Growth factor

Agrowth factoris a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulatingcell proliferation,wound healing,and occasionallycellular differentiation.^[1]Usually it is a secretedproteinor asteroid hormone.Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes.

Growth factors typically act assignalingmolecules between cells. Examples arecytokinesandhormonesthat bind to specificreceptorson the surface of their targetcells.

They often promote cell differentiation and maturation, which varies between growth factors. For example,epidermal growth factor(EGF) enhances osteogenic differentiation (osteogenesisor bone formation),^[2]whilefibroblast growth factorsandvascular endothelial growth factorsstimulate blood vessel differentiation (angiogenesis).

Comparison to cytokines

Growth factoris sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the termcytokine.^[3]Historically, cytokines were associated withhematopoietic(blood and lymph forming) cells andimmune systemcells (e.g.,lymphocytesand tissue cells fromspleen,thymus,andlymph nodes). For thecirculatory systemandbone marrowin which cells can occur in a liquid suspension and not bound up in solidtissue,it makes sense for them to communicate by soluble, circulating proteinmolecules.However, as different lines of research converged, it became clear that some of the same signaling proteins which the hematopoietic and immune systems use were also being used by all sorts of other cells and tissues, during development and in the mature organism.

Whilegrowth factorimplies a positive effect oncell proliferation,cytokineis a neutral term with respect to whether a molecule affects proliferation. While some cytokines can be growth factors, such asG-CSFandGM-CSF,others have an inhibitory effect oncell growthor cell proliferation. Some cytokines, such asFas ligand,are used as "death" signals; they cause target cells to undergo programmedcell deathorapoptosis.

Thenerve growth factor(NGF) was first discovered byRita Levi-Montalcini,which won her aNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

List of classes

Individual growth factor proteins tend to occur as members of larger families of structurally andevolutionarilyrelated proteins. There are many families, some of which are listed below:

Adrenomedullin(AM)
Angiopoietin(Ang)
Autocrine motility factor
Bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs)
Ciliary neurotrophic factor family
- Ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF)
- Leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF)
- Interleukin-6(IL-6)
Colony-stimulating factors
- Macrophage colony-stimulating factor(M-CSF)
- Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF)
- Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF)
Epidermal growth factor(EGF)
Ephrins
- Ephrin A1
- Ephrin A2
- Ephrin A3
- Ephrin A4
- Ephrin A5
- Ephrin B1
- Ephrin B2
- Ephrin B3
Erythropoietin(EPO)
Fibroblast growth factor(FGF)
- Fibroblast growth factor 1(FGF1)
- Fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2)
- Fibroblast growth factor 3(FGF3)
- Fibroblast growth factor 4(FGF4)
- Fibroblast growth factor 5(FGF5)
- Fibroblast growth factor 6(FGF6)
- Fibroblast growth factor 7(FGF7)
- Fibroblast growth factor 8(FGF8)
- Fibroblast growth factor 9(FGF9)
- Fibroblast growth factor 10(FGF10)
- Fibroblast growth factor 11(FGF11)
- Fibroblast growth factor 12(FGF12)
- Fibroblast growth factor 13(FGF13)
- Fibroblast growth factor 14(FGF14)
- Fibroblast growth factor 15(FGF15)
- Fibroblast growth factor 16(FGF16)
- Fibroblast growth factor 17(FGF17)
- Fibroblast growth factor 18(FGF18)
- Fibroblast growth factor 19(FGF19)
- Fibroblast growth factor 20(FGF20)
- Fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21)
- Fibroblast growth factor 22(FGF22)
- Fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23)
Foetal Bovine Somatotrophin(FBS)
GDNF family of ligands
- Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF)
- Neurturin
- Persephin
- Artemin
Growth differentiation factor-9(GDF9)
Hepatocyte growth factor(HGF)
Hepatoma-derived growth factor(HDGF)
Insulin
Insulin-like growth factors
- Insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)
- Insulin-like growth factor-2(IGF-2)
Interleukins
- IL-1- Cofactor for IL-3 and IL-6. Activates T cells.
- IL-2– T-cell growth factor. Stimulates IL-1 synthesis. Activates B-cells and NK cells.
- IL-3– Stimulates production of all non-lymphoid cells.
- IL-4– Growth factor for activated B cells, resting T cells, and mast cells.
- IL-5– Induces differentiation of activated B cells and eosinophils.
- IL-6– Stimulates Ig synthesis. Growth factor for plasma cells.
- IL-7– Growth factor for pre-B cells.
Keratinocyte growth factor(KGF)
Migration-stimulating factor(MSF)
Macrophage-stimulating protein(MSP), also known as hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGFLP)
Myostatin(GDF-8)
Neuregulins
- Neuregulin 1(NRG1)
- Neuregulin 2(NRG2)
- Neuregulin 3(NRG3)
- Neuregulin 4(NRG4)
Neurotrophins
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)
- Nerve growth factor(NGF)
- Neurotrophin-3(NT-3)
- Neurotrophin-4(NT-4)
Placental growth factor(PGF)
Platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)
Renalase(RNLS) – Anti-apoptotic survival factor
T-cell growth factor(TCGF)
Thrombopoietin(TPO)
Transforming growth factors
- Transforming growth factor Alpha(TGF-α)
- Transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β)
Tumor necrosis factor- Alpha(TNF-α)
Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)

In platelets

TheAlpha granulesin bloodplateletscontain growth factors PDGF, IGF-1, EGF, and TGF-β which begin healing of wounds by attracting and activatingmacrophages,fibroblasts,andendothelial cells.

Uses in medicine

For the last two decades, growth factors have been increasingly used in the treatment ofhematologicandoncologicdiseases^[4]^[5]and cardiovascular diseases^[6]^[7]such as:

skin wound healing and regeneration of other tissues such as bone(PDGF-BB)
neutropenia
myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS)
leukemias
aplastic anaemia
bone marrowtransplantation
angiogenesisfor cardiovascular diseases

References

^"growth factor"atDorland's Medical Dictionary
^Del Angel-Mosqueda C, Gutiérrez-Puente Y, López-Lozano AP, Romero-Zavaleta RE, Mendiola-Jiménez A, Medina-De la Garza CE, Márquez-M M, De la Garza-Ramos MA (September 2015)."Epidermal growth factor enhances osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in vitro".Head & Face Medicine.11:29.doi:10.1186/s13005-015-0086-5.PMC4558932.PMID 26334535.
^Yorio T, Clark AF, Wax MB (2007).Ocular Therapeutics: Eye on New Discoveries.Academic Press. p. 88.ISBN 978-0-12-370585-3.
^Cottler-Fox M, Klein HG (April 1994). "Transfusion support of hematology and oncology patients. The role of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors".Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.118(4): 417–20.PMID 7909429.
^Aaronson SA (November 1991). "Growth factors and cancer".Science.254(5035): 1146–53.Bibcode:1991Sci...254.1146A.doi:10.1126/science.1659742.PMID 1659742.
^Domouzoglou EM, Naka KK, Vlahos AP, Papafaklis MI, Michalis LK, Tsatsoulis A, Maratos-Flier E (September 2015)."Fibroblast growth factors in cardiovascular disease: The emerging role of FGF21".American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology.309(6): H1029-38.doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00527.2015.PMC4747916.PMID 26232236.
^Gorenoi, Vitali; Brehm, Michael U.; Koch, Armin; Hagen, Anja (2017)."Growth factors for angiogenesis in peripheral arterial disease".The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2017(6): CD011741.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011741.pub2.ISSN 1469-493X.PMC6481523.PMID 28594443.

External links

Growth+Factorsat the U.S. National Library of MedicineMedical Subject Headings(MeSH)
FGF5 in Hair Tonic Products
FGF1 in Cosmetic Products

[1] "growth factor"atDorland's Medical Dictionary

[2] Del Angel-Mosqueda C, Gutiérrez-Puente Y, López-Lozano AP, Romero-Zavaleta RE, Mendiola-Jiménez A, Medina-De la Garza CE, Márquez-M M, De la Garza-Ramos MA (September 2015)."Epidermal growth factor enhances osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in vitro".Head & Face Medicine.11:29.doi:10.1186/s13005-015-0086-5.PMC4558932.PMID 26334535.

[YorioClark2007-3] Yorio T, Clark AF, Wax MB (2007).Ocular Therapeutics: Eye on New Discoveries.Academic Press. p. 88.ISBN 978-0-12-370585-3.

[4] Cottler-Fox M, Klein HG (April 1994). "Transfusion support of hematology and oncology patients. The role of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors".Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.118(4): 417–20.PMID 7909429.

[5] Aaronson SA (November 1991). "Growth factors and cancer".Science.254(5035): 1146–53.Bibcode:1991Sci...254.1146A.doi:10.1126/science.1659742.PMID 1659742.

[6] Domouzoglou EM, Naka KK, Vlahos AP, Papafaklis MI, Michalis LK, Tsatsoulis A, Maratos-Flier E (September 2015)."Fibroblast growth factors in cardiovascular disease: The emerging role of FGF21".American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology.309(6): H1029-38.doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00527.2015.PMC4747916.PMID 26232236.

[7] Gorenoi, Vitali; Brehm, Michael U.; Koch, Armin; Hagen, Anja (2017)."Growth factors for angiogenesis in peripheral arterial disease".The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2017(6): CD011741.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011741.pub2.ISSN 1469-493X.PMC6481523.PMID 28594443.

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