Geography of Greece

Greeceis a country inSoutheastern Europe,on theBalkan Peninsula.It is bordered to the north byAlbania,North MacedoniaandBulgaria;to the east byTurkey,and is surrounded to the east by theAegean Sea,to the south by theCretanand theLibyanseas, and to the west by theIonian Seawhich separates Greece fromItaly.

Geography of Greece

Continent	Europe
Region	South Europe
Coordinates	39°00′N22°00′E
Area	Ranked 95th
• Total	131,957 km2(50,949 sq mi)
• Land	99.13%
• Water	0.87%
Coastline	13,676 km (8,498 mi)
Borders	689.76 km (428.60 mi)
Highest point	Mount Olympus 2,918 metres (9,573 ft)
Lowest point	Epitalio −6 metres (−20 ft)
Longest river	Haliacmon 297 kilometres (185 mi)
Largest lake	Lake Trichonida 98.6 km2(38.07 sq mi)
Terrain	80% mountainous, plains (east and north-east)
Natural resources	petroleum,magnetite,lignite,bauxite,hydropower,marble,limestone,fish
Natural hazards	earthquakes,floods,droughtsandwildfires
Environmental issues	air pollution, water pollution
Exclusive economic zone	505,572 km2(195,202 sq mi)

The country consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into theMediterranean Seaat the southernmost tip of theBalkans,and two smaller peninsulas projecting from it: theChalkidikiand thePeloponnese,which is joined to the mainland by theIsthmusofCorinth.Greece also has manyislands,of various sizes, the largest beingCrete,Euboea,Lesvos,Rhodes,Chios,Kefalonia,andCorfu;groups of smaller islands include theDodecaneseand theCyclades.According to theCIA World Factbook,Greece has 13,676 kilometres (8,498 mi) ofcoastline,the largest in the Mediterranean Basin.

Greece'slatituderanges from 35°N to 42°N and itslongitudefrom 19°E to 28°E. As a result of this and its physical geography, the country has considerable climatic variation.

Physical geography

Topographic map of Greece

Greece is located inSouth Eastern Europe,bordering theIonian Seaand theMediterranean Sea.It is a peninsular country, with an archipelago of about 3,000 islands.

It has a total area of 131,957 km²(50,949 sq mi),of which land area is 130,647 km²and internal waters (lakes and rivers) account for 1,310 km².Land boundaries withAlbania(212 km),North Macedonia(234 km),Bulgaria(472 km) and Turkey (192 km) measure approximately 1,110 km in total. Of the country's total territory, 83.33% or 110,496 km²(42,663 sq mi) is mainland territory and the rest 16.67% or 21,461 km²(8,286 sq mi) is island territory.It has anexclusive economic zoneof 505,572 km²(195,202 sq mi) which is the 53rd largest.

Greece's coastline measures 13,676 km (8,498 mi).

80% of Greece ismountainous.ThePindusmountain range lies across the center of the country in a northwest-to-southeast direction, with a maximum elevation of 2,637 m. Extensions of the same mountain range stretch across the Peloponnese and underwater across the Aegean, forming many of theAegean IslandsincludingCrete,and joining with theTaurus Mountainsof southern Turkey. Central and western Greece contain high and steep peaks intersected by manycanyonsand otherkarstic landscapes,including theMeteoraand theVikos Gorges– the latter being the world's deepest canyon in proportion to its width, and the third deepest after theCopper CanyoninMexicoand theGrand Canyonin theUnited States,plunging vertically for more than 1,100 metres.

Mount Olympusis the highest point in Greece, the7th highestand the9thmostprominentmountain inmainland Europe(together withGerlachovský štítand includingGroßglockneras a separate mountain),rising to 2,917 m abovesea level.TheRhodope Mountainsform the border between Greece and Bulgaria; that area is covered with vast and thick forests.

Plains are found in easternThessaly,in centralMacedoniaand inThrace.

Elevation extremes

• Highest point:Mount Olympus:2,917 m (9,570 ft)
• Lowest point:Epitalio:−6 m (−20 ft)

Extremities of Greece

The extreme points of Greece are

• North:Ormeniovillage (41°45′41″ N, 26°13′15″ E)
• South:Gavdosisland (34°48′11″ N, 24°07′25″ E)
• East:Strongyliisland (36°06′17″ N, 29°38′39″ E)
• West:Othonoiisland (39°51′11″ N, 19°22′41″ E)

Natural resources

Greece has notable deposits ofpetroleum,magnetite,lignite,bauxite,hydropower,marble,limestoneAncient Greeks used limestone as a durable building material in many buildings such as theParthenon.Greece has substantialmarine lifewith plentifulfishin its EEZ.

Land use

• Arable land:19.71%
• Permanent crops:8.95%
• Other:71.37% (2012 est.)

Irrigated land:15,550 km²(2007)

Macedonia Thessaly Sporades Islands Epirus Central Greece Thrace Peloponnese Attica Cyclades Dodecanese North Aegean Islands Crete Ionian Islands Albania North Macedonia Bulgaria Turkey Mediterranean Sea Ionian- Sea Aegean- Sea

Regions of Greece

Map of Greece ATHENS Thessaloniki Kavala ---Thasos Alexandroupolis --Samothrace Corfu Igoumenitsa Larissa Volos Ioannina Chalcis Patras Serres Kozani Florina Lamia Arta Agrinio Chania Kalamata Corinth Nafplion Sparta Piraeus Eleusina Lavrion Heraklion M.Olympus (2917 m) Lefkada Kefalonia Zakynthos- Lemnos Lesbos Chios Samos Andros Tinos Mykonos Icaria --Patmos Naxos Milos Santorini--- Kos Rhodes Karpathos Kassos Kythira Gavdos Megisti

Cities and islands of Greece

Greece's cities, main towns, main rivers, islands and selected archaeological sites.

Mainland

Mainland Greece forms the southernmost part of theBalkan peninsulawith two additional smaller peninsulas projecting from it: theChalkidikiand thePeloponnese.The north of the country includes the regions ofMacedoniaandThrace.To the south the mainland narrows and includes the regions ofEpirus,ThessalyandCentral Greece,where the region ofAtticaand the capital cityAthensare located. Further south, the smaller peninsula of Peloponnese is separated from the rest of the Greek mainland by theCorinthianandSaronic Gulfs,but joined by theIsthmus of Corinth.

Mainland Greece covers about 80% of the total territory and is largely mountainous. The largest mountain range of Greece is thePindus range,the southern extension of theDinaric Alps,which forms the spine of the Greek mainland, separating Epirus from Thessaly and Macedonia. The country's tallest mountain isMount Olympus,which also separates Thessaly from Macedonia. Its highest peak rises to 2,918 m above sea level, making it the second highest of the Balkan peninsula afterMusalain theRila Mountain.

The number of islands vary between 1,200 and 6,000.A figure frequently cited in travel guides is 1,425 islands, of which 166 are said to be inhabited.The Greek Tourism Organization reports a figure of 6,000, with 227 of them inhabited.Paris Match,however, raises this number to 9,841 islands, of which only 169 have a recorded continuous human presence.

The Greek islands account for about 20% of the country's total territory,and vary greatly in size as well as in climate. The country's largest island isCrete,withEuboeabeing second largest. Other large Greek islands includeRhodesandLesbosin the Aegean Sea, andCorfuandCephaloniain the Ionian Sea. Many of the smaller Greek islands form groups or chains, often calledarchipelagos,with notable examples being theCycladesand theSporadesin the south and central Aegean Sea respectively.

Aegean

Main articles:Aegean Islands,Aegean Sea,andList of Aegean Islands

The islands of the Aegean Sea are situated between mainland Greece to the west and north,Anatoliato the east and the island of Crete to the south. Traditionally, the islands are classified into seven groups, from north to south:

• North Aegean Islands
• Sporades
• Euboea
• Saronic Islands
• Cyclades
• Dodecanese(Southern Sporades)
• Crete

Ionian Islands

Main article:Ionian Islands

The Ionian Islands are a group of seven islands. The six northern islands lie off the western coast of Greece, in theIonian Sea.The other island,Kythira,lies off the southern tip of thePeloponnese.Kythira is part of themodern administrative regionofAttica,not the Ionian Islands (Ionioi Nisoi). The Ionian Islands are distinct from the historical region ofIonia,which is today part of westernTurkey.

Crete

Crete is the largest island of Greece and the second largest in theEastern Mediterranean,afterCyprus.The island spans 260 km from east to west and 60 km from north to south at its widest. The island narrows in the region close to Ierapetra, where it is only 12 km wide. Crete covers an area of 8,336 km²(3,219 sq mi), with a coastline of 1046 km. It is surrounded to the north by theSea of Crete;to the south by theLibyan Sea;to the west by theMyrtoan Sea;and to the east by the Karpathion Sea. It lies about 160 km south of the Greek mainland.

Crete is characterized by a mountain range crossing from west to east, formed by three different subranges:

• The White Mountains orLefka Ori(2,452 m);
• The Idi Range (Psiloritis(35.18°N 24.82°E/35.18; 24.82) 2,456 m);
• The Dikti Mountains (2,148 m)

These encompass fertile plateaus, such as Lasithi, Omalos and Nidha; caves such asDiktaionandIdaion;and gorges such as theSamariá Gorge.The protected area of the Samariá Gorge is the home of the Cretan goat, orkri-kri,while the endangeredBearded vultureor lammergeyer lives in the Cretan mountains and gorges.

Crete's rivers include theIeropotamos Riverin the southern part of the island.

• 
  Crete (NASAphotograph)

Environment

Map of earthquakes in Greece and adjacent countries 1900–2017

Greece is a mostly mountainous country with a very long coastline, filled with peninsulas and islands.

The climate can range from semi-desert to cold climate mountain forests.

Greece's natural hazards include severe earthquakes, floods, droughts and wildfires. Currentenvironmental issues in Greeceinclude air pollution and water pollution.

Climate

Köppen climate classification of Greece

The climate of Greece is mild. AMediterranean climateprevails on the coast and islands, and aContinental climateprevails in the mountainous regions of the interior. Summers are hot and dry and winters are cool and humid.Summer is rainless and the almost cloudless season lasts about three months. In July and August, the temperature usually rises to around 30–35 °C and even above 40 °C. In the eastern part of the country and especially in the archipelago, a coolingEtesianwind blows in the summer, but in big cities like Athens it can get sweltering hot. The wind can be very strong at times, which makes sailing difficult.

A special feature of Greek weather is the high amount of sunshine. It is available for five hours even in winter, and up to 12–14 hours a day in summer. The rains mostly occur in winter. Snow can be found everywhere in Greece, but it is rare in the archipelago. In low-lying areas, snow hardly ever stays on the ground. On the tops of the highest mountains, snow remains well into the summer. Spring and autumn are short in-between seasons when the weather is variable.

Extensiveforest firescause problems almost every year in late summer. Sometimes they lead to widespread evacuations and even deaths.

Gallery

• 
  Mount Olympus
• 
  Volcanic crater,Santorini
• 
  Achelous River
• 
  Taygetus (Mountain Range)
• 
  Pindus National Park
• 
  Vikos–Aoös National Park
• 
  Samariá Gorge
• 
  Kremasta (lake)
• 
  MountPelion
• 
  Potidea Kanal,Chalkidiki
• 
  Manganari beach,Ios (island)
• 
  Landscape ofStymfaliawithMount Kyllini
• 
  Palm beach ofVai (Crete)
• 
  Navagio,Zakynthos
• 
  Mount Parnassus

See also

• Geography of Europe
• Greek names of mountains
• List of earthquakes in Greece
• List of islands of Greece
• National parks of Greece
• Wildlife of Greece

Further reading

• A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegeanby Michael and Reynold Higgins, Cornell University Press, 1996

This article incorporatespublic domain materialfromThe World Factbook.CIA.