Wikipedia

Hammersmith

This article is about the district in London. For other uses, seeHammersmith (disambiguation).

Hammersmithis a district ofWest London,England, 4.3 miles (6.9 km) southwest ofCharing Cross.It is the administrative centre of theLondon Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham,and identified in theLondon Planas one of 35 major centres inGreater London.

Hammersmith
Lyric Theatre,Hammersmith
Hammersmith is located in Greater London
Hammersmith
Hammersmith
Location withinGreater London
Population95,996 (2020)[1]
OS grid referenceTQ233786
•Charing Cross4.3 mi (6.9 km)ENE
London borough
Ceremonial countyGreater London
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townLONDON
Postcode districtW6 W14
Dialling code020
PoliceMetropolitan
FireLondon
AmbulanceLondon
UK Parliament
London Assembly
List of places
UK
England
London
51°29′34″N0°13′22″W/ 51.4928°N 0.2229°W/51.4928; -0.2229

It is bordered byShepherd's Bushto the north,Kensingtonto the east,Chiswickto the west, andFulhamto the south, all on the north bank of theRiver Thames.The area is one of west London's main commercial and employment centres, and has for some decades been a major centre of London'sPolish community.It is a major transport hub forwest London,with twoLondon Undergroundstations and a bus and coach station atHammersmith Broadway.

Hammersmith Town Hall

Toponymy

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Hammersmith may mean "(Place with) a hammer smithy or forge",[2]although, in 1839,Thomas Faulknerproposed that the name derived from two 'Saxon' words: the initialHamfromhamand the remainder fromhythe,alluding to Hammersmith's riverside location.[3]In 1922, Gover proposed that the prefix was a personal name, Heahmaer or Hæmar, and stating that the suffix must be Anglo-Saxon from -myðe,[4]meaning the junction of two rivers, asHammersmith Creekmerged with the Thames here.[5]: 36 The earliest spelling is Hamersmyth in 1294, with alternative spellings of Hameresmithe in 1312, Hamyrsmyth in 1535, and Hammersmith 1675.[6]

History

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The district was a chapelry of the ancient parish ofFulham,but became a fully independent parish in 1631.[7]In the early 1660s, Hammersmith's first parish church, which later becameSt Paul's,was built bySir Nicholas Crispewho ran the brickworks in Hammersmith.[8]It contained a monument to Crispe as well as a bronze bust ofKing Charles IbyHubert Le Sueur.[9]In 1696Sir Samuel Morlandwas buried there. The church was completely rebuilt in 1883, but the monument and bust were transferred to the new church.

In 1745, two Scots,James Lee and Lewis Kennedy,established theVineyard Nursery,over six acres devoted to landscaping plants. During the next hundred and fifty years the nursery introduced many new plants to England, includingfuchsiaand the standardrose tree.[10][11]

1804 saw the trial of Francis Smith for the murder of Thomas Millwood in Beaver Lane, Hammersmith. Called theHammersmith Ghost murder case,it set a unique standard in English legal history.[12]

In 1868, Hammersmith was the name of a parish, and of a suburban district, within thehundred of Ossulstone,in the county ofMiddlesex.[13]Major industrial sites included theOsramlamp factory atBrook Green,theJ. Lyonsfactory (which at one time employed 30,000 people). During bothWorld Wars,Waring & Gillow's furniture factory, inCambridge Grove,became the site of aircraft manufacture.

Hammersmith Borough Council had provided the borough with electricity since the early twentieth century fromHammersmith power station.Uponnationalisationof the electricity industry in 1948 ownership passed to theBritish Electricity Authorityand later to theCentral Electricity Generating Board.Electricity connections to thenational gridrendered the 20 megawatt (MW)coal-fired power stationredundant. It closed in 1965; in its final year of operation it delivered 5,462MWhof electricity to the borough.[14]

Economy

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Hammersmith is located at the confluence of one of the arterial routes out of central London (theA4) with several local feeder roads and a bridge over the Thames. The focal point of the district is the commercial centre (the Broadway Centre) located at this confluence, which houses a shopping centre, bus station, anUnderground stationand an office complex.[citation needed]

King Street

Stretching about 750 m (820 yd) westwards from this centre isKing Street,Hammersmith's main shopping street. Named afterJohn King, Bishop of London,[15]it contains a second shopping centre (Livat Hammersmith), many small shops, thetown hall,theLyric Theatre,a cinema, thePolish community centreand two hotels. King Street is supplemented by other shops along Shepherds Bush Road to the north, Fulham Palace Road to the south andHammersmith Roadto the east. Hammersmith's office activity takes place mainly to the eastern side of its centre, along Hammersmith Road and in theArk,an office complex to the south of theflyoverwhich traverses the area.[citation needed]

Charing Cross Hospitalon Fulham Palace Road is a large multi-disciplinaryNHShospital with accident & emergency and teaching departments run by theImperial College School of Medicine.[16]

Architecture

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"The Ark" office building,designed by British architect Ralph Erskine and completed in 1992, has some resemblance to the hull of a sailing ship.[17]Hammersmith Bridge Road Surgery was designed by Guy Greenfield.[18] 22 St Peter's Square,the former Royal Chiswick Laundry andIsland RecordsHQ, has been converted to architects' studios and offices byLifschutz Davidson Sandilands.It has aHammersmith SocietyConservation awardplaque (2009)[19]and has been included in tours in Architecture Week.[20] Several of Hammersmith's pubs arelisted buildings,including theBlack Lion,[21]The Dove,[22]The George,[23]The Hop Poles,[24]theHope and Anchor,[25]theSalutation Inn[26]andThe Swan,[27]as are Hammersmith's twoparish churches,St Paul's[28](the town's original church, rebuilt in the 1890s) andSt Peter's,built in the 1820s.[29]

Culture and entertainment

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TheDovepublic house

Riverside Studiosis a cinema, performance space, bar and cafe. Originally film studios, Riverside Studios were used by theBBCfrom 1954 to 1975 for television productions.[30]TheLyric Hammersmith Theatreis just off King Street. Hammersmith Apolloconcert hall and theatre (formerly the Carling Hammersmith Apollo, the Hammersmith Odeon, and before that the Gaumont Cinema) is just south of the gyratory. The formerHammersmith Palaisnightclub has been demolished and the site reused as student accommodation.[31] ThePolish Social and Cultural Associationis on King Street. It contains a theatre, an art gallery and several restaurants. Its library has one of the largest collections of Polish-language books outside Poland.[32][33][34][35][36]

The Doveis a riverside pub with what theGuinness Book of Recordslisted as the smallest bar room in the world, in 2016 surviving as a small space on the right of the bar.[37]The pub was frequented byErnest HemingwayandGraham Greene;James Thomsonlodged and likely wroteRule Britanniahere.[38]The narrow alley in which it stands is the only remnant of the riverside village of Hammersmith, the bulk of which was demolished in the 1930s.Furnivall Gardens,which lies to the east, covers the site ofHammersmith Creekand the High Bridge.[39]

Leisure activity also takes place along Hammersmith's pedestrianised riverside, home to the pubs of Lower Mall, rowing clubs and the riverside park ofFurnival Gardens.Hammersmith has a municipal park,Ravenscourt Park,to the west of the centre. Its facilities include tennis courts, a basketball court, a bowling lawn, a paddling pool, and playgrounds.[40]

Lower Mall from the river, withHammersmith Bridgeon the right

Hammersmith is the historical home of theWest London Penguin Swimming and Water Polo Club,formerly known as theHammersmith Penguin Swimming Club.[41] Hammersmith Chess Club has been active in the borough since it was formed in 1962. It was initially based inWestcott Lodge,later moving to St Paul's Church, then toBlythe Houseand now Lytton Hall, nearWest Kensington tube station.[42]

Transport

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The area is on the main A4trunk roadheading west from central London towards theM4 motorwayandHeathrow Airport.The A4, a busy commuter route, passes over the area's main road junction, Hammersmith Gyratory System, on a long viaduct, theHammersmith Flyover.[43]Hammersmith Bridgeclosed in August 2020 to pedestrians, cyclists and road traffic, severing the link withBarnesin the southwest. Its cast iron pedestals that hold the suspension system in place had become unsafe.[44]

The centre of Hammersmith is served by twoLondon Undergroundstations named Hammersmith:oneis served by theHammersmith & CityandCirclelines andthe otheris served by thePiccadillyandDistrictlines. The latter station is part of a larger office, retail and transport development, locally known as "The Broadway Centre".Hammersmith Broadwaystretches from the junction of Queen Caroline Street and King Street in the west to the junction of Hammersmith Road and Butterwick in the east. It forms the north side of the gyratory system also known as Hammersmith Roundabout. The Broadway Shopping Centre includes a major bus station. The length of King Street places the westernmost shops and offices closest toRavenscourt Park Underground stationon theDistrict line,one stop west of Hammersmith itself.[citation needed]

Hammersmith Bridge

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Main article:Hammersmith Bridge
Hammersmith Bridge
Repair works to the bridge footings, showing air-conditioning and sensors

The first Hammersmith Bridge was designed byWilliam Tierney Clarkand opened in 1827 and was the firstsuspension bridgecrossing theRiver Thames.It was redesigned byJoseph Bazalgette,and reopened in 1887.[8][45]In August 2020, it closed to pedestrians, cyclists and road traffic as the cast iron pedestals that hold the suspension system in place became unsafe. Work began to improve the structural integrity of the bridge in 2022.[44]

In literature and music

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Hammersmith features inCharles Dickens'Great Expectationsas the home of the Pocket family. Pip resides with the Pockets in their house by the river and goes boating on the river.[46] William Morris's utopian novelNews from Nowhere(1890) describes a journey up the river from Hammersmith towardsOxford.[47]

In 1930,Gustav HolstcomposedHammersmith,a work for military band (later rewritten for orchestra), reflecting his impressions of the area, having lived across the river inBarnesfor nearly forty years.[48]It begins with a haunting musical depiction of the River Thames flowing underneath Hammersmith Bridge. Holst taught music atSt Paul's Girls' Schooland composed many of his most famous works there, including hisThe Planetssuite. A music room in the school is named after him.[49]Holst dedicatedHammersmith:"To the Author of"The Water Gypsies".[50]

Notable people

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17th century

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John Milton,poet

18th century

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19th century

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Eric Gill,typographer
Gustav Holst,composer

1900–1945

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Rosalind Franklin,chemist

1946–2000

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Bill Bailey,comedian
Joe Calzaghe,boxer
Rosamund Pike,actress

See also

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References

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  127. ^Larkin, Colin (27 May 2011).The Encyclopedia of Popular Music.Omnibus Press. p. 2006.ISBN978-0-85712-595-8.
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