Green party

This article is about Green parties in general. For specific political parties, seeList of green political partiesandGreen Party.

Agreen partyis a formally organizedpolitical partybased on the principles ofgreen politics,such asenvironmentalismandsocial justice.

Map of member parties of theGlobal Greens

Green party platforms typically embracesocial democraticeconomic policies and form coalitions with otherleft-wing parties.

Green parties exist in nearly 90 countries around the world, many of which are members ofGlobal Greens.

Definitions

There are distinctions between "green" parties and "Green" parties. Any party,faction,or politician may be labeled "green" if it emphasizes environmental causes. In contrast, formally organized Green parties may follow anideologythat includes not onlyenvironmentalism,but often also other concerns such associal justiceandconsensus decision-making.TheGlobal Greens Charterlists six guiding principles which are ecological wisdom, social justice, participatory democracy, nonviolence, sustainability and respect for diversity.

History

In 1979,Daniel Brélazbecame the world's first green member of a national parliament (inSwitzerland).

Political parties campaigning on a predominantly environmental platform arose in the early 1970s in various parts of the world.

The world's first political parties to campaign on a predominantly environmental platform were theUnited Tasmania Group,which contested theApril 1972 state electioninTasmania,Australia, and theValues PartyofNew Zealand,which contested theNovember 1972 New Zealand general election.Their use of the name 'Green' derived from the'Green Bans':an Australian movement of building workers who refused to build on sites of cultural and environmental significance.

The first green party in Europe was the Popular Movement for the Environment, founded in 1972 in theSwisscanton ofNeuchâtel.The first national green party in Europe wasPEOPLE,founded in Britain in February 1973, which eventually turned into theEcology Partyand then theGreen Party.Several other local political groups were founded in the beginning of the 1970s. Fons Sprangers was probably the first Green mayor in the world, elected in 1970 in Meer, and active until 2020 for the Flemish Greens. The first political party to use the name "Green" seems to have been the Lower Saxon "Green List for Environmental Protection",founded on 1 September 1977.

The first Green Party to achieve national prominence was theGerman Green Party,famous for their opposition tonuclear power,as well as an expression of anti-centralist and pacifist values traditional to greens. They were founded in 1980 and have been in coalition governments atstatelevel for some years. They were in federal government with theSocial Democratic Party of Germanyin a so-calledRed-Green alliancefrom 1998 to 2005. In 2001, they reached an agreement to end reliance on nuclear power in Germany, and agreed to remain in coalition and support the government of ChancellorGerhard Schröderin the2001 Afghan War.This put them at odds with many Greens worldwide.

InFinland,in 1995, theFinnish Green Partywas the first European Green party to be part of a national Cabinet. Other Green parties that have participated in government at national level include theGroen!(formerly Agalev) andEcoloinBelgium,The Greensin France and theGreen Partyin Ireland. In the NetherlandsGroenLinks( "GreenLeft" ) was founded in 1990 from four smallleft-wingparties and is now a stable faction in the Dutch parliament. TheAustralian Greenssupported aLaborminority government from 2010 to 2013, and have participated in several state governments.

In 2022Denmark,the Green PartyThe Alternativehas only one Parliament member, having dropped from the previous nine, and five local parliaments members. In 2022Portugal,the Green PartyPeople-Animals-Naturealso has only one Parliament member, having dropped from the previous four, and another in theMadeiraRegional Parliament, while its two other Green parties,Partido da TerraandPartido Ecologista "Os Verdes",only have, respectively, two councilpeople and one mayor.

Around the world, individuals have formed many Green parties over the last thirty years. Green parties now exist in most countries with democratic systems, fromCanadatoPeru,fromNorwaytoSouth Africa,fromIrelandtoMongolia.There is Green representation at national, regional and local levels in many countries around the world.

Most of the Green parties are formed to win elections, and so organize themselves by the presented electoral or political districts. But that does not apply universally: TheGreen Party of Alaskais organized along bioregional lines to practicebioregional democracy.

Support

Academic research has uncovered striking international consistency in the typical demographic and attitudinal profile of Green party supporters. In particular, Green voters tend to be young, highly educated, disproportionately female, and employed in the social and cultural services (healthcare, teaching, the arts, etc.), whilst also displaying above-average levels of environmentalism and social liberalism, as well as being left-leaning.Additionally, Green parties also tend to attract greater levels of support in countries defined by high levels of economic development and low levels of unemployment, as well as the presence of tangible environmental disputes (such as nuclear power production) and active major party competition on the environmental issue.The former two factors are believed to generate cohorts of voters with enough material security to devote their attention to 'higher' goals such as environmentalism; the latter two help raise the profile of the Green's own policy positions and statements (providing that the major parties do not act so quickly to the rising salience of environmentalism as to usurp the issue entirely and completely preempt the development of a separate ecological party). Their supporters sometimes blame the economical system for the environmental issues neglecting any green free-market liberal capitalist alternatives.

Alliances

Depending on local conditions or issues, platforms and alliances may vary. In line with the goal of democracy, neighboringecoregionsmay require different policies or protections.

Green parties are often formed in a given jurisdiction by a coalition of scientificecologists,communityenvironmentalists,and local (or national)leftistgroups or groups concerned with peace or citizens rights.

ARed-Green allianceis an alliance between Green parties andsocial democraticparties. Such alliances are typically formed for the purpose of elections (mostly infirst-past-the-postelection systems), or, after elections, for the purpose of forming a government.

Some Greens, such as those inHawaii,find more effective allianceswith more conservative groups(Blue-Green alliance) orindigenous peoples– who seek to prevent disruption of traditional ways of life or to save ecological resources they depend on. Although Greens find much to support in fostering these types of alliances with groups of historically different backgrounds, they also feel strongly about forming diverse communities through encouragement ofdiversityin social and economicdemographicsin communities,especially in the United States.

Alliances often highlight strategic differences between participating in parties and advancing the values of the Green movement. For example, Greens became allied with centre-right parties to oust the centre-left rulingInstitutional Revolutionary PartyofMexico.Ralph Nader,the 2000 presidential nominee of theU.S. Greens,campaigned with ultra-conservativePat Buchananon joint issues such as farm policy and bans on corporate funding of election campaigns, although this "alliance" between Nader and Buchanan was very specifically limited to the purpose of showing that there was broad support for certain specific issues, across the political spectrum.

U.S. Greens grew dramatically throughout 2001. However, stable coalitions (such as that in Germany) tend to be formed between elections with left-wing parties on social issues, and 'the grassroots right' on such issues as irresponsible corporate subsidies and public ethics.

On 13 June 2007, theIrish Green Party,represented by six members of parliament orTDs,agreed to go into a coalition government for the first time in their history, withFianna Fáiland theProgressive Democrats(the Progressive Democrats later dissolved as a party, though their members remained in parliament). The Green Party held two Cabinet seats, as well as twojunior ministries,until their withdrawal from government in January 2011. They lost all of their six seats inthe following month's general election,but won two in the2016 general election,and twelve seats in the2020 general election,and entered government again in June 2020.

In theCzech Republic,theGreen Partywas part of the governing coalition, together with the conservativeCivic Democratic Party(ODS) and theChristian Democrats(KDU–ČSL) from January 2007 until the government collapsed in March 2009.

Green parties often have to join coalitions/alliances with other parties within parliament as they rarely get a large share of the vote (rarely polling above 10% at a national level).Their involvement in coalition governments is important in getting environmental issues on the political agenda, however they are often limited in the amount that they can succeed given they are not the majority within the alliance.

Green parties

Africa

Some national Green parties began forming in Africa in the 1980s and 1990s, but they often struggled to gain influence.

Wangari Maathaiwas perhaps the most prominent and successful member of a Green party in Africa: after founding theGreen Belt Movementand theMazingira Green Party of Kenya,she was elected to the Kenyan Parliament in 2002, became an assistant minister for Environmental and Natural Resources, and won theNobel Peace Prizein 2004.Other African Green parties that have achieved parliamentary representation includeLes Verts FraternelsofMauritius,andFrank Habineza'sDemocratic Green Party of Rwanda.InSenegal,Green party leaderHaïdar el Aliwas appointed Minister for Ecology in 2012.

Asia and Oceania

Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu

See also:Asia Pacific Greens Federation

Green parties have achieved national or state parliamentary representation inNew Zealand,AustraliaandVanuatu.In New Zealand theGreen Party of Aotearoa New Zealandcurrently holds 15 seats in theNew Zealand House of Representativesafter the2023 general election.TheAustralian Greenshold 11 seats in theAustralian Senateand 4 seats in theAustralian House of Representatives.Since2004,they have received more votes than any other third party in every federal election. They also have representation in the upper and lower houses ofstate parliamentsof five states and in the unicameral chamber of one territory. Greens also hold representative positions in local government across New Zealand and Australia (where a number of local government authorities are controlled by Green councilors). The Greens took the seat of Melbourne from the Australian Labor Party in 2010 with candidateAdam Bandt.This was the first time the Greens have won a Lower House seat at a general election (although they have previously won two seats at by-elections).

Proportional representationin the Australian Senate and in New Zealand has strengthened the position of the Australian Greens and the Green Party of New Zealand and enabled them to participate directly in legislatures and policy-making committees. In countries following British-style 'first past the post' electoral rules, Green parties face barriers to gaining federal or provincial/regional/state seats. TheAustralian Labor Party's practice of allocating a portion of ALPticket votesto Australian Greens has helped bring AG candidates into parliament.

In the2008 ACT electionin Australia, the Greens won 15.6% of the vote, winning 4 out of 17 seats. Shane Rattenbury was elected the speaker of the assembly, the first time a Green party member had held such a position in any parliament or assembly in Australia. However, they retained only one seat at the2012 electionin the same territory.

TheGreen Confederation(Confédération Verte) inVanuatuwon 3 out of 52 seats inthe last general electionin October 2012. Its most prominent member isMoana Carcasses Kalosil,who becameprime ministerin March 2013.Carcasses, aGreen liberal,does not lead a Green government, but a broad coalition government in which he is the only Green minister.

There is aPapua New Guinea Greens Party,but it does not have any members in Parliament.There was briefly aGreen Party in Fijifrom 2008 to 2013; as Parliament was suspended by the military regime during this time, the party was not able to take part in any election before all parties were deregistered in 2013.

Lebanon

TheGreen Party of Lebanonwas founded in 2008 as a secular party.Its first president was Philippe Skaff, CEO of Grey Advertising.The party debuted with the May 2010 municipal elections.In 2011, the party became the first political party inLebanonto elect a female leader when Nada Zaarour was elected its president.

Pakistan, Saudi Arabia

TheGreen Party of Pakistanwas founded in 2002, and theGreen Party of Saudi Arabiaemerged 2010. However, due to political repression, some South and Southwest Asian Green parties areundergroundorganizations.

Taiwan

TheGreen Party Taiwanwas founded in 1996. It is a small party which have often associated withDemocratic Progressive Party,a major political party in Taiwan.

Europe

Belgian and German roots

The first green parties in Europe were founded in the late 1970s, following the rise ofenvironmental awarenessand the development ofnew social movements.Green parties in Belgium first made a breakthrough. Belgium had Green members of parliament elected first in the 1970s, and with seats on the local council, held the balance of power in the city of Liege, so were the first to go into coalition with the ruling party on that council. In 1979 political campaigns and dissident groups feeling underrepresented in west German politics formed a coalition to contest the 1979 elections to the European Parliament.

Although they did not win any seats, the groups in this association formally agreed to become a party and won a breakthrough in the German national elections of 1983. They were not the first Green Party in Europe to have members elected nationally but the impression was created that they had been, because they attracted the most media attention. This was partly due to their charismatic leaderPetra Kelly,a German who was of interest to the American media because she had an American step-father. Since its foundation in 1980 and merger withAlliance 90after the German reunification, Kelly's party, now namedAlliance '90/The Greens,has become one of Europe's most important Green parties. It played an important role in the formation of national-level Green parties in other countriessuch as Spainas well. The forerunner of the Green Party in theUnited Kingdomwas thePEOPLE Party,formed inCoventryin 1972. It changed its name to the Ecology Party in 1973 and the Green Party in 1985.

1984–1989: A new political force

In 1984 Greens agreed a common platform for the European Parliament Elections and the first Green Members of the European Parliament were elected here. Germany, a stronghold of the Green movement, elected seven MEPs; two more came from Belgium and two from the Netherlands. As those eleven MEPs did not entitle the Greens to form a parliamentary group on their own, they concluded an alliance with MEPs from Italy, Denmark, and regionalists from Flanders and Ireland to form the GRAEL (Green Alternative European Link) group, also known as theRainbow Group.Politically they engaged in the fight against environmental pollution, nuclear energy (1986 saw the Chernobyl disaster), the promotion of animal protection and the campaign against the demolition of Brussels by speculation fuelled by the presence of the European institutions.

Since the 1990s

Indulis Emsisof theLatvian Green PartybecamePrime Minister of Latviain 2004, and the world's first greenhead of government.

After years of co-operation between the national Green parties, they formed a pan-European alliance that unites most European Green parties. The Greens are a party within the European parliament with 46 seats, as of June 2009. It has a long-standing alliance with theEuropean Free Alliance(EFA), an alliance of "stateless nations", such as the Welsh nationalistPlaid CymruandScottish National Party.Together European Green Party/EFA have 58 seats and they are the fourth largest party in the European Parliament.

While on many issues European Greens practice the same policies, one issue divides European Green parties: the European Union. Some Green parties, like the DutchGreenLeft,the Green Party of England and Wales,theSwiss Green Party,theIrish Green Partyand the GermanAlliance '90/The Greens,arepro-Europeanwhile some, like the Green party inSweden,are moderatelyeurosceptic.

Some Green parties have been part of governing coalitions. The first one was the FinnishGreen Leaguethat entered government in 1995. The ItalianFederation of the Greens,theFrench Greens,the German Alliance '90/The Greens and both Belgian Green parties, the French-speakingEcoloand the Dutch-speakingAgalevwere part of government during the late 1990s. Most successful was theLatvian Green Party,who supplied thePrime Minister of Latviain 2004. The SwedishGreen Partywas a long-term supporter of the social-democratic minority government until the election 2006 when the social-democratic party lost. The IrishGreen Partyis currentlyin government,having entered a coalition withFianna FáilandFine Gaelin June 2020, with three cabinet positions. It was previously in acoalition governmentwith Fianna Fáil from2007until January 2011 when the party withdrew their support for the ruling coalition.

Raimonds Vējonis,President of Latvia

Alexander Van der Bellen,President of Austria

Vējonis (elected 2015) and Van der Bellen (elected 2016) are Europe's first two greenheads of state.

In Scandinavia, left-wing socialist parties have formed theNordic Green Left Alliance.These parties have the same ideals as European Greens. However, they do not cooperate with theGlobal Greensor European Greens, but instead form a combined parliamentary group with theParty of the European Left,which unites communists and post-communists. There is one exception, in 2004 the MEP for DanishSocialist People's Partyhas left the Nordic Green Left parliamentary group and has joined the Green parliamentary group in the European parliament. The Socialist People's Party is currently an observer at theEuropean Green Partyand the Global Greens. Outside of Scandinavia, in 2004,Latviabecame the first country in the world to have a Green politician become Head of Government, but in 2006 the Green Party received only 16.71 percent of the vote. In theEstonia2007 parliamentary elections,theEstonian Greenswon 7.1 percent of the vote, and a mandate for six seats in the country's parliament, theRiigikogu.Other significant electoral results for European green parties include Germany'sAlliance '90/The Greensin the2002 federal electionand France'sEurope Ecology – The Greensin the2012 legislative election,in which they both won more seats than any otherthird party.

British MPCaroline Lucaswas the UK's first green politician elected under thefirst-past-the-postsystem.

In some countries Greens have found it difficult to win any representation in the national parliament. Three reasons can be found for this. It includes countries with a first past the post electoral system, such as the United Kingdom. However, despite thefirst past the postsystem in the United Kingdom, theGreen Party of England and Waleswon their first seat in theHouse of CommonswhenCaroline Lucaswon the seat ofBrighton Pavilionin 2010. In July 2024, after a targeted campaign, 4 Green MPs were elected in Bristol Central, Waveney Valley, North Herefordshire and Brighton Pavilion. TheScottish Greenshave had success in the devolvedScottish Parliamenthaving recently signed a deal to enter a governing coalition, whilst theGreen Party Northern Irelandhas had success in the devolvedNorthern Ireland Assemblyandlocal electionswhere the first-past-the-post system is not used. In countries where a party with similar ideals is stronger, such asNorwayand Denmark, Green parties tend to perform worse. In someEastern Europeancountries, likeRomania,Green parties are still in the process of formation and have therefore not gained enough support. InPolandthe Green Party, registered in 2004, won their first three seats in the Sejm in 2019. TheGreen Party of Bulgariais a part of theleft-wingCoalition for Bulgaria,currently in opposition. It has no parliamentary representation but it did supply one Deputy Minister in the government of Prime MinisterSergey Stanishevfrom 2005 to 2009.

TheEuropean Green Partyhas worked to support weak Green parties in European countries. Until recently, they were giving support to Green parties in the Mediterranean countries. These Green parties are now making electoral gains, e.g. in Spain,GreeceandRepublic of Cyprus,or getting organized to do so, e.g. inMalta.Therefore, the EGP is now turning its attention to Eastern Europe – all these countries have Green parties, but in materially poor Eastern Europe the success of Green Parties is patchy except for Hungary, where the local Green party,Politics Can Be Different(LMP), has been elected to parliament and many city councils.

In2021 Croatian local electionsWe can!party became the largest political party in theZagreb Assembly,winning 23 seats in total. Their mayoral candidateTomislav Tomaševićwon a landslide victory on 31 May.

Bulgaria

In 2021, after anti-government protests in Bulgaria, Volt Bulgaria became a member of theStand Up! Mafia Out!alliance. Green Movement (ZD) also became a member of an anti-corruption coalition -Democratic Bulgaria (DB).Eco Voice (Ecoglasnost/Екогласност) remained a member of theBSP for Bulgaria (БСП за България, БСПзБ, BSPzB)coalition. After the elections all of them got into parliament, but a government wasn't formed. After the snap election, which also didn't form a government, Volt Bulgaria leftISBGand joined the We Continue The Change (Продължаваме промяната, ПП, PP) coalition, which won the election and formed a government with BSPzB, DB and the populist ITN. ITN withdrew from the coalition, which later lost avote of no confidence.For the next elections in 2022, the Party of the Greens (Партия на зелените, ПнЗ, PnZ) joinedtheBulgarian Rise (Български възход, БВ, BV)coalition. After a government wasn't formed another round of snap elections were called. This time PP, DB,BZNSandUnited Agrariansformed the PP-DB coalition which won 2nd place, but managed to agree on a government with the largest parliamentary group - the Christian democraticGERB-SDScoalition.

Germany

As mentioned above, the German green party holds strong influence in terms of green politics in Europe. The German green party: Alliance 90/The Greens (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) was founded in 1993 after the West German green party (Die Grünen, formed in 1980) and the East German green party (Bündnis 90, formed in 1990) joined after thereunification of Germany.

in 1998, Alliance 90/The Greens joined a coalition government with theSPD,forming aRed-Green alliancethat would last until 2005. In order to agree to the coalition, Alliance 90/The Greens had 3 priorities: to reduce employment, close nuclear-power stations/Germany to not rely on nuclear power, and for citizenship laws to be reformed.The coalition remained in place following the 2002 election. However, green policies were no longer considered to be a focal point so much, with unemployment growing and other economic issues being more pressing, leading to the rise of the CDU/CSU, and the eventual loss of a majority in parliament.

Turkey

Greens and the Left Party of the Future is a left-libertarian and green party in Turkey. It was founded on 25 November 2012 as a merger of the Greens Party and the Equality and Democracy Party.

Prominent members include Murat Belge, left-liberal political author and columnist forTaraf;Kutluğ Ataman, filmmaker and contemporary artist; and Ufuk Uras, former Istanbul deputy and president of the Freedom and Solidarity Party.

The party is one of the participants in the Peoples' Democratic Congress, a political initiative instrumental in founding the Peoples' Democratic Party in 2012.

The Greens, along with feminists, left YSGP en masse in 2016, citing its lack of democratic decision making practices. They and a new generation of activists reestablished theGreen Party(Yeşiller) in 2020.

North America

As of the41st general electionin Canada, held on May 2, 2011, there was only one federally elected member of theGreen Party of Canadain theHouse of Commons of Canada,its leaderElizabeth May.However, at the dissolution of the41st Parliamenton August 2, 2015, theGreen Party of Canadaheld two seats in the House of Commons, the second seat belonging to formerly Independent MPBruce Hyerwho was elected to the House of Commons as a member of theNDPin 2011. Only May wonre-electionto the42nd parliament.Mike Morricewas elected to the 43rd parliament, returning Greens to two seats. There remains no federal representation by theGreen Party of the United Statesin the U.S. Congress. Accordingly, in these countries, Green parties focus onelectoral reform.In Mexico, however, thePartido Verde Ecologista,often abbreviated as PVEM, has 17deputiesand foursenatorsinCongressas a result of the 2006 elections. Nevertheless, some of its political practices such as plead in favor of the death penalty in Mexico, led to theEuropean Green Party's withdrawal of recognition of the PVEM as a legitimate green party.

Canada

See also:Green Party of Canada § Provincial parties,List of Green party leaders in Canada,andList of Green politicians who have held office in Canada

The first Green parties in Canada (both federal and provincial) were founded in 1983. The strongest provincial Green parties are theGreen Party of British Columbia,theGreen Party of Ontario,theGreen Party of New Brunswick,and theGreen Party of Prince Edward Islandwhich was elected theOfficial Oppositionin the 2019 election.The first ever BC Green MLA was elected in 2013, and in2017they helped the minorityNDPform government.In 2014 a Green MLA was elected to the New Brunswick legislature, in 2015 a Green MLA was elected to the Prince Edward Island Legislature, and in 2018Mike Schreinerbecame the first Green MPP elected to the Ontario provincial legislature. Federally, theGreen Party of Canadareceived 6.49% of the popular vote and a record three seats in Parliament during the2019 federal election,breaking ground inAtlantic Canadawith the election ofJenica Atwinas the first federal Green from outside ofBritish Columbia.This is up from one seat (later two) and 3.91% won in the2015 federal election.AlthoughElizabeth May(the leader of the GPC from 2006 to 2019) was the first elected Member of Parliament, the first seat was gained in theHouse of Commonson August 30, 2008, when sitting Independent MPBlair Wilsonjoined the party.As of September 2020, May continues to sit as a Member of Parliament forSaanich-Gulf Islandsand has exerted a considerable amount of legislative influence on a number of issues ranging from denying unanimous consent for military intervention in Libya, playing a central role in exposing changes to environmental legislation hidden in the omnibus Budget Bill C-38, to introducing aprivate member's billto develop a national strategy onLyme disease.Mike Morricejoined May in Parliament in 2021 representingKitchener Centreand has been active on disability issues.

In the2008 Vancouver municipal election,Stuart Mackinnon, a member of the Vancouver Green Party, was elected to the Vancouver Parks Board. Since that time formerGreen Party of British Columbialeader, and deputy-leader of the federal Green party,Adriane Carrwon the Greens' first seat on Vancouver City Council, in 2011 municipal elections.

United States

In the United States, Greens first ran for public office in 1985. Since then, theGreen Party of the United Stateshas claimed electoral victories at the municipal, county andstatelevels. The first U.S. Greens to be elected wereDavid Conleyand Frank Koehn in Wisconsin 1986. Each was elected to a position on the County Board of Supervisors in Douglas and Bayfield counties respectively.Keiko Bonkwas first elected in 1992 in Hawaii County, becoming Official Chairwoman in 1995. The first Green Party mayorwas Kelly Weaverling, elected inCordova, AKin 1991.

As of April 2018, 156 Greens held elective office across the US in 19 states. The states with the largest numbers of Green elected officials are California (68), Connecticut (15), and Pennsylvania (15). Titles of offices held include: Alderman, Auditor, Board of Appeals, Board of Finance, Board of Selectmen, Borough Council, Budget Committee, Circuit Court Judge, City Council, Common Council, Community College District Board of Trustees, Community Service Board, Conservation Congress, Constable, County Board of Supervisors, County Supervisor, Fire Commission, Fire District Board, Inspector of Elections, Judge of Elections, Mayor, Neighborhood Council Board, Park District, Parks and Recreation District Board, Library Board, Planning Board, Public Housing Authority Resident Advisory Board, Public Service District, Rent Stabilization Board, Sanitary District Board, School Board, Soil and Water Conservation Board, State Representative, Town Council, Transit District Board, Village Trustee, Water District Board, and Zoning Board of AppealsAs of October 2016, 100 Greens held elected office across the US.The first US Green elected to a state legislature wasAudie Bockin 1999, to theCalifornia State Assembly,followed byJohn Ederto theMaine House of Representativesin 2002 and 2004 andRichard Carrollto theArkansas House of Representativesin 2008. While in office in 2003 in theNew Jersey General Assembly,incumbentMatt Ahearnmade aparty switchto Green for the remainder of his term.

The Green Party has contested seven presidential elections: in 1996 and 2000 withRalph Naderfor president andWinona LaDukeas vice president, in 2004 withDavid Cobbfor president andPat LaMarchefor vice president, and in 2008 withCynthia McKinneyfor president andRosa Clementefor vice president. In 2000, Nader received more votes for president than any Green Party candidate before or since.Jill Steinran for president on the Green ticket in 2012 and 2016; the vice-presidential candidates wereCheri Honkalain 2012 andAjamu Barakain 2016. Stein, who received over one million votes in the 2016 race, led unsuccessful attempts toward2016 election recountsin three states: Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. In 2020,Howie Hawkins,a founder of the Green Party, was the party's presidential nominee.

South America

Brazil

The BrazilianGreen Partywas constituted after the military dictatorship period and, like other Green Parties around the world, is committed to establishing a set of policies on ensuring social-equity and sustainable development. One of the party's founding members was the journalist and former anti-dictatorship revolutionary Fernando Gabeira, Alfredo Sirkis and Carlos Minc. Among the main items on the Green Party's agenda are federalism, environmentalism, human rights, a form of direct democracy, parliamentarism, welfare, civil liberties, pacifism and marijuana legalization under specific conditions.

Green Party's candidateMarina Silvawon 19.33% of the vote in the first round of the2010 Brazilian presidential election(more than any other third party), taking enough votes fromDilma Rousseffof the incumbentPTto prevent her from achieving the majority of the vote needed to avoid a second round. Success in the legislature amounted to winning 2 more seats for a total of 15 in the Chamber of Deputies and the loss of their only senate seat.

Marina Silva left the party the following year.

In the2014 presidential electionthe Green Party's candidateEduardo Jorgereceived 0,61% of the vote. He garnered attention for campaigning on a progressive platform supporting policies such as cannabis legalization and the decriminalization of abortion. Because of his perceived eccentricity and spontaneity while participating in the televised debates, Jorge became the subject of several memes on the internet. The party elected 6 federal deputies and 1 senator.

In 2016, the Greens in Congress voted in favour of theimpeachment of Dilma Rousseff.The party later went on to support president Michel Temer who succeeded her.

For the2018 presidential electionthe party formed the coalitionUnited to transform Brazilwith theSustainability Network (REDE),in support of the candidacy of Marina Silva in her third run for the presidency. Eduardo Jorge was chosen as her running mate. Despite faring well in the initial polls, Silva ultimately received 1% of the vote. The party elected 4 federal deputies.

Colombia

In the 1990s, theOxygen Green Partywas created under the leadership ofIngrid Betancourtbut dissolved after her infamous kidnapping. Later, the Visionaries Party was created byAntanas Mockuswhose ideals earned him the Bogotá Mayoral Office twice. In the2010 Colombian presidential electiona green party has been created under the nameColombian Green Party,with formerBogotámayor Antanas Mockus being the leader.

Green parties in government

While most green parties remainminor parties,some have entered into nationalcoalition governments.The following table lists green parties that have entered into government at the national level. It does not include thegreen conservativeparties ofLatviaandLithuania.It also excludes parties that were elected into government as a minor partner in anelectoral alliance,such as the ItalianFederation of the Greenswhich governed as a small part of theOlive TreeandUnionalliances.

This is adynamic listand may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byadding missing itemswithreliable sources.

Country	Party		Years in government	Coalition partner/s
Finland		Green League	1995–2002	Social Democratic Party of Finland National Coalition Party Swedish People's Party of Finland Left Alliance
			2007–2011	Centre Party National Coalition Party Swedish People's Party of Finland
			2011–2014	National Coalition Party Social Democratic Party of Finland Left Alliance Swedish People's Party of Finland Christian Democrats
			2019–2023	Social Democratic Party of Finland Centre Party Left Alliance Swedish People's Party of Finland
France		The Greens	1997–2002	Socialist Party French Communist Party Radical Party of the Left Citizen and Republican Movement
		Europe Ecology – The Greens	2012–2014	Socialist Party Radical Party of the Left Walwari
		Ecologist Party	2016–2017	Socialist Party Radical Party of the Left
Germany		Alliance 90/The Greens	1998–2005	Social Democratic Party of Germany
			2021–present	Social Democratic Party of Germany Free Democratic Party
Belgium		Ecolo	1999–2003	Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats Liberal Reformist Party Socialist Party Flemish Socialist Party
		Agalev
		Ecolo	2020–present	Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats Reformist Movement Vooruit Socialist Party Christian Democratic and Flemish
		Groen
Ireland		Green Party	2007–2011	Fianna Fáil Progressive Democrats
			2020–present	Fianna Fáil Fine Gael
Czech Republic		Green Party	2007–2009	Civic Democratic Party KDU-ČSL
Iceland		Left-Green Movement	2009–2013	Social Democratic Alliance
			2017–present	Independence Party Progressive Party
Luxembourg		The Greens	2013–2023	Democratic Party Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party
Sweden		Green Party (Sweden)	2014–2021	Swedish Social Democratic Party
New Zealand		Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand	2017–2020	New Zealand Labour Party New Zealand First
			2020–2023	New Zealand Labour Party
Austria		The Greens – The Green Alternative	2020–present	Austrian People's Party
Montenegro		United Reform Action	2020–2022	Ne damo Crnu Goru
			2022–2023	Socialist People's Party of Montenegro Social Democratic Party of Montenegro Bosniak Party

See also

• Greenandchartreuse– colors associated with the Green movement
• List of green political parties
• Outline of green politics

References

• Epstein, David A. (2012). Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications.ISBN978-0-578-10654-0.

External links

• Global Greens– The official global organization of Green parties worldwide of Green parties