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GNU Compiler Collection

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TheGNU Compiler Collection(GCC) is a collection ofcompilersfrom theGNU Projectthat support variousprogramming languages,hardware architecturesandoperating systems.TheFree Software Foundation(FSF) distributes GCC asfree softwareunder theGNU General Public License(GNU GPL). GCC is a key component of theGNU toolchainwhich is used for most projects related toGNUand theLinux kernel.With roughly 15 million lines of code in 2019, GCC is one of the largest free programs in existence.[4]It has played an important role in the growth offree software,as both a tool and an example.

GNU Compiler Collection
Original author(s)Richard Stallman
Developer(s)GNU Project
Initial releaseMarch 22, 1987;37 years ago(1987-03-22)[1]
Stable release
14.2[2]Edit this on Wikidata / 1 August 2024
Repository
Written inC,C++[3]
Operating systemCross-platform
PlatformGNUand many others
Size~15 millionLOC[4]
Available inEnglish
TypeCompiler
LicenseGPLv3+with GCC Runtime Library Exception[5]
Websitegcc.gnu.org

When it was first released in 1987 byRichard Stallman,GCC 1.0 was named theGNU C Compilersince it only handled theC programming language.[1]It was extended to compileC++in December of that year.Front endswere later developed forObjective-C,Objective-C++,Fortran,Ada,D,GoandRust,[6]among others.[7]TheOpenMPandOpenACCspecifications are also supported in the C and C++ compilers.[8][9]

GCC has beenportedto more platforms andinstruction set architecturesthan any other compiler, and is widely deployed as a tool in the development of both free andproprietary software.GCC is also available for manyembedded systems,includingARM-based andPower ISA-based chips.

As well as being the official compiler of theGNU operating system,GCC has been adopted as the standard compiler by many other modernUnix-likecomputeroperating systems,including mostLinuxdistributions. MostBSDfamily operating systems also switched to GCC shortly after its release, although since then,FreeBSDandApple macOShave moved to theClangcompiler,[10]largely due to licensing reasons.[11][12][13]GCC can also compile code forWindows,Android,iOS,Solaris,HP-UX,AIXandDOS.[14]

History

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In late 1983, in an effort tobootstraptheGNUoperating system,Richard StallmanaskedAndrew S. Tanenbaum,the author of theAmsterdam Compiler Kit(also known as theFree UniversityCompiler Kit) for permission to use that software for GNU. When Tanenbaum advised him that the compiler was not free, and that only the university was free, Stallman decided to work on a different compiler.[15]His initial plan was to rewrite an existing compiler fromLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryfromPastelto C with some help fromLen Towerand others.[16][17]Stallman wrote a new C front end for the Livermore compiler, but then realized that it required megabytes of stack space, an impossibility on a68000Unix system with only 64 KB, and concluded he would have to write a new compiler from scratch.[16]None of the Pastel compiler code ended up in GCC, though Stallman did use the C front end he had written.[16][18]

GCC was first released March 22, 1987, available byFTPfromMIT.[19]Stallman was listed as the author but cited others for their contributions, including Tower for "parts of the parser, RTL generator, RTL definitions, and of the Vax machine description", Jack Davidson andChristopher W. Fraserfor the idea of usingRTLas an intermediate language, and Paul Rubin for writing most of the preprocessor.[20]Described as the "first free software hit" byPeter H. Salus,the GNU compiler arrived just at the time whenSun Microsystemswas unbundling its development tools fromits operating system,selling them separately at a higher combined price than the previous bundle, which led many of Sun's users to buy or download GCC instead of the vendor's tools.[21]While Stallman consideredGNU Emacsas his main project, by 1990 GCC supported thirteen computer architectures, was outperforming several vendor compilers, and was used commercially by several companies.[22]

EGCS fork

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As GCC was licensed under the GPL, programmers wanting to work in other directions—particularly those writing interfaces for languages other than C—were free to develop their ownforkof the compiler, provided they meet the GPL's terms, including its requirements to distributesource code.Multiple forks proved inefficient and unwieldy, however, and the difficulty in getting work accepted by the official GCC project was greatly frustrating for many, as the project favored stability over new features.[23]The FSF kept such close control on what was added to the official version of GCC 2.x (developed since 1992) that GCC was used as one example of the "cathedral" development model inEric S. Raymond's essayThe Cathedral and the Bazaar.

In 1997, a group of developers formed theExperimental/Enhanced GNU Compiler System (EGCS)to merge several experimental forks into a single project.[23][18]The basis of the merger was a development snapshot of GCC (taken around the 2.7.2 and later followed up to 2.8.1 release). Mergers included g77 (Fortran), PGCC (P5Pentium-optimized GCC),[18]many C++ improvements, and many new architectures andoperating systemvariants.[24]

While both projects followed each other's changes closely, EGCS development proved considerably more vigorous, so much so that the FSF officially halted development on their GCC 2.x compiler, blessed EGCS as the official version of GCC, and appointed the EGCS project as the GCC maintainers in April 1999. With the release of GCC 2.95 in July 1999 the two projects were once again united.[25][18]GCC has since been maintained by a varied group of programmers from around the world under the direction of a steering committee.[26]

GCC 3 (2002) removed a front-end forCHILLdue to a lack of maintenance.[27]

Before version 4.0 the Fortran front end wasg77,which only supportedFORTRAN 77,but later was dropped in favor of the newGNU Fortranfront end that supportsFortran 95and large parts ofFortran 2003andFortran 2008as well.[28][29]

As of version 4.8, GCC is implemented in C++.[30]

Support forCilk Plusexisted from GCC 5 to GCC 7.[31][32]

GCC has beenportedto a wide variety ofinstruction set architectures,and is widely deployed as a tool in the development of both free andproprietary software.GCC is also available for manyembedded systems,includingSymbian(calledgcce),[33]ARM-based, andPower ISA-based chips.[34]The compiler can target a wide variety of platforms, includingvideo game consolessuch as thePlayStation 2,[35]Cell SPE of PlayStation 3,[36]andDreamcast.[37]It has been ported to more kinds ofprocessorsand operating systems than any other compiler.[38][self-published source?][better source needed]

Supported languages

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As of the 13.1 release,GCC includes front ends forC(gcc),C++(g++),Objective-CandObjective-C++,Fortran(gfortran),Ada(GNAT),Go(gccgo),D(gdc,since 9.1),[39][40]andModula-2(gm2,since 13.1)[41][42]programming languages,[43]with theOpenMPandOpenACCparallel language extensions being supported since GCC 5.1.[9][44]Versions prior to GCC 7 also supportedJava(gcj), allowing compilation of Java to native machine code.[45]

Regarding language version support for C++ and C, since GCC 11.1 the default target isgnu++17,a superset ofC++17,andgnu11,a superset ofC11,with strict standard support also available. GCC also provides experimental support forC++20andC++23.[46]

Third-party front ends exist for many languages, such asPascal(gpc),Modula-3,andVHDL(GHDL).[43]A few experimental branches exist to support additional languages, such as the GCCUPCcompiler forUnified Parallel C[47]orRust.[48][49][50][better source needed]

Design

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Overview of GCC's extended compilation pipeline, including specialized programs like thepreprocessor,assemblerandlinker.
GCC follows the 3-stage architecture typical of multi-language and multi-CPUcompilers.Allprogram treesare converted to a common abstract representation at the "middle end", allowingcode optimizationandbinary codegeneration facilities to be shared by all languages.

GCC's external interface followsUnixconventions. Users invoke a language-specific driver program (gccfor C,g++for C++, etc.), which interpretscommand arguments,calls the actual compiler, runs theassembleron the output, and then optionally runs thelinkerto produce a completeexecutablebinary.

Each of the language compilers is a separate program that reads source code and outputsmachine code.All have a common internal structure. A per-language front endparsesthe source code in that language and produces anabstract syntax tree( "tree" for short).

These are, if necessary, converted to the middle end's input representation, calledGENERICform; the middle end then gradually transforms the program towards its final form.Compiler optimizationsandstatic code analysistechniques (such as FORTIFY_SOURCE,[51]a compiler directive that attempts to discover somebuffer overflows) are applied to the code. These work on multiple representations, mostly the architecture-independent GIMPLE representation and the architecture-dependentRTLrepresentation. Finally,machine codeis produced using architecture-specificpattern matchingoriginally based on an algorithm of Jack Davidson and Chris Fraser.

GCC was written primarily inCexcept for parts of theAdafront end. The distribution includes the standard libraries for Ada andC++whose code is mostly written in those languages.[52][needs update]On some platforms, the distribution also includes a low-level runtime library,libgcc,written in a combination of machine-independent C and processor-specificmachine code,designed primarily to handle arithmetic operations that the target processor cannot perform directly.[53]

GCC uses many additional tools in its build, many of which are installed by default by many Unix and Linux distributions (but which, normally, aren't present in Windows installations), includingPerl,[further explanation needed]Flex,Bison,and other common tools. In addition, it currently requires three additional libraries to be present in order to build:GMP,MPC,andMPFR.[54]

In May 2010, the GCC steering committee decided to allow use of aC++compiler to compile GCC.[55]The compiler was intended to be written mostly in C plus a subset of features from C++. In particular, this was decided so that GCC's developers could use thedestructorsandgenericsfeatures of C++.[56]

In August 2012, the GCC steering committee announced that GCC now uses C++ as its implementation language.[57]This means that to build GCC from sources, a C++ compiler is required that understandsISO/IEC C++03standard.

On May 18, 2020, GCC moved away fromISO/IEC C++03standard toISO/IEC C++11standard (i.e. needed to compile, bootstrap, the compiler itself; by default it however compiles later versions of C++).[58]

Front ends

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Front ends consist ofpreprocessing,lexical analysis,syntactic analysis(parsing) and semantic analysis. The goals of compiler front ends are to either accept or reject candidate programs according to the language grammar and semantics, identify errors and handle valid program representations to later compiler stages. This example shows the lexer and parser steps performed for a simple program written inC.

Eachfront enduses a parser to produce theabstract syntax treeof a givensource file.Due to the syntax tree abstraction, source files of any of the different supported languages can be processed by the sameback end.GCC started out usingLALR parsersgenerated withBison,but gradually switched to hand-writtenrecursive-descent parsersfor C++ in 2004,[59]and for C and Objective-C in 2006.[60]As of 2021 all front ends use hand-written recursive-descent parsers.

Until GCC 4.0 the tree representation of the program was not fully independent of the processor being targeted. The meaning of a tree was somewhat different for different language front ends, and front ends could provide their own tree codes. This was simplified with the introduction of GENERIC and GIMPLE, two new forms of language-independent trees that were introduced with the advent of GCC 4.0. GENERIC is more complex, based on the GCC 3.x Java front end's intermediate representation. GIMPLE is a simplified GENERIC, in which various constructs areloweredto multiple GIMPLE instructions. TheC,C++,andJavafront ends produce GENERIC directly in the front end. Other front ends instead have different intermediate representations after parsing and convert these to GENERIC.

In either case, the so-called "gimplifier" then converts this more complex form into the simplerSSA-based GIMPLE form that is the common language for a large number of powerful language- and architecture-independent global (function scope) optimizations.

GENERIC and GIMPLE

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GENERICis anintermediate representationlanguage used as a "middle end" while compiling source code intoexecutable binaries.A subset, calledGIMPLE,is targeted by all the front ends of GCC.

The middle stage of GCC does all of the code analysis andoptimization,working independently of both the compiled language and the target architecture, starting from the GENERIC[61]representation and expanding it toregister transfer language(RTL). The GENERIC representation contains only the subset of the imperativeprogrammingconstructs optimized by the middle end.

In transforming the source code to GIMPLE,[62]complexexpressionsare split into athree-address codeusingtemporary variables.This representation was inspired by the SIMPLE representation proposed in the McCAT compiler[63]by Laurie J. Hendren[64]for simplifying the analysis andoptimizationofimperative programs.

Optimization

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Optimization can occur during any phase of compilation; however, the bulk of optimizations are performed after the syntax andsemantic analysisof the front end and before thecode generationof the back end; thus a common, though somewhat self-contradictory, name for this part of the compiler is the "middle end."

The exact set of GCC optimizations varies from release to release as it develops, but includes the standard algorithms, such asloop optimization,jump threading,common subexpression elimination,instruction scheduling,and so forth. TheRTLoptimizations are of less importance with the addition of global SSA-based optimizations onGIMPLEtrees,[65]as RTL optimizations have a much more limited scope, and have less high-level information.

Some of these optimizations performed at this level includedead-code elimination,partial-redundancy elimination,global value numbering,sparse conditional constant propagation,andscalar replacement of aggregates.Array dependence based optimizations such asautomatic vectorizationandautomatic parallelizationare also performed.Profile-guided optimizationis also possible.[66]

C++ Standard Library (libstdc++)

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The GCC project includes an implementation of theC++ Standard Librarycalled libstdc++,[67]licensed under the GPLv3 License with an exception to link non-GPL applications when sources are built with GCC.[68]

Other features

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Some features of GCC include:

Link-time optimization
Link-time optimizationoptimizes across object file boundaries to directly improve the linked binary. Link-time optimization relies on an intermediate file containing the serialization of someGimplerepresentation included in the object file.[citation needed]The file is generated alongside the object file during source compilation. Each source compilation generates a separate object file and link-time helper file. When the object files are linked, the compiler is executed again and uses the helper files to optimize code across the separately compiled object files.
Plugins
Pluginsextend the GCC compiler directly.[69]Plugins allow a stock compiler to be tailored to specific needs by external code loaded as plugins. For example, plugins can add, replace, or even remove middle-end passes operating onGimplerepresentations.[70]Several GCC plugins have already been published, notably:
  • The Python plugin, which links against lib Python, and allows one to invoke arbitrary Python scripts from inside the compiler. The aim is to allow GCC plugins to be written in Python.
  • The MELT plugin provides a high-levelLisp-like language to extend GCC.[71]
The support of plugins was once a contentious issue in 2007.[72]
C++transactional memory
The C++ language has an active proposal for transactional memory. It can be enabled in GCC 6 and newer when compiling with-fgnu-tm.[8][73]
Unicode identifiers
Although the C++ language requires support for non-ASCIIUnicode charactersinidentifiers,the feature has only been supported since GCC 10. As with the existing handling of string literals, the source file is assumed to be encoded inUTF-8.The feature is optional in C, but has been made available too since this change.[74][75]
C extensions
GNU C extends the C programming language with several non-standard-features, includingnested functions[76]andtypeofexpressions.[77]

Architectures

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GCC compilingHello WorldonWindows

The primary supported (and best tested) processor families are 64- and 32-bit ARM, 64- and 32-bitx86_64andx86and 64-bitPowerPCandSPARC.[78]

GCC target processor families as of version 11.1 include:[79]

Lesser-known target processors supported in the standard release have included:

Additional processors have been supported by GCC versions maintained separately from the FSF version:

TheGCJJava compiler can target either a native machine language architecture or theJava virtual machine'sJava bytecode.[82]WhenretargetingGCC to a new platform,bootstrappingis often used. Motorola 68000, Zilog Z80, and other processors are also targeted in the GCC versions developed for various Texas Instruments, Hewlett Packard, Sharp, and Casio programmable graphing calculators.[83]

License

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GCC is licensed under theGNU General Public Licenseversion 3.[84]TheGCC runtime exceptionpermits compilation of proprietary programs (in addition to free software) with GCC headers and runtime libraries. This does not impact the license terms of GCC source code.[85]

See also

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References

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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toGCC.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of:GNU C Compiler Internals

Official

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