Wikipedia

Gülen movement

TheGülen movementorHizmet movement(Turkish:Gülen hareketi / Hizmet hareketi) is anIslamistfraternal movement. It is asub-sectofSunni Islambased on aNursiantheological perspective as reflected inFethullah Gülen's religious teachings. It is referred to by its members as the "Service" ( "Turkish:Hizmet") or" Community "("Turkish:Cemaat") and it originated in Turkey around the late 1950s. It is institutionalized in 180 countries through educational institutions as well as media outlets, finance companies, for-profit health clinics, and affiliated foundations that have a combined net worth in the range of 20-50 billion dollars as of 2015.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][excessive citations]

Gülen movement
Gülen hareketi, Hizmet hareketi
Also known as
Founder
CountryTurkey, United States, Canada, Finland, Sweden,European Union
Headquartersİzmir,Turkey (1969–1999)
Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania,United States (1999–present)
Active regionsWorldwide
IdeologyGülenism
SizeFormerly estimated at 200,000 to 4 million,
currently unknown.
Designated as a terrorist groupbyGCC
Organisation of Islamic CooperationOIC
Turkey
Northern Cyprus
Pakistan
Websitefgulen
gulenmovement

Its teachings are considered conservative in Turkey but some have praised the movement as apacifist,modern-oriented version of Islam, and an alternative to more extreme schools of Islam such asSalafism.[9]On the other hand it has also been reported to have a "cultish hierarchy" and as being a secretiveIslamic sect.[10][11][12]The movement is also known for initiating forums forinterfaith dialogue.

The movement was previously led by theIslamic preacherHocaFethullah Gülen, who left Turkey in 1999 after being threatened by lawsuits and settled inSaylorsburg, Pennsylvania.

The Gülen movement was a former ally of the TurkishJustice and Development Party(AKP). When the AKP came to power in 2002 the two groups formed an alliance against military and theTurkish secularelite despite their differences.[13][14]It was through this alliance that the AKP secured national electoral victories sufficient to form majority governments consecutively in 2002, 2007, and 2011. During this time, hundreds of Gülen supporters were appointed to positions within the Turkish government.[15]

Once the old establishment had been defeated, disagreements began emerging between the AKP and the Gülen movement. The first breaking point was the so-called ″MİTcrisis″ in February 2012 which has been interpreted as a power struggle between the AKP and the pro-Gülen police and judiciary.[16][17][18]Aftercorruption investigationsin 2013 into several politicians and family members of the ruling AKP of Turkey by the Gülen friendly judiciary, PresidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğanclaimed the movement had initiated the investigations as a result of a break in previously friendly relations.[19][20][21][22]President Erdoğan said Gülen had attempted to overthrow the Turkish government through a judicial coup using the investigations. In response to the investigations, the government seized the group-owned newspaperZaman,which was one of the most circulatednewspapers in Turkey,as well as several companies that had ties to the group.[23]

Since May 2016, the Gülen movement has been classified by Turkey as aterrorist organizationunder the names Fethullahist Terrorist Organization (Turkish:Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü) (FETÖ) and Parallel State Structure (Turkish:Paralel Devlet Yapılanması) (PDY).[24]The movement has also been designated as a terrorist organization byPakistan,Northern Cyprus,and theGulf Cooperation Council.[24][25][26]After thefailed coup attemptin July 2016, the government blamed the group for the coup and authoritiesarrested thousands of soldiers and judges.Other members of the group who worked for Turkey’s governmental agencies were dismissed and over ten thousand education staff were suspended and the licenses of over 20,000 teachers working at private institutions were revoked due to their affiliation to Gülen.[27][28]Gülen condemned the coup and denied any involvement.[29][30]

Scandals and allegations

Bombing of Şemdinli Bookstore, 2005

On 9 November 2005, abookstore was bombed in Şemdinli.The prosecutor for the case, Ferhat Sarıkaya, prepared a criminal indictment in which Turkey's Commander of Land Forces,Yaşar Büyükanıt,was accused of forming a gang and plotting the bombing. In 2016 Sarıkaya confessed that he was ordered by Gülenists to include General Yaşar Büyükanıt in the criminal indictment to prevent his promotion in the army and to ease the pressure on Gülenist structures within the army.[31]The defendants, Ali Kaya, Özcan İldeniz, and Veysel Ateş, were acquitted of the bombing on 20 December 2021.[32]

Assassination of Hrant Dink, 2007

Main article:Assassination of Hrant Dink

Allegations have been made about the role of the Gülen movement in the assassination of journalistHrant Dinkin Istanbul. Hakan Bakırcıoglu, one of Hrant Dink's lawyers, said in an interview withDeutsche Wellethat the under-aged perpetrator, Ogün Samast, had help from third parties, including people connected to the Istanbul and Trabzon police forces.[33]

Four prosecutors in the trial were dismissed from their posts due to their ties with the movement and for failing to make progress with the case. Furthermore, police commissioners Ramazan Akyürek and Ali Fuat Yılmazer were accused of not sharing their foreknowledge of the attack with the prosecutors, thegendarmerie,or the intelligence services despite being briefed of a planned assassination several times.[34]

Ergenekon trials, 2008-2016

Main article:Ergenekon trials

Questions have arisen about the Gülen movement's possible involvement in theErgenekon investigation,[35]which critics characterized as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey.[36]

According to investigative journalistNedim Şener,the Gülen movement used theassassination of Hrant Dink,the assassination of priestAndrea Santoro,theZirve Publishing House murdersas well as other events, to create the illusion of a clandestineKemalistultra-nationalist organization responsible for these events. With the start of theErgenekon trials,this alleged organization was called "Ergenekon terrorist organization". The Gülen affiliated media, in particularTaraf,Zaman,andSamanyolu Haber TV,were instrumental in shaping the public opinion during this time. In these court cases, military officials, parliamentarians and journalists were accused of plotting a violent coup to oust the government. It was later revealed that these cases were based on fabricated evidence, most of which was produced by the Gülenists in the police.[37]Later Nedim Şener was arrested for being a member of the Ergenekon organization and was held in pre-trial detention in 2011.[38]

The Gülen movement has also been implicated in what the oppositionRepublican People's Party(CHP) has said were illegal court decisions against members of theTurkish military,including many during the Ergenekon investigation. These claims were also supported by PresidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğanafter 2013.[39]

Sex and corruption tapes, 2010

Members of the Gülen movement inside the intelligence agency have been accused of reshaping Turkish politics to a more "workable form" by leaking secretly filmed sex tapes and corruption tapes of members of the government, with the resignation of main opposition leaderDeniz Baykalin 2010 as the most notable example. However to date, these allegations remain unsubstantiated, and no court case has been brought.

The Imam's Army, 2011

In March 2011, seven Turkish journalists were arrested, includingAhmet Şık,who had been writing a book, "Imamin Ordusu" (The Imam's Army),[40]which states that the Gülen movement has infiltrated the country's security forces. As Şık was taken into police custody, he shouted, "Whoever touches it [the movement] gets burned!".[41]Upon his arrest, drafts of the book were confiscated and its possession was banned. Şık has also been charged with being part of the Ergenekon plot despite investigating the plot before his arrest.[42]

In a reply, Abdullah Bozkurt, from the Gülen aligned newspaperToday's Zaman,said Ahmet Şık was not an investigative journalist conducting "independent research", but was hatching "a plot designed and put into action by the terrorist network itself".[43]

Corruption scandal, 2013

Main article:2013 corruption scandal in Turkey

On 17 December 2013, aninvestigationinto corrupt practices by several bureaucrats, ministers, mayors, and family members of the rulingJustice and Development Party(AKP) of Turkey was uncovered, resulting in widespread protests and calls for the resignation of the government led by Prime MinisterErdoğan.[19][20]Due to the high level of political influence of the Gülen movement in Turkey, it was rumored that the investigation was facilitated by the movement's influence in the Turkish police force and the judiciary.[21]The investigation was said to be a result of a break in the previously friendly relations between the Islamist-rooted government and the movement.[22]

PresidentErdoğanand theAKP(the ruling party of Turkey) have targeted the movement since December 2013. Immediately after the investigation became public, the government subjugated the judiciary, media and civil society which were critical of the government's authoritarian trend in recent years.[44][45][46]Erdoğan labelled the investigations as a "civilian coup" against his government. Since then, Erdoğan has shuffled, dismissed or jailed hundreds of police officers, judges, prosecutors and journalists in the name of fighting against a "Parallel State" within the Turkish state.

Media arrests, 2014

On 14 December 2014, Turkish police arrested more than two dozen senior journalists and media executives connected with the Gülen movement on various charges.

TheUS State Departmentcautioned Turkey to not violate its "own democratic foundations" while drawing attention to the raids against media outlets "openly critical of the current Turkish government".[47][48]EU Foreign AffairschiefFederica MogheriniandEU EnlargementCommissionerJohannes Hahnsaid that the arrests went "against European values" and "are incompatible with the freedom of media, which is a core principle of democracy".[49]

The Turkish government took over the Gülen affiliatedZaman Daily,on 4 March 2016. Turkish police entered the headquarters by force and fired tear gas at protesting journalists and civilians. Hundreds of protestors were injured.[50][51]In their effort to eradicate the movement from within the country theTurkish National Security Councilhas identified the movement as the "Gülenist Terror Organisation" ( "Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü", FETÖ).[52]The government has also been targeting individuals and businessmen who have supported the movement's organizations and activities.

Eavesdropping on state offices, 2015

On 20 January 2015, Turkish police launched raids inAnkaraand three other cities, detaining some 20 people suspected of illegally eavesdropping on President Erdoğan and other senior officials. The suspects are linked to Turkey's telecommunications authority and to its scientific and technological research centerTUBITAK.Local media said the move was aimed at the "parallel structure" — the term Erdoğan uses to refer to Gülen's supporters in the judiciary, police and other institutions.[53]

Collaboration with PKK

Since 2013, the Gülen movement has been accused by the Turkish government of collaborating with theKurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[54]In 2014 the movement reportedly conducted several meetings with the PKK in parts ofnorthern Iraqunder PKK control. In 2015, the Turkish government said the movement had leaked the identity of 329 TurkishGendermarieinformantsto the PKK who were then executed by the PKK.[55]

On 15 April 2016, during theKurdish–Turkish conflictaccording to the testimony of his companions Gülen movement member Brigadier General Ali Osman Gürcan deliberately sent 17 soldiers to a house that was packed withIEDs.This led to the death of one police officer and the wounding of eight soldiers. The house had been marked on a map with the code 'P368' for IED's, which Gürcan erased from the map. This lead to a brawl and his companions called him a "traitor". Gürcan later participated in the coup d'état attempt under thePeace at Home Council.He was arrested after the coup's failure and sentenced tolife imprisonment.[56]

15 July 2016 coup attempt

In reaction to the15 July 2016 coup attemptwhich was led by a military faction operating outside the chain of command, the Turkish government quickly stated the coup's leader to be Gülen. In following days and weeks, a massive crackdown affected all entities affiliated with the Gülen movements, from individuals to businesses, newspapers and schools.[57]

Purges from state offices

Since the 2016 coup attempt, authorities arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 Turkish citizens and closed more than 1,500 nongovernmental organizations, primarily for alleged ties to the Gülen movement.[58]In 2018, approximately 25,000 Turkishasylumrequests were filed by alleged Gülenists in the European Union (a rise of 50% from 2017), with Germany's share 10,000 and Greece's about 5,000.[59]In the U.S., according to news reports, a number of Gülenists who have successfully receiving political asylum status resettled in New Jersey.[60]

In 2019, it was reported thatInterpolhad denied Turkey's appeals of the rejection of Turkey'sred noticerequests regarding 464 fugitives. The decision cited Interpol's definition of the 2016 coup d'état attempt as a failed militaryputschrather than an act of terrorism.[61]

Extradition of Gulen

Despite Turkey's official request, the United States has not extradited Gülen.[62][63]

Extradition of the leadership

As of 2020,Turkey had successfully pressured a number of countries, especially those in Africa and theformer Soviet Union,to extradite over 80 alleged Gülenists to Turkey.[64][65]

Some Gulenists abroad have been kidnapped, allegedly by theMİT(Turkish Intelligence Service), and brought to Turkey. Multiple Turkish officials have confirmed that Turkey has been involved in more than 100 international abductions.[66][67]68 of these abductions are publicly known. The number of abductions and the countries are:Azerbaijan(8),[68][69]Bahrain(1),Bulgaria(1),Gabon(3),[70]Indonesia(1),Kazakhstan(2),Kenya(1),[71]Kosovo(6),[72]Kyrgyzstan(1),[73]Lebanon(1),Malaysia(11),Moldova(7),[74]Myanmar(1),Pakistan(4),Saudi Arabia(16),Sudan(1),Ukraine(3).[75]

Among Turkish citizens within Turkey that have been convicted for membership in the Gülen movement are Turkey's honorary president ofAmnesty International,Taner Kilic,and Amnesty's Turkish branch,Idil Eser,who were convicted in July 2020.[76] The editor ofCumhuriyetCan Dündarwassentenced in absentiain December 2020 to 8 years and 9 months for aidingFETÖ(while not being a member) in theMİT trucks scandal.[77]

In June 2021, the Turkish-Kyrgyz educator and head of the Sapat educational network in Kyrgyzstan, Orhan Inandi, went missing fromBishkek,leading to mass protests. Inandi, who holds dual Turkish-Kyrgyz citizenship, had been living in Kyrgyzstan since 1995.[78]One month later, Turkish President Erdoğan said on July 5 that Turkish intelligence agents had abducted Inandi and accused him of being “a top Central Asian leader” of the Gülen movement.[79]Kyrgyz officials have denied claims they colluded with Turkish intelligence in the abduction.[78]

Designation as a terrorist group

Gülen movement is adesignated terrorist groupaccording to the following countries and international organizations:

Northern Cyprus,recognised onlyby Turkey and considered by the international community to be part of theRepublic of Cyprus,also designated the Gülen movement as a terrorist organization in July 2016.

In 2017, according to theForeign and Commonwealth Officeand theBritish Parliament'sForeign Affairs Select Committeethere was no "evidence to justify the designation of the Gülenists as a terrorist organisation by the UK".[81]The same year,Gilles de Kerchove,the EU Counter-terrorism Coordinator, said that theEuropean Uniondidn't see the Gülen movement as a terrorist organisation and that the EU would need "substantive" evidence to change its stance.[82]In 2018, in a conference with Turkish PresidentErdoğan,German ChancellorAngela Merkelsaid that Germany needed more evidence to classify the Gülen movement as a terrorist organization.[83]

Assassination of Andrei Karlov

Main article:Assassination of Andrei Karlov

Following theassassination of Andrey Karlov,the Turkish government was reportedly investigating the assassin's links to the "Gülenist Terrorist Organisation" (FETÖ). In a speech,Turkish PresidentErdoğansaid that the perpetrator was a member of FETÖ.[84][85]

In contrast, Russian officials have accused the shooter of aiming to damageRussia–Turkey relations[86][87]which had been normalizing since the2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.[88][89][90][91]Gülen described the killing as a “heinous act of terror” that pointed to a deterioration of security in Turkey.[92]

Faith, practice, and experience

The movement has been characterized as a "moderate blend of Islam".[93][94]Sources state that the Gülen movement is vying to be recognized as the world's leading Muslim network, one that is more reasonable than many of its rivals.[95]The movement builds on the activities of Gülen, who has won praise from non-Muslims for his advocacy of science,interfaith dialogue,and multi-party democracy. It has earned praise as "the world's most global movement".[96]Fethullah Gülen's and the Gülen movement's views and practices have been discussed in several international conferences.[97][98]

Interfaith dialogue

Gülen andPope John Paul II

The movement's avowal of interfaith dialogue grew out of Gülen's personal engagement in interfaith dialogue which was largely inspired by,Said Nursi.Gülen has met with leaders of other religions, includingPope John Paul II,theEcumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I,and Israeli Sephardic Head RabbiEliyahu Bakshi-Doron.[99]Gülen advocates for cooperation between followers of different religions as well as those practicing different forms of Islam (such as Sunnism orAlevism).

Gülen movement participants have founded a number of institutions across the World that promoteinterfaithandinterculturaldialogue activities. Among these are theJournalists and Writers Foundationin Istanbul, theRumi Forumin Washington and theIndialogue Foundationin New Delhi.

Devotional practices

David Tittensor wrote, "[Detractors] have labeled Gülen community members as secretive missionaries, while those in the Movement and sympathetic observers class it as acivil societyorganization ".[100]

Critics have complained that members of the Gülen movement are overly compliant with the directions from its leaders,[101]and Gülen's "movement is generally perceived by its critics as a religio-politicalcult".[102]TheGuardianeditorial board described the movement in 2013 as having "some of the characteristics of a cult or of an IslamicOpus Dei".[103]

Scholars such as Simon Robinson disagree with the characterization, writing that although "[t]here is no doubt that Gülen remains acharismatic leaderand that members of the movement hold him in the highest respect ", the movement" differs markedly from a cult in several ways ", with Gülen stressing" the primacy of the scriptures "and" the imperative of service "and consistently avoiding" attempts to institutionalize power, to perceive him as the source of all truth, or to view him as taking responsibility for the movement ".[104]Zeki Saritoprak says that the view of Gülen as "a cult leader or a man with ambitions" is mistaken, and contends that Gülen should be viewed in the context of a long line of Sufi masters who have long been a center of attention "for their admirers and followers, both historically and currently".[105]

Relations to the state

The Gülen movement works within the given structures of modern secular states; it encourages affiliated members to maximize the opportunities those countries afford rather than engaging in subversive activities.[106]In the words of the leader himself and the title of a cornerstone of his philosophy, Gülen promotes "anOttoman Empireof the Mind ".[107]

Beginning in 2008, the Dutch government investigated the movement's activities in the Netherlands in response to questions fromParliament.The first two investigations, performed by theAIVD,concluded that the movement did not form a breeding ground for radicalism and found no indications that the movement worked against integration or that it was involved in terrorism or religious radicalization. A further academic study sketched a portrait of a socially conservative, inwardly directed movement with an opaque organizational structure, but said that its members tend to be highly successful in society and thus form no threat to integration.[108]

Relations to politics

Neither Gülen nor his followers have formed a national political party, but they have had political involvement or parliamentary representation. In 2008, Gülen was described as "the modern face of the Sufi Ottoman tradition", reassuring his followers, including many members of "Turkey's aspirational middle class", that "they can combine thestatist-nationalist beliefs ofAtatürk’srepublic with a traditional but flexible Islamic faith "and" Ottoman traditions [have] been caricatured as theocratic by Atatürk and his 'Kemalist' heirs ".[109]In the early 2000s, the Gülen movement was seen as keeping a distance from established Islamic political parties.[110]

According to academic researcher Svante E. Cornell, director of theCentral Asia-Caucasus Institute& Silk Road Studies Program, "With only slight exaggeration, the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) as well as the government it has led could be termed a coalition of religious orders."[111]

"[...T]he Gülen movement stayed away from electoral politics, focusing instead on increasing its presence in the state bureaucracy. The Hizmet movement’s stated success in this regard would initially make it Erdoğan’s main partner, but also his eventual nemesis."[112]

Freedom of speech

Der Spiegelcriticized the movement regarding its activities towardsfreedom of the press.Despite Gülen emphasizing how much he cares of the freedom of the press in interviews, the movement launched a campaign towards the newspaper in 2012, after an article was written regarding the "cult", in which approximately 2000 readers wrote letters of complaint to the press council. These letters were all alike each other, and thus were all rejected.Der Spiegelsaid the movement distorted events, threatened those who spoke against it, and accusedDer Spiegelof having ties to the Turkish mafia. While Gareth Jenkins ofThe Sunday Timessaid, despite portraying itself as a peaceful educational movement, the Gülen organization never hesitates to use anti-democratic and anti-liberal methods.[113]

Membership

"It is impossible to calculate the size of the Gülen movement" since the movement is not a centralized or formal organization with membership rosters, but rather a set of numerous, loosely organized networks of people inspired by Gülen.[114]Estimates of the size of the movement vary, with oneTempoin 1997 stating that between 200,000 supporters and 4 million people are influenced by Gülen's ideas,[115]and another source stating that Gülen has "hundreds of thousands of supporters".[116]The membership of the movement consists primarily of students, teachers, businessmen, academics, journalists and other professionals.[8]

Organization

The movement states that it is based on moral values and advocacy ofuniversal access to education,civil society,tolerance and peace. The emphasis among participants is to perform "service" (which is the meaning of the Turkish word "hizmet" ) as arising from individuals' personal commitments to righteous imperatives. Along withhizmet,the movement, which has no official name, is termed the Gülen movement orcemaat(the latter also used to describe participants inSufiorders, meaning "congregation," "community," or "assembly." )

The movement's structure has been described as a flexible organizational network.[117]

Lay clergy (Imam-Mullah-Shaykh)

The movement skirted Kemalist Turkey's prohibitions against assembling in non-state sponsored religious meetings. (As a young man, future PresidentErdoğanbelonged to theNaqshbanditariqa which was then technically banned in Turkey.[118])

Akin to Turkey's Sufitariqasarelay religious orderswhich have been banned in Turkey since 1925.[119]Movement schools and businesses organize locally and link themselves into informal networks.[120]Each local Gülen movement school and community has a person designated its "informal" prayer leader (Imam). In Turkey Imam is state-sponsored. In the Gülen movement, this individual is a layman who serves for a stint within this volunteer position,lay clergy.His identity is kept confidential, generally only purposely made known to those with close connections to those participating in decision-making and coordinating councils within the local group. Above a grouping of such "secret" (not-publicly-acknowledged) imams is another such volunteer leader. This relationship tree continues on up the ladder to the nation-level imam and to individuals who consult with Gülen himself.[121]These individuals closest to Gülen, having degrees from theology schools, are offhandedly referred to within the movement asmullahs.[122]Gülen's position, as described in the foregoing, is analogous to that of ashaykh(master) of a Sufi tariqa. Unlike with traditional tariqas, no-one makes pledges of any sort, upon joining the Gülen movement; one becomes a movement participant simply by working with others to promote and effect the movement's objectives of education and service.[123]

In 2017, German magazineDer Spiegelcalled the movement a "secretive and dangerous cult" while calling Gülen a suspicious individual. Saying, "the movement calls itself a tolerant service movement, while those who have left the movement call it a secretive Islamist organization with Fethullah Gülen as its leader". The article said pupils attending the "cults" schools in Germany were under immense pressure from theirabi's(tutors) who were telling them which books to read, which movies to watch, which friends to meet and whether to see their families or not. While theabi'swere keeping a protocol of all those staying in the cult's dormitories.

TheSüddeutsche Zeitungquoted a German lawyer that called the organization "more powerful than theIlluminati"and" not transparent as opposed to the claims ", and reported that the organization tried to reorganize in theSwabiaregion of Germany.[124]

Associated organizations

Gülen and the Gülen movement are technology-friendly, work within current market and commerce structures, and are savvy users of modern communications and public relations.[109]

Its members have founded schools, universities, an employers' association, charities, real estate trusts, student organizations, radio and television stations, and newspapers.[116]

Hizmet-affiliated foundations and businesses were estimated to be worth 20-50 billion dollars in 2015.[125]

Schools

Main article:Gülen movement schools

Schools associated with the Gülen movement can be found in countries with large populations of people of Turkish descent as well as in predominantly non-Turkish Muslim countries where they provide families with an alternative tomadrasaeducation. There were many Gülen schools in Turkey that an estimated 1.2 million Turks passed through (Including many of Erdoğan's relatives).[126]However after the attempted coup in 2016, all of the schools were shut down and banned by law.

In 2009, it was estimated that Gülen linked schools around the world enrolled more than 2 million students.[36]Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions but it appears there were about 300 Gülen Movement schools in Turkey and over 1,000 schools worldwide at that time.[127][128]Later reporting by theWall Street Journalestimated around 150 schools just in the United States, "ranging from networks in Texas, Illinois and Florida to stand-alone academies in Maryland".[129]Although there is no formal networking of all the schools, collectively they form one of the largest collections ofcharter schoolsin America. "[130]

Most Gülen movement associated schools are private schools or charter schools. The curricula of the schools vary from country to country but they generally follow a secular mixture ofTurkishand local curricula with an emphasis on science and math. A 2008 article in theNew York Timessaid that in Pakistan "they encourage Islam in their dormitories, where teachers set examples in lifestyle and prayer", and described the Turkish schools as offering a gentler approach to Islam that could help reduce the influence of extremism.[93]However in America, "there is no indication the American charter network has a religious agenda in the classroom", according toThe Philadelphia Inquirer.[131]

Two American professors at theLutheran Theological Seminary at PhiladelphiaandTemple Universitywrote that "these schools have consistently promoted good learning and citizenship, and the Hizmet movement is to date an evidently admirable civil society organization to build bridges between religious communities and to provide direct service on behalf of the common good".[132]Professor Joshua Hendrick ofLoyola University Maryland,who studies the movement, said that Gülen himself "does not have a direct hand in operating" the charter schools and it was reported that Gülen has never visited the schools.[129][133]Alp Aslandoğan, director of theAlliance for Shared Valuessaid that the schools are independent yet indirectly tied to the Gülen movement on the "intellectual or inspirational level."[134]

In Europe there has been some pushback to the establishment of schools associated with the movement. In Georgia, theGeorgian Labour Partyprotested schools opening on the basis that they "aim to spread Turkish culture and fundamentalist religious ideas".[135]In the Netherlands, there were concerns that the schools would promote "anti-integrative behavior" however an investigation in 2010 by theAIVDintelligence organization found that the schools did not represent a threat.[136][137]

In America there have been allegations and investigations into money-laundering and kickbacks at charter schools connected to the Gülen movement which receive federalfinancialsupport.[138][139]Schools in Texas were accused of sending school funds to Gülen associated organizations by prioritizing construction contracts with Turkish expatriate-owned construction companies over more economical bids, according to reporting byThe New York Timesin 2011.[140]Folwell Dunbar,an official at theLouisiana Department of Education,accusedInci Akpinar,vice president of one such construction company, of offering him a $25,000 bribe to keep quiet about troubling conditions at theAbramson Science and Technology SchoolinNew Orleanswhich was operated by thePelican Foundation.[141]

Media organizations

Movement members have set up a number of media organizations to promote its core values such as love, tolerance, hope, dialogue, activism, mutual acceptance and respect. These media organs include TV stations (Samanyolu TV,Samanyolu Haber TV,Mehtap TV), (Ebru TV) (English), the newspapersZaman,Today's Zaman(English), magazines and journals in Turkish likeAksiyon,Sızıntı,[142]Yeni Ümit,Çağlayan,[143]The Fountain Magazine(English),[144]Hira(Arabic),The InternationalCihan News Agencyand the radio stationBurç FM[tr].

Charitable foundations

The movement runs charity and humanitarian aid organizations internationally. Among them is the Istanbul-based Kimse Yok Mu Association (KYM). KYM organizes charity campaigns to help those in need in different parts of the world. Like any other activities of the Gülen-movement, KYM runs local projects responding to specific needs. KYM holds UN Ecosoc Special status.

Another charity organization Embrace Relief was established inNew Jerseyand is active in America, Asia and Africa.[145]

Professional associations

While being both praised and criticized for being market friendly, the Gülen movement has established various professional associations and business networks. Among them Istanbul basedTUSKONis the major non-profit business confederation which aims to promote economic solutions as well as social and political ones. Another one called TUCSIAD is based in China, in addition to DTIK's Asia-Pacific Group which supports the Gülen movement outside of Turkey in China, hoping to influence Turkish politics from the outside.[citation needed]

Timeline

References

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  • "Expulsions, pushbacks and extraditions: Turkey's war on dissent extends to Europe: The Gülenists, dubbed by Turkey as FETO, the Fethullahist Terror Organization, are being purged on a massive scale. Those who have been accused include scientists, schoolteachers, policemen and journalists" (broadcast with transcript).The World.Public Radio International.23 July 2020.

Further information

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