Hafiz Saeed Khan

This article is about the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan commander. For the Lashkar-e-Taiba leader, seeHafiz Saeed.For other uses, seeHafiz Saeed (disambiguation).

Hafiz Saeed Khan(1972 – 26 July 2016), also known asMullahSaeedOrakzai,ShaykhHafidh Sa'id Khan,orMaulviSaeed Khan,was anIslamic militantand emir for the militant groupIslamic State – Khorasan Province(ISIS–K) from January 2015 until his death in July 2016. Prior to 2015, Khan fought alongside theAfghan TalibanagainstNATO forces in Afghanistan,joined the militant groupTehrik-e Taliban Pakistan(TTP) as a senior commander, and later swore allegiance toISIScaliphAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi,established ISIS–K inAfghanistanas the province's firstemiruntil his death in a reported American drone strike.

Hafiz Saeed Khan Orakzai
حفیظ سعید خان اورکزئ
1stWaliofISIS – Khorasan Province
In office 11 January 2015 – 26 July 2016
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Abdul Haseeb Logari
Emir ofOrakzai Agency Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan
In office December 2007 – 3 November 2013
Personal details
Born	1972 Mamozai,Orakzai,Pakistan
Died	July 26, 2016(2016-07-26)(aged 43–44) Achin,Nangarhar,Afghanistan
Military service
Allegiance	Afghan Taliban(2001–2007) Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan(2007–2014) ISIS– Khorasan Province(2014–2016)

Early life

Saeed was born in 1972, into the Mamozai area of theUpper-Orakzai Tehsil(subdistrict) of Orakzai Agency (todayOrakzai District) in theFederally Administered Tribal Areas(FATA, today part ofKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province,KPK) in westernPakistan.TheMamozaisub-tribe, the area's eponym, belongs to theOrakzaitribe of thePashtunpeople. Pashtuns are the predominant ethnic group in southern and eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan's contemporary Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province, split by theDurand Line,a division many Pashtuns do not recognize. Both the Afghan Taliban and Pakistani Taliban (TTP) movements are Pashtun-dominated and often Pashtun-nationalist.

Saeed received his early education fromMaulanaShabit, a local cleric in Orakzai Agency, before he moved south toHangu District,Kohat Division,North-West Frontier Province(NWFP, now KPK) and attendedDar al-UloomIslamia Hangu (Urdu:دار العلوم اسلامیه ہنگو) where one of his classmates, Maulana Shahidullah, remembered that Saeed had memorized the entireQuranin one year, was particularly peaceful, and would latermarry his cousin,producing two sons and one daughter before taking another wife fromNorth Waziristan Agencyin the FATA (now a district in KPK).InIslam,one who memorizes the entire Quran (77,430 words in 114chapters), is rewarded with the title 'Hafiz' (Arabic:حافظ), which translates from Arabic as 'protector'.

Though Afghan and Pakistani Taliban often belong to theDeobandi movement,Saeed Khan belonged to thePanjpiri movement,perhaps receiving education from one of the manySaudi-financed Salafistmadrassaswhose ideology originates in the town ofPanjpirinSwabi District,KPK.

Islamic militancy

Afghan and Pakistani Taliban

In late 2001, when Hafiz Saeed Khan was around 30 years of age, theUnited States invaded Afghanistanin response to the refusal by Taliban emirMullah Omarto expelOsama bin Ladenfollowing theSeptember 11th 2001 terrorist attacksin theUnited States.Saeed traveled to the Afghan capital,Kabul,to join the Afghan Taliban in their fight against US andNATOforces, remaining there for at least two years. Saeed grew close toBaitullah Mehsudwho would found and initially lead the Pakistani Taliban (Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan,TTP) in December 2007 and nominate Saeed to sit on the group's Majlis as-Shura (Pashto:مجلس الشوری,'ShuraCouncil'), a consultative council for deliberating the group's major decisions. Baitullah, a Pashto of the Mehsud tribe fromBannu District,NWFPand close in age to Saeed, would also appoint Saeed as emir for his birth agency: Orakzai Agency.

Almost two years since the founding of TTP, when Saeed was around 37 years old, Baitullah Mehsud was killed in an American drone strike in August 2009.His death triggered a succession crisis for the group with senior commanders Hakimullah Mehsud (no biological relation to Baitullah) and Wali ur-Rahman (both of the Mehsud tribe and from South Waziristan) supported by different commanders to succeed Baitullah as TTP emir. A shura, in accordance with Islamic tradition, was convened to deliberate Baitullah's successor but the exchange became heated and ended with open gunfire during which Wali ur-Rahman allegedly shot Hakimullah, sparking rumors that Hakimullah had been killed prompting ur-Rahman to call Reuters and deny that any gunfire had been exchanged and that Hakimullah was alive and well. Hakimullah would officially ascend to become the group's second emir, though the issue formed a severe split among TTP factions and frustrated Saeed. Saeed's tribe, the Mamozai tribe in Orakzai Agency, was reportedly the only tribe that provided refuge to the TTP militants after Baitullah's death. Saeed seemingly maintained a positive relationship with Hakimullah Mehsud despite supporting Wali ur-Rahman and rose in the ranks as an aide to Hakimullah beginning in 2008 when Hakimullah moved to Orakzai Agency. Hakimullah appointed Saeed as emir of theUpper Orakzai Tehsil(subdivision) with TTP commanders Zia ur-Rahman and Mullah Toufan heading theLowerandCentral Orakzai Tehsils.

On 14 July 2012, as initial attempts by the United Nations to negotiate a ceasefire in the year-old Syrian civil war broke down and a full-fledged violent war began to emerge, Hafiz Saeed Khan agreed to rapidly assemble a group of 143 Afghan and Pakistani volunteer fighters for al-Qaeda (a TTP sponsor) to dispatch to Syria and join al-Qaeda's al-Nusra Front in the fight against Bashar al-Assad's brutal government. Unlike previous Afghan and Pakistani fighters sent to fight in Iraq post-2003 and early in the Syrian civil war, these fighters were the first group to serve as a cohesive unit instead of being rapidly dissolved into the al-Nusra Front ranks. Likely appreciative of the volunteer fighters supplied by groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the ISIS Military Commission in Syria offered ten TTP and Taliban volunteer group leaders from Saeed Khan's first dispatch $1 million to proselytize for the movement when they returned to Afghanistan and Pakistan with their jihadist combat experience, laying the groundwork for the later formation of ISIS–K.

Saeed's success as a TTP leader took a steep dive in late 2013 when an American drone strike in theDande Darpakhelvillage ofNorth Waziristan Agencykilled Hakimullah Mehsud in a farmhouse, once again leaving the position of TTP emir open. Hafiz Saeed Khan was reportedly among the contenders to serve as the third emir of TTP butMullah Fazlullahofficially took the role on 7 November 2013. The TTP fragmented into a number of warring factions under Fazlullah who was unpopular with members of the group, especially as a non-MehsudfromSwat District.The combined stresses of being passed over as TTP emir, attempting to lead in a fracturing organization under the unpopular Fazlullah, and the mid-June 2014 Pakistani military operation against TTP in the FATA (Operation Zarb-e-Azb), prompted Hafiz Saeed Khan, TTP spokesman Shahidullah Shahid, and other key commanders to abandon TTP, and cross the border into Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan along with hundreds of other families fleeing the violence between the TTP and Operation Zarb-e-Azb.

Islamic State

Having already pledged Bay'ah (allegiance) to the emir of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi on 11 May 2013,and now 42 years old, Saeed formally established Tehrik-e Khilafat Pakistan (Pashto:تحریک خلافت پاکستان,'Caliphate Movement of Pakistan', TKP) under his leadership which would comprise nearly the entire Pakistani component of ISIS–K when TKP would merge with three Afghan groups in January 2015.Saeed's TKP was the product of the merger of eight groups defected from the TTP, each comprising a few hundred men and led by a commander:

1. Hafiz Saeed Khan,Orakzai Agency
2. Khalid Mansoor,Hangu District
3. Mufti Hassan Swati,Peshawar
4. Gul Zaman Fateh,Khyber Agency
5. Hafiz Dawlat Khan,Kurram Agency
6. Abdul Bahar Mehsud,Waziristan
7. Abu Bakr,Bajaur Agency
8. Shahidullah Shahid, spokesman of the TTP.

On 14 August 2014, Saeed would announce the establishment of TKP, and later on 15 October 2014, Saeed publicly announced in a video his departure from TTP and condemned the group. On 11 January 2015, Saeed and spokesman Shahidullah Shahid released a video message announcing the establishment of ISIS–K, an affiliate of the Islamic State in Khorasan Province.ISIS–K's establishment would be officially confirmed by ISIS-Central on 26 January 2015 when ISIS's chief spokesperson, Abu Muhammad al-Adnan released an audio statement announcing the establishment of Wilayat Khorasan under its emir, Hafiz Saeed Khan.

The 13th issue of the Islamic State'sDabiq,published 19 January 2016, features an eight-page interview with Saeed. Responding to questions posed byDabiq,Saeed cheerfully described the group's progress, establishment of public services, praise for the religiosity of Afghans, failures of the "nationalist Taliban movement" and its connections withPakistani intelligence,supposed flow of jihadist recruits to join ISIS–K in Afghanistan, pledge of bay'ah by Uzbek militants to ISIS–K, Taliban corruption and permittance of narcotics, Taliban cover-up of Mullah Omar's death, the supposed collapse of al-Qaeda in the region, operations againstShiaMuslims, and future ambitions to continue the jihad toKashmir.

US sanctions

On 29 September 2015, theUnited States Department of the Treasurysanctioned Saeed alongside 15 other Islamic State leaders. According to the Department of the Treasury, "Khan, as leader of ISIL-K, plays a central role in expanding ISIL’s operations in the region, commanding militants and coordinating the delivery of supplies and munitions, the travel of associates, and other arrangements. In mid-2015, Khan appointed ISIL representatives in Kunar Province and Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan and approved funding for the establishment of a training camp for ISIL fighters in western Afghanistan. ISIL militants under Khan’s command had taken control of several districts in Nangarhar Province in mid-2015".

Death

On 12 July 2015, the Afghan intelligence agency, theNational Directorate of Security,claimed that Saeed was killed in a strike carried out by US-led coalition forces in coordination with intelligence provided by the spy agency, though the United States never confirmed such an operation. The Islamic State rejected the claim, but the strike did killShahidullah Shahidand Gul Zaman, according to senior ISIS–K leaderAbdul Rahim Muslim Dost.

On 12 August 2016, the United States announced that Hafiz Saeed Khan was killed on 26 July 2016 in a U.S. airstrike inAchin districtof Afghanistan'sNangarhar Province.There was no immediate response from the group itself, and it was initially unknown who would succeed him. He was succeeded by Abdul Hasib, who was in turn killed by Afghan and US Special Forces in Nangarhar on 27 April 2017.

Further reading

• Giustozzi, Antonio (2018).The Islamic State in Khorasan: Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the New Central Asian Jihad.United Kingdom:C. Hurst & Co.ISBN9781849049641.