Genoeconomicsis an interdisciplinary field ofprotosciencethat aims to combinemolecular geneticsandeconomics.[1]
Genoeconomics is based on the idea that economic indicators have a genetic basis — that a person'sfinancialbehaviour can be traced to theirDNAand thatgenesare related toeconomic behaviour.As of 2023, the results have been inconclusive. Some minor correlations may have been identified between genetics and economic preferences.[2]
History
editThe wordgenoeconomicswas coined in 2007.[3]
The field of economics and the economic indicators used by economists predate theEmpiricist Age.[4]Genoeconomics adds biological foundations to these traditional economic indicators.[4]
Quantitative genetic data was not available to researchers until the year 2000, when the human genome was sequenced as part of theHuman Genome Project.[3]Genetic milestonesof the late 20th and early 21st century, such as the sequencing of the human genome, has spurred interest in research combining economics and genetics.[citation needed]
Background
editGenoeconomics involves the study ofsingle-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).[3]The field of genoeconomics uses genetic data to infer economic preferences such astime preference,risk aversion,and educational attainment,[3]as well asmacroeconomicdata such as per-capita income.[5]For example, genoeconomic methodology was used in a 2012 study oftobacco taxes in the United States,where such taxes vary across jurisdictions, to look at "the interaction of a single nicotinic receptor and state-level tobacco taxes to predict tobacco use".[3]Additionally, genoeconomic research in 2013 found that two-fifths of the "variance of educational attainment is explained by genetic factors".[6]
Some genoeconomic researchers claim that the economic success of a country can be predicted by itsgenetic diversity.[5]The American economistEnrico Spolaoresays that genoeconomic work could "reduce barriers to the flows of ideas and innovations across populations".[5]
Criticism and limitations
editGenoeconomic research is prone to the public misconception that genetically-influenced behaviours are separate from environmental factors.[7]The authors of a 2012 paper said that their work "is not about anature or nurturedebate ".[5]
Naturepublished an online article written in 2012 about the various reactions on the subject.[8]The field is criticized by biologists for lacking methodological rigour,[5]drawing conclusions about causation based oncausal correlation,[3]and working with small sample sizes.[5]The political implications of the field are also a concern for some scientists; anticipating the publication of a genoeconomics article in the journalAmerican Economic Review,a group of scientists and social scientists wrote an open letter which said that "the suggestion that an ideal level of genetic variation could foster economic growth and could even be engineered has the potential to be misused with frightening consequences to justify indefensible practices such as ethnic cleansing or genocide".[5]
As with othergenetic-association research,[9]thereproducibilityof genoeconomic experiments is troublesome to the field.[10]The small sample sizes used in genoeconomic research are also a problem.[11]Commonly cited by scientists as a way to improve genoeconomic research is the use of more statisticallyhomogeneoussamples.[12]
References
edit- ^Neyfakh 2012;Entine 2012;Fletcher 2018.
- ^abcdefFletcher 2018.
- ^abBenjamin et al. 2012,p. 18.
- ^abcdefgCallaway 2012.
- ^Rietveld 2013,p. 1467.
- ^Rietveld 2013,p. 1470.
- ^Entine 2012.
- ^Li & Meyre 2012.
- ^Fletcher 2018;Benjamin et al. 2012,p. 35.
- ^Benjamin et al. 2012,p. 21;Ward 2018.
- ^Rietveld 2013,p. 1470;Fletcher 2018.
Sources
edit- Beauchamp, Jonathan P; Cesarini, David; Johannesson, Magnus; van der Loos, Matthijs J. H. M; Koellinger, Philipp D; Groenen, Patrick J. F; Fowler, James H; Rosenquist, J. Niels; Thurik, A. Roy; Christakis, Nicholas A; et al. (2011)."Molecular Genetics and Economics".Journal of Economic Perspectives.25(4): 57–82.doi:10.1257/jep.25.4.57.PMC3306008.PMID22427719.
- Benjamin, Daniel J.; Cesarini, David; Chabris, Christopher F.; Glaeser, Edward L.; Laibson, David I.; Guðnason, Vilmundur; Harris, Tamara B.; et al. (2012)."The Promises and Pitfalls of Genoeconomics"(PDF).Annual Review of Economics.4(1): 627–662.doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110939.PMC3592970.PMID23482589.
- Callaway, Ewen (12 October 2012)."Economics and genetics meet in uneasy union".Nature.490(7419): 154–5.Bibcode:2012Natur.490..154C.doi:10.1038/490154a.eISSN1476-4687.ISSN0028-0836.PMID23060165.S2CID4313926.
- Entine, Jon (14 October 2012)."Genoeconomics: Is Our Financial Future In Our Chromosomes?".Science 2.0.Retrieved27 March2021.
- Fletcher, Jason M. (28 August 2018)."Economics and genetics".Oxford Research Encyclopedia.Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.14.ISBN9780190625979.Retrieved27 March2021.
- Li, A; Meyre, D (2012)."Challenges in reproducibility of genetic association studies: Lessons learned from the obesity field".International Journal of Obesity.37(4): 559–567.doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.82.PMID22584455.
- Navarro, Arcadi (2009). "Genoeconomics: Promises and Caveats for a New Field".Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.1167(1): 57–65.Bibcode:2009NYASA1167...57N.doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04732.x.PMID19580553.S2CID25894881.
- Neyfakh, Leon (13 May 2012)."In search of the money gene".The Boston Globe.
- Rietveld, Cornelius A.; et al. (2013)."GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment"(PDF).Science.340(1467): 1467–1471.Bibcode:2013Sci...340.1467R.doi:10.1126/science.1235488.ISSN1095-9203.PMC3751588.PMID23722424.
- Ward, Jacob (16 November 2018)."The 'Geno-Economists' Say DNA Can Predict Our Chances of Success".The New York Times Magazine.Retrieved27 March2021.