Gioia Tauro(Italian:[ˈdʒɔːjaˈtauro]) is acomune(municipality) in theMetropolitan City of Reggio Calabria(Italy), on theTyrrhenian coast.It has an importantport,situated along the route connectingSueztoGibraltar,one of the busiest maritime corridors in the world.[3]
Gioia Tauro
Griko:Metauros | |
|---|---|
 Panorama of Gioia Tauro | |
 Map of the province of Reggio Calabria, with Gioia Tauro located to the north at theA2 motorway(A2 depicted in green). | |
Location of Gioia Tauro  | |
  Gioia Tauro Location of Gioia Tauro in Italy  Gioia Tauro Gioia Tauro (Calabria) | |
| Coordinates:38°26′N15°54′E/ 38.433°N 15.900°E | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Calabria |
| Metropolitan city | Reggio Calabria(RC) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 39.87 km2(15.39 sq mi) |
| Population (2018-01-01)[2] | |
| • Total | 20,076 |
| Time zone | UTC+1(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2(CEST) |
| Patron saint | St. Hyppolite |
| Saint day | August 13 |
| Website | Official website |
History
editGioia Tauro has been continuously inhabited for more than 2500 years.[citation needed]
Metauros
editThe remains are a little further inland in the old town of Gioia Tauro on a rise overlooking theTyrrhenian Sea.
The renowned ancient poetStesichorus(630-555 BC) was born there.[4]
It was established by Greeks fromZancle[5]and was occupied byLocriin the 6th c. BC.[6]It was one of the smaller ancient Greek centres among the settlements inSouthern Italy(Magna Graecia).[7]
TheBattle of the Metauruswas fought nearby in 207 BC.
Modern era
editIn the 1970s, Gioia Tauro was the main centre for industrial development inSouthern Italy,following a burst of violence inReggio Calabriain 1970, signalling frustration over the central government's neglect of the region. The construction of a large steel plant and port facility was meant to bring income and jobs to Calabria. Until then Gioia Tauro had been a productive and beautiful agricultural area. Profitable farms and olive groves were expropriated and demolished.[3][8]
The'Ndrangheta,aMafia-type criminal organisation based in Calabria, and in particular thePiromalli clan,exploited the construction of the steelworks until the project was abandoned in 1979, when the crisis in the steel industry could no longer be ignored and the government decided there was no economic basis for it. In the meantime some 1,000 people were killed in conflicts over construction contracts. For a while thehomicide rateof Gioia Tauro, was higher than that ofNew York City.[9]
Following this, a proposed electrical energy power station was never built, due to environmental problems. Gioia Tauro became an example of the failure that characterized much of the development of Italy's South as "industrialisation without development."[3][8]
Gioia Tauro seaport
editTheseaporthas seven loading docks with an extension of 4,646 metres (15,243 ft); it is the largest in Italy and the seventh-largestcontainerport in Europe,[10]with a 2007 throughput of 3.7 millionTEUs[11]from more than 3,000 ships. In 2018 the port was in eighth place for EU container traffic, on a higher throughput of 4.05 millionTEU.[12]
In 2002 more than one-third of national traffic went through the seaport; it specializes intransshipmentactivities, replacing the port ofMaltaas the node for overseas traffic to and from the US and theFar East. The MedcenterContainer Terminal(Medcenter,Contship) is the main operator working in the port.
'Ndrangheta control of port
editAccording to a 2006 report, Italian investigators estimate that 80% of Europe'scocainearrives fromColombiavia Gioia Tauro's docks. The port is also involved in theillegal arms trade.These activities are controlled by the 'Ndrangheta.[13]In 2014 the USFBIand the Italian police made arrests in a joint operation aimed at smashing a new trafficking route for drugs and weapons that officials said had brought together theGambino crime familyof New York and the'Ndrangheta.It was alleged that representatives of the criminal organisations discussed plans to ship cocaine and heroin from Gioia Tauro to the United States, selling more than 1.3 kilograms (2.9 lb) of heroin to an FBI undercover agent, thinking it would be distributed across the United States. A mafia expert said that the US mafia understood that the SicilianCosa Nostrahad been so weakened that it allowed the 'Ndrangheta to rise.[14]
“In the 1970s, the Christian Democratic Italian Government (with the active encouragement of the left) appropriated (and wasted) tens of billions of dollars to build one of the country’s largest steel plants in Calabria, but the project was abandoned because of a crisis in the steel industry.... The government ultimately completed construction of a huge seaport at Gioia Tauro (the sixth largest in the Mediterranean) which was originally meant to service the steel plant....[Alex] Perry [in his 2018 book,The Good Mothers(2018)] notes that ‘the railway that connected Gioia Tauro to Europe stopped 1.5 kilometers short of the port, meaning all the cargo’ — legal and illegal — ‘from one of the biggest Mediterranean container ports had to be loaded onto mafia-owned trucks and driven three minutes to the station.’[15]The port's legitimate business has struggled in recent years, no doubt a result of Mafia control.”[16]
ThePiromalli-Molèclan managed to condition the management of the new container terminal. Established in the mid-1990s, it became the largest terminal in theMediterranean,moving over 2 million containers in 1998. Since 1994, whenContship Italiarented the port area to start transshipment activity and the Medcenter Container Terminal was set up thanks to 138 billion lire (about US$86 million) in state financing, the Piromallis aimed to oblige the Medcenter company, through its vice president Walter Lugli, and the Contship company, through its president Enrico Ravano, to pay a kickback of US$1.50 for each transshipped container, about half of the net profits earned by the two companies.[17][18]
In February 2008 the parliamentaryAntimafia Commissionconcluded that the 'Ndrangheta "controls or influences a large part of the economic activity around the port and uses the facility as a base for illegal trafficking." In its report it said that "the entire gamma of internal or sub-contracted activities is mafia-influenced, from the management of distribution and forwarding to customs control and container storage." The extortion of Ravano and Contship was part of a project that "did not involve simply this security tax, which grew with the port, but also control of activities tied to the port, the hiring of workers, and relations with port unions and local institutions". "It effectively eliminated legitimate competition from companies not influenced or controlled by the mafia in providing goods and services, performing construction work and hiring personnel. And it threw a shadow over the behaviour of local government and other public bodies."[19][20]
'Ndrangheta infiltration of city council
editThecity councilof Gioia Tauro was dissolved in 1991 because of infiltration by the 'Ndrangheta. In April 2008, it was dissolved for the second time for the same reason.[21]The town is home to several'ndrine,such as the Alvaro,Mammoliti,Molè, and Piromalli families.
Gioia Tauro's former mayor and deputy mayor, Giorgio Dal Torrione and Rosario Schiavone, were arrested on mafia charges on October 13, 2008. Both had been forced to step down in April, when the city council was dissolved on suspicion of mafia infiltration. 'Ndrangheta Boss Gioacchino Piromalli was arrested as well, along with his nephew, also named Gioacchino Piromalli, who is a lawyer. The mayors were accused of employing the younger Piromalli. Police believe the legal work was a front to enable the Piromallis to regain a slice of the business generated by the port of Gioia Tauro.[22]
Notable people
edit- Stesichorus– ancient poet
- Nick Nostro– film director
Winds
editDemographic evolution
edit
References
edit- ^"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011".Italian National Institute of Statistics.Retrieved16 March2019.
- ^All demographics and other statistics from the Italian statistical institute (Istat)
- ^abcSuccess for Gioia TauroArchived2015-09-27 at theWayback Machine,undated ADN Kronos report on Italtrade
- ^Grimaldi, William M. A. (1988). Aristotle, Rhetoric II. ISBN 9780823210497
- ^Solinus, Polyhistor, 2.10
- ^La Colonizzazione e il Periodo Greco, Capitolo III, Il VI Secolo e lo Scontro con Crotone, Battaglia della Sagrahttps:// locriantica.it/storia/per_greco3.htm
- ^Paolo Visonà “L’insediamento tardoellenistico di contrada Mella,” in R. Agostino (ed.), Gli Italici del Metauros. Catalogo della Mostra Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Reggio Calabria 29 aprile – 31 ottobre 2005 (Reggio Calabria 2005), pp. 127-131.
- ^abSpotts & Wieser,Italy, a Difficult Democracy,p. 236
- ^Spotts & Wieser,Italy, a Difficult Democracy,p. 186
- ^"World Port Rankings 2005".American Association of Port Authorities. May 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-09-27.Retrieved2008-02-06.
- ^Van Marle, Gavin (2008-01-31). "Europe Terminals stretched to limit".Lloyds List Daily Commercial News.pp. 8–9.
- ^"Eurostat Top 20 EU Containger Ports".Eurostat.
- ^Bitter harvest,The Guardian,December 19, 2006
- ^Guardian newspaper:Police break transatlantic network of US and Italian crime families, 1 February 2014
- ^Perry, Alex (2019).The Good Mothers: The True Story of the Women Who Took on the World’s Most Powerful Mafia.New York, New York: William Morrow. pp.68-69.ISBN9780062655615.
- ^Stille, Alexander (October 24, 2019)."Breaking the Silence in Calabria".The New York Review of Books.LXVI(16). Archived fromthe originalon 12 May 2021.RetrievedJuly 26,2023.
- ^Paoli,Mafia Brotherhoods,p. 218
- ^(in Italian)Il caso Gioia Tauro,Relazione sullo stato della lotta alla criminalità organizzata in Calabria, Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia e delle altre associazioni criminali similari, July 2000
- ^Gioia Tauro 'controlled by mafia for over a decade'[permanent dead link],Lloyd’s List, February 21, 2008
- ^(in Italian)Relazione annuale sulla 'ndrangheta,Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul fenomeno della criminalità organizzata mafiosa o similare(Relatore:Francesco Forgione), February 2008
- ^(in Italian)Sciolto Consiglio comunale di Gioia Tauro,Corriere della Sera, April 22, 2008
- ^Mayors, mobsters in 'Ndrangheta op[permanent dead link],ANSA, October 13, 2008
- Paoli, Letizia (2003).Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style,New York: Oxford University PressISBN0-19-515724-9(Reviewby Klaus Von Lampe) (Reviewby Alexandra V. Orlova)
- Spotts, Frederic & Theodor Wieser (1986).Italy, a Difficult Democracy: A Survey of Italian Politics,Cambridge University Press,ISBN0-521-31511-5
External links
edit
Media related toGioia Tauroat Wikimedia Commons