Country Lavender Trail has been designated.[30]

Lady Bird Johnson's passion for Texas wildflowers not only lives on in theLady Bird Johnson Wildflower Centerin Austin, but also sparked a high demand for seed.[31]The 200-acre (81 ha)Wildseed Farmsin Fredericksburg was founded by John R. Thomas in 1983 as a result of that high demand, and produces 88 varieties of wildflower seeds. It is the largest family-owned wildflower seed farm in the United States and host of an annual Wildflower Celebration.[24][32][33]

In 1994, theSeventy-third Texas Legislaturepassed H.B. No. 1425, allowingbrewpuboperations within Texas.[34]Fredericksburg Brewing Company began operations shortly thereafter.[35] A number of vineyards and related industries have also arisen in the post-LBJ era of Fredericksburg.[36]The designatedAmerican Viticultural AreasofFredericksburg in the Texas Hill Country AVAand the much largerTexas Hill Country AVAboth include Fredericksburg inside their boundaries.[37]Fredericksburg is a common starting point or destination for tourists visiting wineries in the Texas Hill Country.[38][39]

Education

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The city of Fredericksburg is served by theFredericksburg Independent School District.The school's teams are called the "Battlin' Billies".[40]

The first institute of higher learning in Fredericksburg was Fredericksburg College in 1876. The German Methodist Church of Fredericksburg founded the institution and offered courses in the arts, sciences, and foreign languages. Enrollment was about 150 students. W. J. R. Thoenssen was the first principal, succeeded by Charles F. Tansill. Finances caused the college to be closed in 1884. The property was sold to Fredericksburg Independent School District.[41]

For higher education, Fredericksburg is home toTexas Tech University at Fredericksburg.[42]

It also has some private schools, such as:

  • Ambleside School of Fredericksburg[43]
  • Heritage School[44]
  • St. Mary's Elementary and Junior High School

Fredericksburg has a municipally operated library adjacent to the Gillespie County Courthouse.

Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools

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Headquartered in Fredericksburg, the Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools is a group of former students and members of the community, interested in preserving the traditions of the old country schools, the community clubs, and the history of Gillespie County for future generations.[45]

Hospitals

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Hill Country Memorial Hospital on Highway 16 is an acute-care facility that offers medical care, preventive care, and a wellness center. It is consistently ranked in the top 100 hospitals in the nation.[46]

Transportation

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Major roads

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Airport

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Gillespie County Airport[47](FAA locator T82) is located on State Highway 16 South, about 2 miles (3.2 km) from downtown Fredericksburg, and features a 5,002 ft (1,525 m) long runway and a hotel and diner. The airport was established by Hans Hannemann and Red Schroeder. Prior to 1945, the facility had been owned by theUnited States Army Air Corps.Transient and long-term hangar rentals are available.[48][49]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1850754—
18701,164—
18801,085−6.8%
18901,53241.2%
19302,416—
19403,54446.7%
19503,8548.7%
19604,62920.1%
19705,32615.1%
19806,41220.4%
19906,9348.1%
20008,91128.5%
201010,53018.2%
202010,8753.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[50]
Fredericksburg city limits sign

2020 census

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Fredericksburg racial composition[5]
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[a]
Race Number Percentage
White(NH) 7,844 72.13%
Black or African American(NH) 48 0.44%
Native AmericanorAlaska Native(NH) 38 0.35%
Asian(NH) 101 0.93%
Some Other Race (NH) 31 0.29%
Mixed/Multi-Racial(NH) 290 2.67%
Hispanic or Latino 2,523 23.2%
Total 10,875

As of the2020 United States census,there were 10,875 people, 4,796 households, and 2,823 families residing in the city.

2000 census

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As of thecensus[3]of 2000, 8,911 people, 3,784 households, and 2,433 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,342 inhabitants per square mile (518/km2). The 4,183 housing units averaged 630 per square mile (243.2/km2). Theracial makeupof the city was 93.08% White, 0.27% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 5.09% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 17.00% of the population. English is spoken by 72.73% of the population, Spanish by 14.77%, and Texas German by 12.48%.[53]In terms of ancestry, 39.7% were ofGerman,12.5% were ofIrish,10.8% were ofEnglish,4.9% were ofAmerican,3.2% were ofScotch-Irish,2.3% were ofScottish,2.3% were ofDutch.

Of the 3,784 households, 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% weremarried couplesliving together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were not families. About 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the city, the population was distributed as 20.3% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 20.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 30.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,276, and for a family was $43,670. Males had a median income of $25,878 versus $22,171 for females. Theper capita incomefor the city was $18,788. About 7.5% of families and 11.9% of the population were below thepoverty line,including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.

Government

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The city of Fredericksburg is run under thecouncil-managerform of government. As per the Home Rule Charter adopted May 1991,[54]the governing body of Fredericksburg consists of a mayor and four council members. Both the mayor and the council are elected in alternating years by the city at large for two-year terms with a limit of four consecutive terms.[55]

Media

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Radio

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AM Radio station KNAF went on the air in 1947. The original license was granted by theFederal Communications Commissionto Arthur Stehling.[56] The license was transferred to Norbert Fritz and family.[57]

Newspapers

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TheFredericksburg Standardwas originally titledGillespie County Newsand was founded in 1888. The name change happened in 1907. The paper was purchased by the Fredericksburg Publishing Company in 1915, which also published the German language newspaperFredericksburg Wochenblatt.TheRadio Postbegan publishing in 1922 and was purchased in 1984 by the Fredericksburg Publishing Company. The two newspapers merged into theFredericksburg Standard-Radio Post.[58][59]

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  • Film:
    • Baghdad Texas(2009) filmed in Fredericksburg andKerrville,Texas
    • Seven Days in Utopia(2011) filmed at the Boot Ranch golf club just north of Fredericksburg, as well as inUtopia, Texas,and featuring Academy Award-winnerRobert DuvallandLucas Black.It was based on the bookGolf's Sacred Journey: Seven Days at the Links of Utopia,Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009.ISBN978-0-310-31885-9.
  • Music:
    • "Stoned" (1995) a song byOld 97'sadvises 'Take a Greyhound to Fredericksburg'
    • "Chester Nimitz Oriental Garden Waltz" (1988) a song by theAustin Lounge Lizards
    • Grammy-winning blues artistJohnny Nicholasruns the Hill Top Cafe on US87 near Fredericksburg in a 1930s former gas station[60]
  • Books:
    • Early 1932 saw authorRobert E. Howardtaking one of his frequent trips around Texas. He traveled through the southern part of the state with his main occupation being, in his own words, "the wholesale consumption of tortillas, enchiladas and cheap Spanish wine." In Fredericksburg, while overlooking sullen hills through a misty rain, he conceived of the prehistoric fantasy land ofCimmeria,the bitter hard northern region home to fearsome barbarians. In February, while inMission,he wrote the poemCimmeria.It was also during this trip that Howard first conceived of the character ofConan the Barbarian.[61][62]
    • Gurasich, Mari (1994).A House Divided.Texas Christian University Press.ISBN978-0-87565-122-4.During the Civil War, young Louisa is the youngest daughter in a German household in Fredericksburg. One brother has been killed by Confederate vigilantes James P. Waldrip and Die Haengebande, and the other brother is in a Union prison.
    • Gimenez, Mark (2009).The Perk.Sphere.ISBN978-0-7515-3967-7.Lawyer Beck Hardin returns to his hometown of Fredericksburg after the death of his wife, helping to solve an old crime.
  • Comedy:
    • Bill Hicksreferenced Fredericksburg in the bit "Gifts of Forgiveness" which was included on his 1997 posthumously released comedy albumRant In E-Minor
  • Radio:
    • Walter de Paduwaon his Dr Boogie radio show of 11/11/2016 described (in French) his 1990s visit to Fredericksburg eating sauerkraut at 35 degrees, and seeing the Nimitz statue but summing up with the somewhat sweeping adviceN'allez jamais a Fredericksburg. Il n'y a RIEN a voir a Frederiksburg(Never go to Fredericksburg. There is NOTHING to see at Fredericksburg).[63]

Notable people

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Notable people of Fredericksburg, Texas
Name Birth-death Notability Ref(s)
Jacob Bickler (1849–1902) Educator, founder of two Austin academies, taught summer school in Fredericksburg [64]
Kyle Biedermann (born 1959) Texas state legislator [65]
Matthew Gaines (1840–1900) Former slave, Baptist minister became a senator in theTexas State Legislatureafter emancipation [66]
General Michael W. Hagee (born 1944) 33rd Commandant of the United States Marine Corps [67]
Max Hirsch (1880–1969) National Museum of Racing and Hall of Famethoroughbred horse trainer [68]
Betty Holekamp (1826–1902) German colonist and pioneer woman, called theBetsy Rossof Texas [69]
1st Lt. Louis John Jordan (1890–1918) All-American football player withTexas Longhorns(1911–1914), first Texan officer killed inWorld War I,posthumously awarded theCroix de Guerrein 1924 [70]
Hugo Emil Klaerner (1908–1982) Chicago White Soxpitcher [71]
Allen V. Kneese (1930–2001) Pioneer ofenvironmental economics [72]
Engelbert Krauskopf (1820–1881) Gunsmith, inventor, naturalist [73]
Jacob Kuechler (1823–1893) Surveyor, conscientious objector during the Civil War, and commissioner of the Texas General Land Office [74]
Lara Logan (born 1971) 60 MinutesCorrespondent [75]
Hermann Lungkwitz (1813–1891) Landscape artist and photographer, noted for first pictorial records of the Texas Hill Country [76]
John O. Meusebach (1812–1897) Founding father of Fredericksburg [77]
Henry Miller (1853–1896) First Grand President of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) [78]
William Molter (1910–1960) Thoroughbred trainer inNational Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame [79]
Charles Henry Nimitz (1826–1911) Built the Nimitz Hotel in 1852, grandfather of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, elected to the Texas Legislature in 1890 [80]
Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz (1885–1966) Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Forces in World War II [81]
Friedrich Richard Petri (1824–1857) Painter who depicted relationships between early German settlers and local Native American tribes [82]
Colonel Alfred P. C. Petsch (1887–1981) Lawyer, legislator, civic leader, and philanthropist, served in theTexas House of Representatives1925–1941, veteran of both World War I and World War II [83]
Felix Stehling (1925–2012) Co-founder ofTaco Cabana [84]
Buffy Tyler (born 1978) Playboy Playmate November 2000 [85]
Frank Van der Stucken (1858–1929) Music composer, conductor [86]
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  • View of Enchanted Rock from base camp
  • Couple strolling down Enchanted rock
  • Fredericksburg is known for its many downtown shops.
  • The Vereins-Kirche, c. 1847
  • Fort Martin Scott, c. 1848
  • Admiral Nimitz Museum, c. 1852
  • Pioneer Memorial Library (Gillespie County Courthouse), c. 1882
  • White Elephant Saloon, c. 1888
  • Bank of Fredericksburg, c. 1889
  • Haussegen Platz Log Haus bed and breakfast
  • St. Marys Catholic Church, c. 1906
  • Zion Lutheran Church, c. 1854 (oldest Lutheran Church in the Texas Hill Country)
  • Bronze statue "Lasting Friendship" in Fredericksburg park commemorating the peace treaty between local settlers and the Comanche.
  • Marktplatz
  • Amish Furniture and Market in Fredericksburg
  • John O. Meusebach who led the German settlers to Fredericksburg

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files".United States Census Bureau.RetrievedAugust 7,2020.
  2. ^abU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Fredericksburg, Texas
  3. ^ab"U.S. Census website".United States Census Bureau.RetrievedJanuary 31,2008.
  4. ^"Find a County".National Association of Counties. Archived fromthe originalon May 31, 2011.RetrievedJune 7,2011.
  5. ^ab"Explore Census Data".data.census.gov.RetrievedMay 20,2022.
  6. ^Yelp: Fritztown Diesel and Trick RepairArchived2013-12-03 at theWayback MachineAccessed: 11/28/2013
  7. ^"Fredericksburg -V.G. Montabaur Sister City Organization".Archivedfrom the original on September 1, 2014.
  8. ^Fredericksburg, Texas NPSArchived2013-12-03 at theWayback MachineAccessed: 11/28/2013
  9. ^"QuickFacts: Fredericksburg city, Texas".American Factfinder.U.S. Census Bureau.RetrievedJanuary 17,2023.
  10. ^"National Landmark, Enchanted Rock".National Park Service.Archivedfrom the original on May 28, 2010.RetrievedMay 6,2010.National Park Service
  11. ^"State Natural Area, Enchanted Rock".Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept.Archivedfrom the original on December 5, 2010.RetrievedNovember 19,2010.Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept
  12. ^"Balanced Rock Pillar – Texas Mountain Peak Information".Mountain Zone.RetrievedNovember 19,2010.
  13. ^"Balanced Rock Postcard".Playle's Online Auctions.Archivedfrom the original on July 17, 2011.RetrievedNovember 19,2010.
  14. ^Kennedy, Ira (July 2003)."Crabapple Community-A World Unto Itself".Tourin' Texas. Archived fromthe originalon January 8, 2011.RetrievedNovember 19,2010.
  15. ^"Vandals Blast Balanced Rock".Schenectady Gazette.April 26, 1986.
  16. ^"Cross Mountain Historical Marker".Texas Historic Landmark.William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Archived fromthe originalon March 14, 2012.RetrievedNovember 19,2010.
  17. ^"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedNovember 6,2023.
  18. ^"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedNovember 6,2023.
  19. ^Young, Nancy Beck."San Antonio, Fredericksburg and Northern Railway Company".Handbook of Texas Online.Texas State Historical Association.Archivedfrom the original on July 15, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 12,2011.
  20. ^Eckhardt, C F."The Little Engine That Couldn't".Charley Eckhardt's Texas.Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC.Archivedfrom the original on September 12, 2010.RetrievedNovember 20,2010.
  21. ^Schmidt, F A."Old Tunnel Wildlife Management Area – Railroad History".Rails Through the Hill Country.Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Archived fromthe originalon February 21, 2011.RetrievedNovember 20,2010.
  22. ^Murphy, Victoria A."Fredericksburg and Northern Railway".Handbook of Texas Online.Texas State Historical Association.Archivedfrom the original on July 15, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 12,2011.
  23. ^"Old Tunnel Bat Habitat".Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.Archivedfrom the original on November 13, 2010.RetrievedNovember 20,2010.
  24. ^abFodor's Texas.Fodor's. 2008. p. 179.ISBN978-1-4000-0719-6.
  25. ^Murphy, Lloyd (June 8, 1983). "B. L. Enderle: Father of the Hill Country Peach Industry".Fredericksburg Standard.
  26. ^Meyer, Arthur L; Wilson, John A; LeNorte, Alain (1997). "Hill Country Peach Pave".Texas Tortes.University of Texas Press. pp. 19, 20.ISBN978-0-292-75201-6.
  27. ^West, Richard (August 1978). "A Peace of a Deal".Texas Monthly:83, 84.
  28. ^Albert, Susan Wittig (2006).China Bayles' Book of Days.Berkley Trade. p. 114.ISBN978-0-425-20653-9.
  29. ^Reilly, Wendimere (2007).The Health Chic Guide: Hip, Fun & Delicious Living.Lulu. p. 56.ISBN978-1-4303-0671-9.[self-published source]
  30. ^"Texas Hill Country Lavender Trail".Biscuit Hill. Archived fromthe originalon May 20, 2011.RetrievedNovember 21,2010.
  31. ^McDonald, Miller B; Kwong, Francis Y (2004).Flower Seeds.CABI. p. 39.ISBN978-0-85199-906-7.
  32. ^Permenter, Paris; Bigley, John (2008).Insiders' Guide to San Antonio.Insiders' Guide. p. 166.ISBN978-0-7627-4787-0.
  33. ^Welsh, Douglas F (2007).Doug Welsh's Texas Garden Almanac.TAMU Press. p. 359.ISBN978-1-58544-619-3.
  34. ^"HB 1425".Texas State Legislature.Archivedfrom the original on January 26, 2010.RetrievedNovember 21,2010.
  35. ^"Fredericksburg Brewing Company".Fredericksburg Brewing Company.Archivedfrom the original on August 21, 2010.RetrievedNovember 21,2010.
  36. ^Abbott, Mary Lu (2003).Texas: Romantic Weekends.Hunter Publishing. p.111.ISBN978-1-58843-358-9.
  37. ^MacNeill, Karen (2001).The Wine Bible.Workman Publishing Company. p.754.ISBN978-1-56305-434-1.
  38. ^"Texas Hill Country Wineries".THCW. Archived fromthe originalon February 10, 2011.RetrievedNovember 20,2010.
  39. ^Jackson, Ronald S (2000).Wine Science, Second Edition: Principles, Practice, Perception.Academic Press. p. 488.ISBN978-0-12-379062-0.
  40. ^"Fredericksburg Battlin' Billies".Archivedfrom the original on December 3, 2013.RetrievedNovember 29,2013.Accessed: 11/29/2013
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  1. ^Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[51][52]

References

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Further reading

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  • Cook, Rita; Dandridge, Russell W (2011).Fredericksburg: A Guide to the Attractions and German Heritage of Texas Hill Country.Channel Lake, Inc.ISBN978-1-935455-13-4.
  • Gillespie County Historical Society (2000).Pioneers in God's Hills.Eakin Pr.ISBN978-1-57168-463-9.
  • Hubbard, Fran; Hubbard, Doug; Ethel, Lee (1995).St. Barnabas Episcopal Church, Fredericksburg, Texas, the First Forty Years, 1954–1994.Awani Press, Inc.
  • Johnson, Melvin C (2006).Polygamy on the Pedernales: Lyman Wight's Mormon Villages in Antebellum Texas 1845–1858.Utah State University Press.ISBN978-0-87421-628-8.
  • King, Irene Marschall (1987).John O. Meusebach: German Colonizer in Texas.Univ of Texas Pr.ISBN978-0-292-74019-8.
  • Potter, E B (2008).Nimitz.Naval Institute Press.ISBN978-1-59114-580-6.
  • Watt, Don; Watt, Lynn; Mehl, Michael (1987).Fredericksburg, Texas: Living With the Past.Shearer Publishing.ISBN978-0-940672-42-0.
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Wikisourcehas the text of a 1906New International Encyclopediaarticle about "Fredericksburg, Texas".


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