Grise Fiord(/ɡriːzfiˈɔːrd/;Inuktitut:ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ,romanized:Aujuittuq,lit. 'place that never thaws') is anInuithamlet on the southern tip ofEllesmere Island,in theQikiqtaaluk Region,Nunavut,Canada. It is one of three populated places on the island; despite its low population (144 residents at the2021 Canadian census),[4]it is the largest community (and only public community) on Ellesmere Island. Created by the Canadian Government in 1953 through arelocation of Inuitfamilies fromInukjuak,Quebec, it is Canada's northernmost public community. It is also one of the coldest inhabited places in the world, with an average yearly temperature of −16.5 °C (2.3 °F).
Grise Fiord
ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ Aujuittuq | |
|---|---|
 Downtown Grise Fiord, March 2004 | |
  Grise Fiord  Grise Fiord | |
| Coordinates:76°25′00″N082°53′45″W/ 76.41667°N 82.89583°W[1] | |
| Country | Canada |
| Territory | Nunavut |
| Region | Qikiqtaaluk |
| Electoral district | Quttiktuq |
| High Arctic relocation | 1953 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Meeka Kiguktak |
| •MLA | David Akeeagok |
| Area | |
• Total | 332.90 km2(128.53 sq mi) |
| Elevation (at airport)[5] | 41 m (135 ft) |
| Population (2021)[4] | |
• Total | 144 |
| • Density | 0.4/km2(1/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−05:00(EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00(EDT) |
| Canadian Postal code | |
| Area code(s) | 867,Exchange: 980 |
History
edit
Creation
edit
This community (and that ofResolute) was created by the Canadian government in 1953, partly toassert sovereignty in the High Arcticduring theCold War.Eight Inuit families fromInukjuak, Quebec(on theUngava Peninsula), were relocated after being promised homes and game to hunt, but the relocated people discovered no buildings and very little familiar wildlife.[7]They were told that they would be returned home after a year if they wished, but this offer was later withdrawn, for it would have damaged Canada's claims to sovereignty in the area; the Inuit wereforced to stay.Eventually, the Inuit learned the localbeluga whalemigration routes and were able to survive in the area, hunting over a range of 18,000 km2(6,900 sq mi) each year.[8]
In 1993, the Canadian government held hearings to investigate the relocation program. TheRoyal Commission on Aboriginal Peoplesissued a report entitledThe High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocation,recommending a settlement.[9]The government paid CAD10 million to the survivors and their families,[10]and gave a formal apology in 2010.[11]
In 2009, artist and Grise Fiord residentLooty Pijaminiwas commissioned byNunavut Tunngavik Incorporatedto build a monument to commemorate the Inuit who sacrificed so much as a result of the Government's forced relocation programme of 1953 and 1955. Pijamini's monument, located in Grise Fiord, depicts a woman with a young boy and a husky, with the woman sombrely looking out towards Resolute Bay. Amagoalik's monument, located in Resolute, depicts a lone man looking towards Grise Fiord. This was meant to show separated families, and depicting them longing to see each other again.[12]The Grise Fiord monument was unveiled byJohn Duncan,at the time,Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern DevelopmentandFederal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians,on September 10, 2010.[13][14]
Grise Fiord was the location for a 1995 BBC television documentary entitledBilly Connolly: A Scot in the Arctic,in which the comedianBilly Connollycamped alone for a week on thepack icenear to the community, armed with a rifle to protect him from polar bears.
Geography
editLocated at the southern tip ofEllesmere Island,Grise Fiord is one of three permanent inhabited places on the island. Farther north on the island, Environment Canada has a permanent weather station atEureka,and atAlertthere is a permanent Canadian Forces Base (CFS Alert) and weather station. Grise Fiord lies 1,160 km (720 mi) north of theArctic Circle,and is thenorthernmost civilian communityin Canada.[15]
Grise Fiord is cradled by theArctic Cordilleramountain range.
Climate
editGrise Fiord has atundra climate(Köppen:ETf;Trewartha:Ftkd) with very short, cool summers and long, cold winters lasting almost the entire year.
| Climate data forGrise Fiord(Grise Fiord Airport) WMO ID:71971; coordinates76°25′22″N82°54′08″W/ 76.42278°N 82.90222°W;elevation: 44.5 m (146 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1984–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record highhumidex | −1.3 | −5.0 | 2.3 | −2.4 | 8.4 | 14.2 | 15.0 | 14.4 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 2.4 | −1.8 | 15.0 |
| Record high °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
2.7 (36.9) |
3.0 (37.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
14.8 (58.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
3.0 (37.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −27.1 (−16.8) |
−27.7 (−17.9) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
−15.8 (3.6) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
6.8 (44.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−15.9 (3.4) |
−21.4 (−6.5) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −30.6 (−23.1) |
−31.8 (−25.2) |
−29.3 (−20.7) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
1.1 (34.0) |
— | — | −1.9 (28.6) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−19.3 (−2.7) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
— |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −31.7 (−25.1) |
−33.7 (−28.7) |
−32.1 (−25.8) |
−24.3 (−11.7) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
1.1 (34.0) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−20.2 (−4.4) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −45.0 (−49.0) |
−47.0 (−52.6) |
−46.0 (−50.8) |
−40.5 (−40.9) |
−30.5 (−22.9) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−29.0 (−20.2) |
−41.1 (−42.0) |
−42.0 (−43.6) |
−47.0 (−52.6) |
| Record lowwind chill | −53.3 | −51.8 | −54.5 | −44.9 | −31.3 | −12.3 | −4.9 | −12.6 | −20.0 | −33.2 | −48.0 | −45.6 | −54.5 |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 7.9 (0.31) |
6.0 (0.24) |
13.5 (0.53) |
12.1 (0.48) |
9.4 (0.37) |
13.8 (0.54) |
35.0 (1.38) |
28.0 (1.10) |
15.4 (0.61) |
18.6 (0.73) |
14.8 (0.58) |
8.8 (0.35) |
183.2 (7.21) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
10.2 (0.40) |
31.8 (1.25) |
21.3 (0.84) |
5.1 (0.20) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
68.7 (2.70) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 6.8 (2.7) |
5.7 (2.2) |
11.1 (4.4) |
10.4 (4.1) |
9.6 (3.8) |
4.7 (1.9) |
1.6 (0.6) |
11.2 (4.4) |
14.3 (5.6) |
— | 14.8 (5.8) |
— | — |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.2 mm) | 7.2 | 6.6 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 7.6 | 6.0 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 9.6 | 8.00 | 8.0 | 96.0 |
| Average rainy days(≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.12 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 1.4 | 0.13 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.8 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 0.2 cm) | 5.5 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 1.6 | 0.47 | 2.2 | 5.1 | — | 6.6 | — | — |
| Source:Environment and Climate Change Canada[16] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1976 | 121 | — |
| 1981 | 106 | −12.4% |
| 1986 | 114 | +7.5% |
| 1991 | 130 | +14.0% |
| 1996 | 148 | +13.8% |
| 2001 | 163 | +10.1% |
| 2006 | 141 | −13.5% |
| 2011 | 130 | −7.8% |
| 2016 | 129 | −0.8% |
| 2021 | 144 | +11.6% |
| Source:Statistics Canada [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] | ||
In the2021 Canadian censusconducted byStatistics Canada,Grise Fiord had a population of 144 living in 58 of its 64 total private dwellings, a change of11.6% from its 2016 population of 129. With a land area of 332.9 km2(128.5 sq mi), it had a population density of0.4/km2(1.1/sq mi) in 2021.[17]
Community and fiord names
editJust to the north of the community is the actual fiord,Grise Fiord,which means "pig inlet" in Norwegian.Otto Sverdrupfrom Norway so named it during an expedition around 1900 because he thoughtwalrusesin the area sounded like pigs.
TheInuktitutname isᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ(Aujuittuq), which means "place that never thaws".
Living conditions
edit
The houses are wooden and built on platforms to cope with the freezing and thawing of thepermafrost.Hunting is still an important part of the lifestyle of the mostly Inuit population. Quota systems allow the villagers to supply many of their needs from populations ofseals,walruses,narwhalandbeluga whales,polar bearsandmuskox.Ecotourismis developing as people come to see the northern wildlife found on Ellesmere and surrounding islands.[26]
Transportation
editThere are no connecting roads on Ellesmere Island, so Grise Fiord is connected to the rest of the world by a small airstrip (Grise Fiord Airport), 1,675 ft (511 m) in length. Surrounded by mountains, it has one of the most difficult approaches for aircraft; it is cautioned that only very experienced pilots ofPilatus PC-12,DHC-6 Twin OtterandDHC-7aircraft attempt the approach.[5]
For local travel needs, the villagers use all-terrain vehicles in the summer and snowmobiles in the winter. During the winter months travel is limited to the town site and a small patch of land to the east, called Nuvuk, due to mountains and ice fields that cut off the town from the rest of the island. Small boats are used in summer to reach hunting grounds, and to hunt sea mammals on the ocean. Once a year large ships (sealift) arrive with supplies and fuel.
Economy, development, and sustainability
editThe local cooperative is the main place to purchase supplies. There are local guide and outfitting operations, which are an important source of income for many families, as are carving, traditional clothing and other Inuit crafts. Due to the extreme location, the economy is subsistence-based. Because of the potential for avalanches and falling rocks from mountains, there is no room for expansion.[citation needed]
Communications
edit
In 1970,Bell Canadaestablished what was then the world's most northerlytelephone exchange(operated since 1992 byNorthwestel). It is in the867 area code(formerly819before October 1997) with its only exchange code of 980.
Since 2005, the community has been served by theQiniqnetwork, a fixed wireless service to homes and businesses that connects to the outside world via a satellite backbone. In 2017 the network, designed and operated bySSI Micro,was upgraded to 4G LTE technology, and 2G-GSM for mobile voice. In 2019,Bell Mobilitybecame available to Grise Fiord.[27][28]
Crime and safety
editASimon Fraser Universitystudy ofRoyal Canadian Mounted Police(RCMP) activity in the Baffin Region states that Grise Fiord had the lowest rate of criminal offences of all communities examined in 1992,[29]and cites a 1994Statistics Canadasurvey indicating that the hamlet has the highest perception of personal safety.[30]
See also
edit- List of municipalities in Nunavut
- Florin Fodor,a Romanian who was arrested trying to enter Canada illegally via Grise Fiord in September 2006.
References
edit- ^"Grise Fiord".Geographical Names Data Base.Natural Resources Canada.
- ^"Municipal Election Results 2019-2020"(PDF).Elections Nunavut.Retrieved26 December2022.
- ^"2021 General Election"(PDF).Elections Nunavut.Retrieved26 December2022.
- ^abc"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population".Statistics Canada. Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2022.Retrieved4 March2022.
- ^abCanada Flight Supplement.Effective 0901Z16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
- ^Grise Fiord's only church a 'total loss' after late night fire
- ^"Grise Fiord: History".Grisefiord.ca. Archived fromthe originalon 28 December 2008.Retrieved10 January2013.
- ^McGrath, Melanie.The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic.Alfred A. Knopf, 2006 (268 pages) Hardcover:ISBN0-00-715796-7Paperback:ISBN0-00-715797-5
- ^The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocationby René Dussault and George Erasmus, produced by the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, published by Canadian Government Publishing, 1994 (190 pages)"The High Arctic Relocation".Archived fromthe originalon 1 October 2009.Retrieved9 October2009.
- ^Royte, Elizabeth (8 April 2007)."Trail of Tears".The New York Times.
- ^"Apology for the Inuit High Arctic relocation".aadnc-aandc.gc.ca.Archived fromthe originalon 9 January 2017.Retrieved4 September2015.
- ^"Carvers chosen for Arctic monuments"Archived25 March 2012 at theWayback Machine,Northern News Services.Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ^"Minister Duncan Attends Unveiling of Inuit Relocation Monuments"Archived9 October 2010 at theWayback Machine,Indian and Northern Affairs Canada.Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ^Gabriel Zarate, "For Grise Fiord’s exiles, an apology that came too late"Archived5 November 2013 at theWayback Machine,Nunatsiaq Online.Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ^"Grise Fiord fire hall catches fire".CBC News. 8 October 2014.
- ^"Grise Fiord Nunavut".Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020.Environment and Climate Change Canada.Retrieved18 October2024.
- ^ab"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Nunavut".Statistics Canada.9 February 2022.Retrieved19 February2022.
- ^"1981 Census of Canada: Census subdivisions in decreasing population order"(PDF).Statistics Canada.May 1992.Retrieved1 February2022.
- ^"1986 Census: Population - Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions"(PDF).Statistics Canada.September 1987.Retrieved1 February2022.
- ^"91 Census: Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions - Population and Dwelling Counts"(PDF).Statistics Canada.April 1992.Retrieved1 February2022.
- ^"96 Census: A National Overview - Population and Dwelling Counts"(PDF).Statistics Canada.April 1997.Retrieved1 February2022.
- ^"Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities), 2001 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data (Nunavut)".Statistics Canada.15 August 2012.Retrieved1 February2022.
- ^"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (Nunavut)".Statistics Canada.20 August 2021.Retrieved1 February2022.
- ^"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Nunavut)".Statistics Canada.25 July 2021.Retrieved1 February2022.
- ^"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Nunavut)".Statistics Canada.8 February 2017.Retrieved1 February2022.
- ^"Grise Fiord: Wildlife".
- ^CTS 2018: It's not easy to bring wireless to the top of the world
- ^"Competitive cell service coming to all Nunavut communities by 2019".CBC News.19 September 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 19 December 2022.
- ^Curt Taylor Griffiths, Gregory Saville, Darryl S. Wood, and Evelyn Zellerer.POLICING THE BAFFIN REGION, N.W.T.: Findings From the Eastern Arctic Crime and Justice Study,1995[1][permanent dead link]
- ^"Aboriginal Peoples Survey", Statistics Canada, 1994, cited on p17 of Curt Taylor Griffiths, Gregory Saville, Darryl S. Wood, and Evelyn Zellerer,POLICING THE BAFFIN REGION, N.W.T.: Findings From the Eastern Arctic Crime and Justice Study[2][permanent dead link]
External links
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