Gumaca,officially theMunicipality of Gumaca(Tagalog:Bayan ng Gumaca), is a 1st classmunicipalityin theprovinceofQuezon,Philippines.According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 71,942 people.[3]
Gumaca | |
|---|---|
| Municipality of Gumaca | |
 Muralla Boulevard at the mouth of Pipisik River | |
 Flag  Seal | |
 Map of Quezon with Gumaca highlighted | |
OpenStreetMap  | |
  Gumaca Location within thePhilippines | |
| Coordinates:13°55′16″N122°06′01″E/ 13.921°N 122.1002°E | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Region | Calabarzon |
| Province | Quezon |
| District | 4th district |
| Founded | November 13, 1582 |
| Barangays | 59 (seeBarangays) |
| Government | |
| • Type | Sangguniang Bayan |
| •Mayor | Webster D. Letargo |
| •Vice Mayor | Rico J. Bañal |
| •Representative | Keith Micah DL. Tan |
| •Municipal Council | Members |
| •Electorate | 46,520 voters (2022) |
| Area | |
• Total | 189.65 km2(73.22 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 38 m (125 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 181 m (594 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[3] | |
• Total | 71,942 |
| • Density | 380/km2(980/sq mi) |
| •Households | 19,260 |
| Demonym | Gumacahin |
| Economy | |
| •Income class | 1st municipal income class |
| •Poverty incidence | 19.76 |
| •Revenue | ₱ 273.1 million (2020), 109.8 million (2012), 124.9 million (2013), 140 million (2014), 157.2 million (2015), 178.1 million (2016), 194.6 million (2017), 233.2 million (2019), 266.8 million (2021), 340 million (2022) |
| •Assets | ₱ 474.4 million (2020), 221.4 million (2012), 203.6 million (2013), 217.8 million (2014), 233.6 million (2015), 276.5 million (2016), 335.5 million (2017), 369.2 million (2018), 437.1 million (2019), 592.8 million (2021), 643.4 million (2022) |
| •Expenditure | ₱ 257.7 million (2020), 103.7 million (2012), 112.3 million (2013), 121 million (2014), 144.5 million (2015), 141 million (2016), 157.7 million (2017), 182.5 million (2018), 203.8 million (2019), 202.6 million (2021), 287.1 million (2022) |
| •Liabilities | ₱ 111.7 million (2020), 102.5 million (2012), 56.63 million (2013), 66.18 million (2014), 99.03 million (2015), 105 million (2016), 125.9 million (2017), 159.3 million (2019), 125.5 million (2021), 129.9 million (2022) |
| Service provider | |
| • Electricity | Quezon 1 Electric Cooperative (QUEZELCO 1) |
| Time zone | UTC+8(PST) |
| ZIP code | 4307 |
| PSGC | |
| IDD : area code | +63 (0)42 |
| Native languages | Tagalog |
| Website | gumaca |
It is located at the mouth of what is now known as Pipisik River and nestled at the foot of the Sierra Madre range. The town is widely known as aheritage towndue to the many ancestral houses and old structures that abound in the area, including a fortress from the Spanish era. The local government is currently conserving these heritage structures for future generations.
Gumaca is 66 kilometres (41 mi) fromLucenaand 196 kilometres (122 mi) fromManila.
History
editGumaca is one of the oldest municipalities of Quezon Province.[citation needed]Formerly known asBumaka(meaning "the one who fought" ), the present town of Gumaca was a settlement founded at the southern bank of Palanas River in the 14th century by a group of settlers from Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. It is in fact only 11 years younger than the "Noble and Ever Loyal City of Manila".[5]
The earliest known ruler was Lakan Bugtali. His sovereignty extended over the regions bordering Gusuan, now calledLamon Bay,from Gamao point to the North, to the island across the bay or now known as Alabat Islands, to the south-west passing the north-eastern part of the present town ofCalauag,the source of Talolong, which traverses the town of Lopez, and Pandanan Rivers and on the north-west as far as the upper Kalilayan River. Thus when the first Spaniards arrived in this settlement in 1574 led by Fr. Diego de Oropesa, they found a group of barangays with their own culture and government. Gumaca, writes Juan Álvarez Guerra inViajes por Filipinas: De Manila á Tayabas(2nd printing 1887), is first mentioned in the Franciscan register of 1582. This is the same year given by Huerta (1862). Fray Diego belonged to the batch of pioneering Franciscans under Juan de Plasencia who were assigned to explore the area presently the provinces of Rizal, Laguna and Quezon to determine future mission sites for the Franciscans.[6]They introduced Christianity to the people with San Diego de Alcala being proclaimed as the pueblo's patron saint. In 1582, the first “visita” was erected and 1686 marked the establishment of a full-pledged town with independent (civil) government, the earlier ones having been headed by the ever-present Spanish friars (The municipality boasts of a still complete line-up of chief executives from 1574 to the present.).[5]
From 1574 to 1670 the town of Gumaca was ruled by Spanish friars. Then from 1671 to 1893 the town was ruled by Spanish and Filipino Gobernadorcillos. From 1893 to 1900 the town executives came to be known as Capitan Municipal and from 1901 the head of the town was elected by the people and came to be known as Presidente Municipal. Later in 1936 this title was changed to Municipal Mayor.
The brief history of Gumaca had no mention of any law, decree or Republic Act which created the municipality and there was no mother municipality where Gumaca came from. As for its daughter towns, Lopez is the most notable among them, being one of the largest and the most progressive in that part of the province.[7]
From the early 1980s to the 1990s, there were calls to rename the town as Tañada, after nationalist and past SenatorLorenzo Tañada,with his sonWigberto Tañadaproposing to have a poll once elected congressman ofQuezon's fourth district; the renaming eventually did not push through.[8]
Geography
editBarangays
edit
Gumaca is politically subdivided into 59barangays.Each barangay consists ofpuroksand some havesitios.
- Adia Bitaog
- Anonangin
- Bagong Buhay (Poblacion)
- Bamban
- Bantad
- Batong Dalig
- Biga
- Binambang
- Buensuceso
- Bungahan
- Butaguin
- Calumangin
- Camohaguin
- Casasahan Ibaba
- Casasahan Ilaya
- Cawayan
- Gayagayaan
- Gitnang Barrio
- Hardinan
- Inaclagan
- Inagbuhan Ilaya
- Hagakhakin
- Labnig
- Laguna
- Lagyo
- Mabini(Poblacion)
- Mabunga
- Malabtog
- Manlayaan
- Marcelo H. Del Pilar
- Mataas Na Bundok
- Maunlad (Poblacion)
- Pagsabangan
- Panikihan
- Peñafrancia (Poblacion)
- Pipisik (Poblacion)
- Progreso
- Rizal (Poblacion)
- Rosario
- San Agustin
- San Diego (Poblacion)
- San Diego (Bukid)
- San Isidro Kanluran
- San Isidro Silangan
- San Juan De Jesus
- San Vicente
- Sastre
- Tabing Dagat (Poblacion)
- Tumayan
- Villa Arcaya
- Villa Bota
- Villa Fuerte
- Villa Mendoza
- Villa Nava
- Villa Padua
- Villa Perez
- Villa Principe
- Villa Tañada
- Villa Victoria
Climate
edit| Climate data for Gumaca, Quezon | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26 (79) |
27 (81) |
29 (84) |
31 (88) |
31 (88) |
30 (86) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
28 (82) |
26 (79) |
29 (84) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22 (72) |
22 (72) |
22 (72) |
23 (73) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (74) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 83 (3.3) |
55 (2.2) |
44 (1.7) |
37 (1.5) |
90 (3.5) |
123 (4.8) |
145 (5.7) |
125 (4.9) |
135 (5.3) |
166 (6.5) |
163 (6.4) |
152 (6.0) |
1,318 (51.8) |
| Average rainy days | 15.1 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 11.4 | 19.9 | 23.7 | 26.3 | 23.9 | 23.9 | 22.1 | 20.2 | 18.6 | 227.8 |
| Source: Meteoblue[9] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1903 | 5,324 | — |
| 1918 | 7,540 | +2.35% |
| 1939 | 12,904 | +2.59% |
| 1948 | 19,131 | +4.47% |
| 1960 | 27,284 | +3.00% |
| 1970 | 36,366 | +2.91% |
| 1975 | 39,337 | +1.59% |
| 1980 | 42,143 | +1.39% |
| 1990 | 48,189 | +1.35% |
| 1995 | 53,568 | +2.00% |
| 2000 | 60,191 | +2.53% |
| 2007 | 63,778 | +0.80% |
| 2010 | 69,618 | +3.24% |
| 2015 | 73,877 | +1.14% |
| 2020 | 71,942 | −0.52% |
| Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[10][11][12][13] | ||
Economy
editPoverty incidence of Gumaca
5
10
15
20
2006
19.70 2009
16.72 2012
13.09 2015
13.10 2018
7.70 2021
19.76 Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] |
Transportation
editBy land
editThe municipality is connected with Manila by thePan-Philippine Highwayand daily rail services to and from Naga & Legazpi are provided by thePhilippine National Railways.
In order to spur development in the municipality, The Toll Regulatory Board declared Toll Road 5 the extension ofSouth Luzon Expressway.[22]A 420-kilometer, four lane expressway starting from the terminal point of the now under construction SLEX Toll Road 4 at Barangay Mayao, Lucena City in Quezon to Matnog, Sorsogon, near the Matnog Ferry Terminal. On August 25, 2020, San Miguel Corporation announced that they will invest the project which will reduce travel time from Lucena to Matnog from 9 hours to 5.5 hours.[23]
On June 3, 2022, theDepartment of Transportationand San Miguel Corporation signed a Supplemental Toll Operations Agreement (STOA) for SLEX Toll Road 5 which was approved by then PresidentRodrigo Duterte24 days later.[24]
Another expressway that will serve Gumaca is theQuezon-Bicol Expressway(QuBEx), which will link between Lucena andSan Fernando, Camarines Sur.[25]
Tourism
editSan Diego de Alcala Fortress (Kutang San Diego)
edit
Recognized by the National Historical Commission as a national treasure since 1981, this fortress was constructed by the Spaniards under the leadership of Franciscan priest Fray Francisco Coste. It was erected to help guard the town against pirates attacking from Lamon Bay, as well as from Dutch intruders during the 1700s. One can see some of the cannons still intact at the fort. According to some accounts, there used to be an existing tunnel between said fortress and the San Diego de Alcala Church, now a cathedral. Access was through a well located at the fort's platform, which is now covered. There are four fortresses constructed by the Spaniards, but only this one survived. It is a well-loved and famous landmark; it is included in the town's seal. Locals call the fortresskastilyo.There have been proposals to reconstruct the three other fortresses that were destroyed. The revival of the three forestresses would complete the original design of the four fortification ensemble of Gumaca, one of the most important fortification ensemble in the region during the Spanish era.
Lamon Bay
edit
Known before as Gusuan Bay, Lamon Bay is named after Lam Ong, a pirate that was killed by Gumaca's earliest ruler, Lakan Bugtali. It is a body of water connecting the northern part of Quezon to the Pacific Ocean. It bounds the coastal towns of Atimonan, Gumaca, Plaridel, Lopez, and Calauag, and the islands of Alabat. It is a rich fishing ground and the home of various living corals. Most parts of the bay consist of gray sand, some parts are filled with rocks, and other living corals. It is gradually sloping to the extent that, during low tide, the water level is low enough to allow one to walk as far as five hundred meters from the shore.
The beaches in the towns of Gumaca and Plaridel are sandy and ideal for swimming, especially, during the months of April and May (caution though during the latter part of May when jellyfishes start arriving). In some parts of the bay, about ten feet from the beach front, are living corals. The town of Lopez has the best colonies of corals which are located just about 15 minutes by boat from the shore. Lamon Bay is located at the northern part of Quezon.
San Diego de Alcala Cathedral
edit
The San Diego de Alcala Cathedral is the seat of theDiocese of Gumacaand is considered as the largest cathedral inQuezon,[26]founded as early as 1582 as avisitaby theFranciscan friars.The cathedral is under the patronage ofSaint Didacus of Alcala(San Diego in Spanish). He was born to a poor couple in San Nicolas del Puerto and was given to a hermit as a young child. He joined the Order of Friars Minor (more popular known as the Franciscans) which is a group advocating the simple, contemplative and self-sacrificing lifestyle of Saint Francis de Assisi. While Saint Didacus was assigned in the infirmary of the convent of Ara Coeli, many of the patients were miraculously cured upon his divine intercession. His final assignment was in Santa Maria de Jesus in Alcala where he lived a life of penance, solitude and contemplation. He died on November 12, 1463, due to abscess in Alcala (thus the name San Diego de Alcala). Instead of foul odor, his body emitted a fragrant smell and rigor mortis did not set in. He was canonized in 1588. His feast was made November 13 instead of November 12 in order to give way to Saint Martin. However, in 1969, his feast was correctly made November 12 after the feast of Saint Martin was moved to April 13.
Plaza Rizal
editDedicated to the national heroJosé Rizal,the park and monument were built in 1935 during the incumbency of Eriberto Caparros. By 1982, it was modernized, renovated, and lighted. It is located at Barangay Rizal in the town'spoblacion.It features Rizal standing on a pedestal. Three women are seated at the base representing the three major island regions of the country;Luzon,Visayas,andMindanao.The women are wearing native costumes from the regions they represent.
Muralla
editGumaca, being a coastal town, was originally a walled city. Old maps dating to the Spanish era shows that the coastline from the mouth of Pipisik River running a few hundred meters is amurallaor wall, made up of stone (most probably coral stones and/or bricks) and hardwood. There are no extant remnants of it, except for the San Diego de Alcala Fortress that is used to be a part of the wall. However, the boulevard is still called by the locals asmuralla.A large part of the sea was reclaimed, and is now fashioned like the Baywalk of Manila Bay. Landscaped, lighted, and beautified by the local government, it is now a favorite place of Gumaqueños to hang out, play, bask in the cool ocean breeze, or watch the sun set. There are some stores and a bar located along the strip; drinking along the boulevard is however prohibited.
Culture
editAraña't Baluarte Festival
edit
The festival is celebrated every 15 May, in honor ofSan Isidro Labrador,the patron saint of farmers. This is also a thanksgiving feast for the bountiful harvest given to the farmers every year. Being an agricultural town, this is one of the most extravagant and well-attended festival of the town. The name means chandeliers (araña) andbastionorfort(baluarte). This festival is different from Pahiyas in Lucban – instead of houses being decorated with local produce,baluartesare decorated with various agricultural products like bananas, vegetables, buco, pineapple, and root crops; some are beautifully arranged inarañas.These crop decor are pulled out by the people after the patron saint has passed during the afternoon procession. The three most beautifully decoratedbaluartesare given prizes. At night, programs are held which includes a pageant aptly called"Mutya ng Araña't Baluarte",folk dances performed by students, teachers, and local townsfolk who would like to participate in the event.
Cultural tour
editQuezon is a tapestry of old Spanish-style houses with Castilian architecture and character. Visit the old houses of Lucban, Tayabas, Sariaya, Gumaca, and Mauban while savoring the best of the yield from lanzones plantations. Or come during the San Isidro Festival in honor of the patron of farmers, San Isidro Labrador. Take home petered rice paste strung in garlands for a souvenir and celebrate with the people this feat of thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest.
Folk dances
editTwo (2) of our Folk Dances have originated in the Municipality of Gumaca: Jota Gumaqueña and Jotabal
Jota Gumaqueña was very popular among the well-to-do families of Gumaca,Quezon. In formal social gatherings, the girls attired in richly embroidered Maria Clara costume and the boys in elegant Barong Tagalog, performed this dance with great dignity and elegance. According to information, the one who introduced this dance was a well-known musician of the place, a Señor Herminigildo Omaña. It became popular among the young people of the time and it has been handled down to generation. Mrs. Rosario Caparros Libranda and Mr. Ricardo Libranda who are the direct descendants of Mr.Omaña are responsible for the perpetuation of this beautiful dance.
Jotabal is derived from the words 'Jota' and 'Valse'. Jota is a popular dance introduced in the Philippines by the Spaniards. Valse means waltz, a step or a dance in 3/4 time. This lively festival dance originated in Camohaguin, Gumaca, Quezon.
Government
editLocal government
edit
- Mayor: Webster Letargo
Municipal mayors
editFrom the discovery in 1574 and official foundation of Gumaca in 1582, Franciscan Friars have been the Town Heads:
- Sr. Padre Diego de Oropesa (1574–1587)
- Sr. Padre Esteban Ortiz (1588–1598)
- Sr. Padre Geronimo Monte (1599–1622)
- Sr. Padre Gabriel Santo Tomas (1623–1637)
- Sr. Padre Marcelo de la Guardia (1638–1661)
- Sr. Padre Celestino de San Miguel (1662–1670)
From 1671, Gobernadorcillos are the Heads of Town dof Gumaca (Spanish period): (Mostly composed of Dynasties of Hispanic-Filipino Families)
- Don Diego Jose (1671–1672)
- Don Francisco Santa Maria (1673–1676)
- Don Pedro De Castro (1677–1679)
- Don Simon Prada (1680–1681)
- Don Mariano De Dios (1682)
- Don Jose San Agustin (1683)
- Don Santiago Abra (1684)
- Don Felix Gimenos (1684–1685)
- Don Juan Adriano (1686)
- Don Antonio Lopez (1686)
- Don Juan San Buenaventura (1687–1688)
- Don Jose Ajan de Vera (1689)
- Don Buenaventura dela Cruz (1690)
- Don Diego Martinez Polintan (1690)
- Don Manuel Cuello (1691)
- Don Don Gregorio Dandan (1692)
- Don Nicolas Sarmiento (1693)
- Don Francisco de Victoria (1694)
- Don Francisco Martinez (1695–1696)
- Don Juan Cabig (1697)
- Don Gaspar Catapang (1698)
- Don Francisco Escobar (1698–1699)
- Don Marcos Frias (1700)
- Don Pedro Talavera (1701)
- Don Francisco Martinez (1702)
- Don Diego Martinez Polonio (1703)
- Don Diego Salvador (1704)
- Don Francisco Cortez (1705)
- Don Antonio Santa Maria (1706)
- Don Pedro Talavera (1707)
- Don Francisco de Victoria (1708)
- Don Diego Martinez Polonio (1709)
- Don Pedro Talavera (1710)
- Don Buenaventura Delos Santos (1711)
- Don Francisco Clemente (1712)
- Don Juan Bautista (1712)
- Don Francisco Salvador Martinez (1713)
- Don Alejo Alonzo de Victoria (1714)
- Don Antonio Catapang (1715)
- Don Pedro Gimenes (1716)
- Don Francisco Clemente (1717)
- Don Geronimo Gimenes (1718)
- Don Pedro Almonte (1719)
- Don Pedro Patilo (1720)
- Don Santiago Martinez (1721)
- Don Bartolome Dandan Casadia (1722)
- Don Pedro Talavera (1723)
- Don Antonio Peras Margas (1724)
- Don Jose Pagayanon (1724–1725)
- Don Francisco de Victoria (1725–1727)
- Don Francisco Salvador (1728)
- Don Gregorio Gimenes (1729)
- Don Francisco Cordero (1730)
- Don Juan de Reyes (1731)
- Don Eugenio delos Santos (1732–1733)
- Don Francisco delos Reyes (1734)
- Don Francisco De Leon (1735)
- Don Andres Martinez (1736)
- Don Diego delos Santos (1737)
- Don Miguel delos Reyes (1738)
Presidentes Municipal (American period)
- Don Donato T. Arcaya (1901–1903) (First elected Presidente Municipal de Gumaca) Gobernadrocillo Interim (1900)
- Don Carlos Capisonda (1904–1905)
- Don Rafael Castro (1906–1907)
- Don Conrado Oliveros (1908–1909)
- Don Tomas Tañada, Sr. (1909–1912)
- Don Aurelio P. Nava (1912–1916) Son of Gobernadorcillo Don Antonino Nava
- Don Deogracias Tañada (1916–1919)
- Don Panfilo M. Tañada (1919–1923)
- Don Valeriano Arcaya (1923–1925) Son of Presidente Don Donato Arcaya
- Don Marciano Linay Principe (1925–1928)
- Don Don Eriberto Caparros (1928–1931)
- Don Francisco Omaña (1931–1934)
- Don Vicente M. Mendoza (1934–1939)
Japanese Occupation (1942–1946)
- Sr. Juan R. Tañada (1940–1946)
- Don Vicente D. Victoria (1946–1951) Son of Gobernadorcillo Don Pedro Victoria
After the Liberation, the Head of Town has been changed to Municipal Mayor:
- Sr. Mariano M. Tañada, Sr. (1952–1959) Son of Gobernadorcillo Don Vicente Tañada
- Dr. Cesar A. Angulo (1960–1963)
- Don Tomas C. Tañada, Jr. (1964–1967) Son of Presidente Don Tomas Tañada, Sr.
Martial Law Era: (1972–1981):
- Engr. Teodosio V. Principe (1968–1979) Son of Presidente Don Marciano Principe
- Col. Robert T. Yap-Diangco (1980–1986)
After EDSA People Power I: (1986):
- Cirilo M. Tañada (1986–1995) Son of Mayor Mariano M. Tañada, Sr.
- Col. Rodolfo B. Caralian (7/1/1995-8/16/1995) Died during his term of office
- Juanito B. Bañal (1995–2007)
- Engr. Joy Job Arcaya Cabangon (2007–2010)
- Engr. Erwin P. Caralian (2010–2019) Son of Mayor Col. Rodolfo Caralian
- Webster Letargo (2019 present)
Notable
edit- Lorenzo Tañada Sr.
- Lorenzo Tañada II
- Erin Tañada
- Keith Micah Tan
Sister Cities
editReferences
edit- ^ Municipality of Gumaca|(DILG)
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- ^abCensus of Population (2020)."Region IV-A (Calabarzon)".Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay.Philippine Statistics Authority.RetrievedJuly 8,2021.
- ^"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates".Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024.RetrievedApril 28,2024.
- ^ab"Gumaca – Wikimapia".Wikimapia.org.RetrievedFebruary 23,2017.
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- ^ "Gumaca: Average Temperatures and Rainfall".Meteoblue.RetrievedJanuary 27,2020.
- ^Census of Population (2015)."Region IV-A (Calabarzon)".Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay.Philippine Statistics Authority.RetrievedJune 20,2016.
- ^Census of Population and Housing (2010)."Region IV-A (Calabarzon)"(PDF).Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay.National Statistics Office.RetrievedJune 29,2016.
- ^Censuses of Population (1903–2007)."Region IV-A (Calabarzon)".Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007.National Statistics Office.
- ^ "Province of Quezon".Municipality Population Data.Local Water Utilities AdministrationResearch Division.RetrievedDecember 17,2016.
- ^"Poverty incidence (PI):".Philippine Statistics Authority.RetrievedDecember 28,2020.
- ^"Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
- ^"2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority. March 23, 2009.
- ^"City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority. August 3, 2012.
- ^"2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority. May 31, 2016.
- ^"Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015".Philippine Statistics Authority. July 10, 2019.
- ^"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates".Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 22,2022.
- ^"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates".Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024.RetrievedApril 28,2024.
- ^"SLEX Toll Road 5 to connect Quezon province to Sorsogon".YugaTech.August 18, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 12,2021.
- ^"San Miguel investing P122B for SLEX Toll Road 5, Pasig River Expressway projects".GMA News Online.August 25, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 12,2021.
- ^Recuenco, Aaron (June 3, 2022)."DOTr, SMC sign agreement for 417-km expressway to Bicol".Manila Bulletin.RetrievedJune 6,2022.
- ^"QUEZON–BICOL EXPRESSWAY | Department of Public Works and Highways".dpwh.gov.ph.Archivedfrom the original on February 6, 2017.RetrievedFebruary 6,2017.
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External links
edit