Wikipedia

Handheld game console

(Redirected fromHandheld video game)
See also:List of handheld game consoles

Ahandheld game console,or simplyhandheld console,is a small, portable self-containedvideo game consolewith a built-in screen, game controls and speakers.[1]Handheld game consoles are smaller thanhome video game consolesand contain the console, screen, speakers, and controls in one unit, allowing players to carry them and play them at any time or place.[2][3]

ANintendo DS Lite,thebest-selling handheld consoleof all time and second overall

In 1976,Mattelintroduced the firsthandheld electronic gamewith the release ofAuto Race.[4]Later, several companies—includingColecoandMilton Bradley—made their own single-game, lightweight table-top or handheld electronic game devices.[5]The first commercial successful handheld console wasMerlinfrom 1978, which sold more than 5 million units.[6]The first handheld game console with interchangeablecartridgesis the Milton BradleyMicrovisionin 1979.[7]

Nintendois credited with popularizing the handheld console concept with the release of theGame Boyin 1989[3]and continues to dominate the handheld console market.[8][9]The firstinternet-enabled handheld console and the first with atouchscreenwas theGamereleased byTiger Electronicsin 1997.[10]TheNintendo DS,released in 2004, introduced touchscreen controls andwirelessonline gamingto a wider audience, becoming thebest-selling handheld consolewith over150 millionunits sold worldwide.[11]

History

edit
For a list of all handheld video game consoles, seeList of handheld game consoles.

Timeline

edit

This table describes handheld games consoles by generation, with over 1 million sales. No handheld achieved this prior to the fourth generation of game consoles. This list does not includededicated consoles,such asLCD gamesand theTamagotchi.

Manufacturer Generation
Fourth
(1987–2004) 		Fifth
(1993–2006) 		Sixth
(1998–2015) 		Seventh
(2005–2020) 		Eighth
(2011–present) 		Ninth
(2020–present)
Atari Atari Lynx(+II)
(≈3 million)
Bandai WonderSwan(+Color, SwanCrystal)
(3.5 million)
NEC TurboExpress
(1.5 million)
Nintendo Game Boy(+Pocket, Light)
(at least 64.4 million) 		Game Boy Color
(at most 54.3 million) 		Game Boy Advance family
(81.5 million) 		Nintendo DS family
(154 million) 		Nintendo 3DS family
(76 million) 		Switch(+Lite|OLED)
(122.55 million)
Nokia N-Gage(+QD)
(3 million)
Sega Game Gear
(10.6 million) 		Nomad
(≈1 million)
SNK Neo Geo Pocket
(at most 2 million[a]) 		Neo Geo Pocket Color Neo Geo X
Sony PSP(+Go, Street)
(81.09 million) 		PS Vita
(16.21 million)
Valve Steam Deck(≈3 million)

Origins

edit
Main article:Handheld electronic game

The origins of handheld game consoles are found in handheld and tabletop electronic game devices of the 1970s and early 1980s. These electronic devices are capable of playing only a single game,[3]they fit in the palm of the hand or on a tabletop, and they may make use of a variety of video displays such asLED,VFD,orLCD.[12]In 1978, handheld electronic games were described byPopular Electronicsmagazine as "nonvideo electronic games" and "non-TV games" as distinct from devices that required use of a television screen.[13]Handheld electronic games, in turn, find their origins in the synthesis[citation needed]of previous handheld and tabletopelectro-mechanicaldevices such asWaco'sElectronic Tic-Tac-Toe(1972)[12]Cragstan'sPeriscope-Firing Range(1951),[14]and the emergingoptoelectronic-display-driven calculator market of the early 1970s.[15][16]This synthesis happened in 1976, when "Mattel began work on a line of calculator-sized sports games that became the world's first handheld electronic games. The project began when Michael Katz, Mattel's new product category marketing director, told the engineers in the electronics group to design a game the size of a calculator, using LED (light-emitting diode) technology."[17]

our big success was something that I conceptualized—the first handheld game. I asked the design group to see if they could come up with a game that was electronic that was the same size as a calculator.
—Michael Katz, former marketing director, Mattel Toys.[17]
Game & Watch Ball

The result was the 1976 release ofAuto Race.[18]Followed byFootballlater in 1977,[19][20]the two games were so successful that according to Katz, "these simple electronic handheld games turned into a '$400 million category.'"[12]Mattel would later win the honor of being recognized by the industry for innovation in handheld game device displays.[21]Soon, other manufacturers includingColeco,Parker Brothers,Milton Bradley,Entex,andBandai[5]began following up with their own tabletop and handheld electronic games.

In 1979 the LCD-basedMicrovision,designed by Smith Engineering and distributed by Milton-Bradley,[22]became the first handheld game console and the first to use interchangeable game cartridges.[7]The Microvision gameCosmic Hunter(1981) also introduced the concept of adirectional padon handheld gaming devices,[23]and is operated by using the thumb to manipulate the on-screen character in any of four directions.[24]

In 1979,Gunpei Yokoi,traveling on abullet train,saw a bored businessman playing with anLCDcalculatorby pressing the buttons. Yokoi then thought of an idea for a watch that doubled as a miniature game machine for killing time.[25]Starting in 1980,Nintendobegan to release a series of electronic games designed by Yokoi called theGame & Watchgames.[26]Taking advantage of the technology used in the credit-card-sized calculators that had appeared on the market, Yokoi designed the series of LCD-based games to include a digital time display in the corner of the screen.[27]For later, more complicated Game & Watch games, Yokoi invented a cross shaped directional pad or "D-pad" for control of on-screen characters.[28]Yokoi also included his directional pad on theNEScontrollers, and the cross-shaped thumb controller soon became standard on game console controllers and ubiquitous across the video game industry since.[29][30]When Yokoi began designing Nintendo's first handheld game console, he came up with a device that married the elements of his Game & Watch devices and the Famicom console,[31]including both items' D-pad controller. The result was the Nintendo Game Boy.

In 1982, theBandai LCD Solarpowerwas the firstsolar-poweredgaming device. Some of its games, such as thehorror-themed gameTerror House,features twoLCD panels,one stacked on the other, for an early3D effect.[32]In 1983,Takara Tomy'sTomytronic 3Dsimulates3Dby having twoLCDpanels that were lit by external light through a window on top of the device, making it the first dedicated home video 3D hardware.[33]

Beginnings

edit

The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the beginnings of the modern-day handheld game console industry, after the demise of the Microvision. AsbacklitLCD game consoles with color graphics consume a lot of power, they were not battery-friendly like the non-backlit original Game Boy whose monochrome graphics allowed longer battery life. By this point,rechargeable batterytechnology had not yet matured and so the more advanced game consoles of the time such as theSega Game GearandAtari Lynxdid not have nearly as much success as the Game Boy.

Even though third-party rechargeable batteries were available for the battery-hungry alternatives to the Game Boy, these batteries employed anickel-cadmiumprocess and had to be completely discharged before being recharged to ensure maximum efficiency; lead-acid batteries could be used with automobile circuit limiters (cigarette lighter plug devices); but the batteries had mediocre portability. The laterNiMHbatteries, which do not share this requirement for maximum efficiency, were not released until the late 1990s, years after the Game Gear, Atari Lynx, and original Game Boy had been discontinued. During the time when technologically superior handhelds had strict technical limitations, batteries had a very lowmAhrating since batteries with heavy power density were not yet available.

Modern game systems such as theNintendo DSandPlayStation Portablehave rechargeableLithium-Ionbatteries with proprietary shapes. Other seventh-generation consoles, such as theGP2X,use standardalkaline batteries.Because the mAh rating of alkaline batteries has increased since the 1990s, the power needed for handhelds like the GP2X may be supplied by relatively few batteries.

Game Boy

edit
The original Game Boy
Main article:Game Boy

Nintendoreleased the Game Boy on April 21, 1989 (September 1990 for the UK). The design team headed byGunpei Yokoihad also been responsible for theGame & Watchsystem, as well as theNintendo Entertainment SystemgamesMetroidandKid Icarus.The Game Boy came under scrutiny by Nintendo presidentHiroshi Yamauchi,saying that the monochrome screen was too small, and the processing power was inadequate. The design team had felt that low initial cost and battery economy were more important concerns, and when compared to the Microvision, the Game Boy was a huge leap forward.

Yokoi recognized that the Game Boy needed akiller app—at least one game that would define the console, and persuade customers to buy it. In June 1988,Minoru Arakawa,then-CEO of Nintendo of America saw a demonstration of the gameTetrisat a trade show. Nintendo purchased the rights for the game, and packaged it with the Game Boy system as alaunch title.It was almost an immediate hit. By the end of the year more than a million units were sold in the US.[34]As of March 31, 2005, the Game Boy andGame Boy Colorcombined to sell over 118 million units worldwide.[35][36]

Atari Lynx

edit
Atari Lynx I and II
Main article:Atari Lynx

In 1987,Epyxcreated the Handy Game; a device that would become the Atari Lynx in 1989. It is the first color handheld console ever made, as well as the first with abacklitscreen. It also features networking support with up to 17 other players, and advanced hardware that allows the zooming and scaling of sprites. The Lynx can also be turned upside down to accommodateleft-handedplayers. However, all these features came at a very high price point, which drove consumers to seek cheaper alternatives. The Lynx is also very unwieldy, consumes batteries very quickly, and lacked the third-party support enjoyed by its competitors. Due to its high price, short battery life, production shortages, a dearth of compelling games, and Nintendo's aggressive marketing campaign, and despite a redesign in 1991, the Lynx became acommercial failure.Despite this, companies like Telegames helped to keep the system alive long past its commercial relevance, and when new owner Hasbro released the rights to develop for the public domain, independent developers like Songbird have managed to release new commercial games for the system every year until 2004'sWinter Games.

TurboExpress

edit
TurboExpress handheld
Main article:TurboExpress

The TurboExpress is a portable version of the TurboGrafx, released in 1990 for $249.99. Its Japanese equivalent is thePC Engine GT.

It is the most advanced handheld of its time and can play all theTurboGrafx-16's games (which are on a small, credit-card sized media calledHuCards). It has a 66 mm (2.6 in.) screen, the same as the original Game Boy, but in a much higher resolution, and can display 64spritesat once, 16 per scanline, in 512 colors. Although the hardware can only handle 481 simultaneous colors. It has 8 kilobytes ofRAM.The Turbo runs the HuC6820CPUat 1.79 or 7.16MHz.

The optional "TurboVision" TV tuner includes RCA audio/video input, allowing users to use TurboExpress as a video monitor. The "TurboLink" allowed two-player play.Falcon,a flight simulator, included a "head-to-head" dogfight mode that can only be accessed via TurboLink. However, very few TG-16 games offered co-op play modes especially designed with the TurboExpress in mind.

Bitcorp Gamate

edit
Gamate and game cards
Main article:Gamate

The Bitcorp Gamate is one of the first handheld game systems created in response to the Nintendo Game Boy. It was released in Asia in 1990 and distributed worldwide by 1991.

Like the Sega Game Gear, it was horizontal in orientation and like the Game Boy, required 4 AA batteries. Unlike many later Game Boy clones, its internal components were professionally assembled (no "glop-top" chips). Unfortunately the system's fatal flaw is its screen. Even by the standards of the day, its screen is rather difficult to use, suffering from similarghostingproblems that were common complaints with the first generation Game Boys. Likely because of this fact sales were quite poor, and Bitcorp closed by 1992. However, new games continued to be published for the Asian market, possibly as late as 1994. The total number of games released for the system remains unknown.

Gamate games were designed for stereo sound, but the console is only equipped with a mono speaker.

Game Gear

edit
Game Gear
Main article:Game Gear

The Game Gear is the third color handheld console, after the Lynx and the TurboExpress; produced by Sega. Released in Japan in 1990 and in North America and Europe in 1991, it is based on theMaster System,which gave Sega the ability to quickly create Game Gear games from its large library of games for the Master System. While never reaching the level of success enjoyed by Nintendo, the Game Gear proved to be a fairly durable competitor, lasting longer than any other Game Boy rivals.

While the Game Gear is most frequently seen in black or navy blue, it was also released in a variety of additional colors: red, light blue, yellow, clear, and violet. All of these variations were released in small quantities and frequently only in the Asian market.

Following Sega's success with the Game Gear, they began development on a successor during the early 1990s, which was intended to feature atouchscreeninterface, many years before theNintendo DS.However, such a technology was very expensive at the time, and the handheld itself was estimated to have cost around $289 were it to be released. Sega eventually chose to shelve the idea and instead release theGenesis Nomad,a handheld version of theGenesis,as the successor.[37]

Watara Supervision

edit
The Watara Supervision with tilting screen
Main article:Watara Supervision

The Watara Supervision was released in 1992 in an attempt to compete with the Nintendo Game Boy. The first model was designed very much like a Game Boy, but it is grey in color and has a slightly larger screen. The second model was made with a hinge across the center and can be bent slightly to provide greater comfort for the user. While the system did enjoy a modest degree of success, it never impacted the sales of Nintendo or Sega. The Supervision was redesigned a final time as "The Magnum". Released in limited quantities it was roughly equivalent to theGame Boy Pocket.It was available in three colors: yellow, green and grey. Watara designed many of the games themselves, but did receive some third party support, most notably fromSachen.

A TV adapter was available in both PAL and NTSC formats that could transfer the Supervision's black-and-white palette to 4 colors, similar in some regards to the Super Game Boy from Nintendo.

Hartung Game Master

edit
Main article:Game Master (console)

The Hartung Game Master is an obscure handheld released at an unknown point in the early 1990s. Its graphics fidelity was much lower than most of its contemporaries, displaying just 64x64 pixels. It was available in black, white, and purple, and was frequently rebranded by its distributors, such as Delplay, Videojet and Systema.

The exact number of games released is not known, but is likely around 20. The system most frequently turns up in Europe and Australia.

Late 1990s

edit

By this time, the lack of significant development inNintendo's product line began allowing more advanced systems such as theNeo Geo Pocket Colorand theWonderSwan Colorto be developed.

Sega Nomad

edit
Sega Nomad
Main article:Genesis Nomad

The Nomad was released in October 1995 in North America only.[38][39]The release was six years into the market span of the Genesis, with an existing library of more than 500 Genesis games. According to former Sega of America research and development head Joe Miller, the Nomad was not intended to be the Game Gear's replacement; he believed that there was little planning from Sega of Japan for the new handheld.[40]Sega was supporting five different consoles:Saturn,Genesis,Game Gear,Pico,and theMaster System,as well as theSega CDand32Xadd-ons. In Japan, the Mega Drive had never been successful and the Saturn was more successful than Sony'sPlayStation,so Sega Enterprises CEOHayao Nakayamadecided to focus on the Saturn.[41]By 1999, the Nomad was being sold at less than a third of its original price.[42]

Game Boy Pocket

edit
The 1st release Game Boy Pocket
Main article:Game Boy § Game Boy Pocket

The Game Boy Pocket is a redesigned version of the original Game Boy having the same features. It was released in 1996. Notably, this variation is smaller and lighter. It comes in seven different colors; red, yellow, green, black, clear, silver, blue, and pink. It has space for twoAAA batteries,which provide approximately 10 hours of game play.[43]The screen was changed to a true black-and-white display, rather than the "pea soup" monochromatic display of the original Game Boy.[44]Although, like its predecessor, the Game Boy Pocket has no backlight to allow play in a darkened area, it did notably improve visibility and pixel response-time (mostly eliminatingghosting).[45]

The first model of the Game Boy Pocket did not have anLEDto show battery levels, but the feature was added due to public demand. The Game Boy Pocket was not a new software platform and played the same software as the original Game Boy model.[46]

Game

edit
Game
Main article:Game

The Game (pronounced in TV commercials as "game com", not "game dot com", and not capitalized in marketing material) is a handheld game console released byTiger Electronicsin September 1997. It featured many new ideas for handheld consoles and was aimed at an older target audience, sporting PDA-style features and functions such as a touch screen and stylus. However, Tiger hoped it would also challenge Nintendo's Game Boy and gain a following among younger gamers too. Unlike other handheld game consoles, the first game consoles included two slots for game cartridges, which would not happen again until the Tapwave Zodiac, the DS and DS Lite, and could be connected to a 14.4 kbit/s modem. Later models had only a single cartridge slot.

Game Boy Color

edit
The Game Boy Color was the first handheld by Nintendo featuring Colors.
Main article:Game Boy Color

The Game Boy Color (also referred to as GBC or CGB) is Nintendo's successor to the Game Boy and was released on October 21, 1998, in Japan and in November of the same year in the United States. It features a color screen, and is slightly bigger than theGame Boy Pocket.The processor is twice as fast as a Game Boy's and has twice as much memory. It also had aninfraredcommunications port for wireless linking which did not appear in later versions of the Game Boy, such as the Game Boy Advance.

The Game Boy Color was a response to pressure from game developers for a new system, as they felt that the Game Boy, even in its latest incarnation, the Game Boy Pocket, was insufficient. The resulting product was backward compatible, a first for a handheld console system, and leveraged the large library of games and great installed base of the predecessor system. This became a major feature of the Game Boy line, since it allowed each new launch to begin with a significantly larger library than any of its competitors. As of March 31, 2005, the Game Boy andGame Boy Colorcombined to sell 118.69 million units worldwide.[35][36]

The console is capable of displaying up to 56 different colors simultaneously on screen from its palette of 32,768, and can add basic four-color shading to games that had been developed for the original Game Boy. It can also give the sprites and backgrounds separate colors, for a total of more than four colors.

Neo Geo Pocket Color

edit
Neo Geo Pocket Color
Main article:Neo Geo Pocket Color

The Neo Geo Pocket Color (or NGPC) was released in 1999 in Japan, and later that year in the United States and Europe. It is a 16-bit color handheld game console designed bySNK,the maker of theNeo Geohome console and arcade machine.[47]It came after SNK's originalNeo Geo Pocketmonochrome handheld, which debuted in 1998 in Japan.

In 2000 following SNK's purchase by JapanesePachinkomanufacturer Aruze, the Neo Geo Pocket Color was dropped from both the US and European markets, purportedly due to commercial failure.[48]

The system seemed well on its way to being a success in the U.S. It was more successful than any Game Boy competitor sinceSega'sGame Gear,but was hurt by several factors, such as SNK's infamous lack of communication with third-party developers, and anticipation of the Game Boy Advance.[49]The decision to ship U.S. games in cardboard boxes in a cost-cutting move rather than hard plastic cases that Japanese and European releases were shipped in may have also hurt US sales.[50]

Wonderswan Color

edit
The Wonderswan Color
Main article:WonderSwan

The WonderSwan Color is a handheld game console designed byBandai.It was released on December 9, 2000, in Japan,[51]Although the WonderSwan Color was slightly larger and heavier (7 mm and 2 g) compared to the original WonderSwan, the color version featured 512KB[52]ofRAMand a larger color LCD screen. In addition, the WonderSwan Color is compatible with the original WonderSwan library of games.

Prior to WonderSwan's release, Nintendo had virtually a monopoly in the Japanese video game handheld market. After the release of the WonderSwan Color, Bandai took approximately 8% of the market share in Japan partly due to its low price of 6800 yen (approximatelyUS$65).[52]Another reason for the WonderSwan's success in Japan was the fact that Bandai managed to get a deal withSquareto port over the originalFamicomFinal Fantasygames with improved graphics and controls.[52]However, with the popularity of the Game Boy Advance and the reconciliation between Square and Nintendo, the WonderSwan Color and its successor, theSwanCrystalquickly lost itscompetitive advantage.

Early 2000s

edit

The 2000s saw a major leap in innovation, particularly in the second half with the release of the DS andPSP.

Game Boy Advance

edit
The Game Boy Advance was a major upgrade to the Game Boy line.
Main article:Game Boy Advance

In 2001, Nintendo released the Game Boy Advance (GBA or AGB), which added two shoulder buttons, a larger screen, and more computing power than the Game Boy Color.

The design was revised two years later when theGame Boy Advance SP(GBA SP), a more compact version, was released. The SP features a "clamshell"design (folding open and closed, like a laptop computer), as well as afrontlitcolor display and rechargeable battery. Despite the smaller form factor, the screen remained the same size as that of the original. In 2005, theGame Boy Microwas released. This revision sacrifices screen size and backwards compatibility with previous Game Boys for a dramatic reduction in total size and a brighterbacklitscreen. A new SP model with a backlit screen was released in some regions around the same time.

Along with theGameCube,the GBA also introduced the concept of "connectivity": using a handheld system as a console controller. A handful of games use this feature, most notablyAnimal Crossing,Pac-Man Vs.,Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles,The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures,The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker,Metroid Prime,andSonic Adventure 2: Battle.

As of December 31, 2007, the GBA, GBA SP, and the Game Boy Micro combined have sold 80.72 million units worldwide.[53]

Game Park 32

edit
GP32
Main article:GP32

The original GP32 was released in 2001 by the South Korean companyGame Parka few months after the launch of the Game Boy Advance. It featured a 32-bit CPU, 133 MHz processor, MP3 and Divx player, and e-book reader.SmartMediacards were used for storage, and could hold up to 128mb of anything downloaded through a USB cable from a PC. The GP32 was redesigned in 2003. A front-lit screen was added and the new version was called GP32 FLU (Front Light Unit). In summer 2004, another redesign, the GP32 BLU, was made, and added a backlit screen. This version of the handheld was planned for release outside South Korea; in Europe, and it was released for example in Spain (VirginPlay was the distributor). While not a commercial success on a level with mainstream handhelds (only 30,000 units were sold), it ended up being used mainly as a platform for user-made applications and emulators of other systems, being popular with developers and more technically adept users.[54]

N-Gage

edit
N-Gage
N-Gage QD
Main article:N-Gage (device)

Nokiareleased the N-Gage in 2003. It was designed as a combination MP3 player, cellphone, PDA, radio, and gaming device. The system received much criticism alleging defects in its physical design and layout, including its vertically oriented screen and requirement of removing the battery to change game cartridges. The most well known of these was "sidetalking",or the act of placing the phone speaker and receiver on an edge of the device instead of one of the flat sides, causing the user to appear as if they are speaking into ataco.

The N-Gage QD was later released to address the design flaws of the original. However, certain features available in the original N-Gage, including MP3 playback, FM radio reception, and USB connectivity were removed.

Second generation of N-Gagelaunched on April 3, 2008[55]in the form of a service for selectedNokiaSmartphones.

Tapwave Zodiac

edit
Main article:Tapwave Zodiac

In 2003, Tapwave released the Zodiac. It was designed to be aPDA-handheld game console hybrid. It supported photos, movies, music,Internet,and documents. The Zodiac used a special version Palm OS 5, 5.2T, that supported the special gaming buttons and graphics chip. Two versions were available, Zodiac 1 and 2, differing in memory and looks. The Zodiac line ended in July 2005 when Tapwave declared bankruptcy.

Mid 2000s

edit

Nintendo DS

edit
The Nintendo DS has two screens (the lower of which is a touchscreen), a microphone and Wi-Fi connectivity.
Main article:Nintendo DS

The Nintendo DS was released in November 2004. Among its new features were the incorporation of two screens, atouchscreen,wireless connectivity, and a microphone port. As with the Game Boy Advance SP, the DS features a clamshell design, with the two screens aligned vertically on either side of the hinge.

The DS's lower screen is touch sensitive, designed to be pressed with a stylus, a user's finger or a special "thumb pad" (a small plastic pad attached to the console's wrist strap, which can be affixed to the thumb to simulate an analog stick). More traditional controls include four face buttons, two shoulder buttons, aD-pad,and "Start" and "Select" buttons. The console also features online capabilities via theNintendo Wi-Fi Connectionand ad-hoc wireless networking for multiplayer games with up to sixteen players. It is backwards-compatible with all Game Boy Advance games, but like the Game Boy Micro, it is not compatible with games designed for the Game Boy or Game Boy Color.

In January 2006, Nintendo revealed an updated version of the DS: theNintendo DS Lite(released on March 2, 2006, in Japan) with an updated, smaller form factor (42% smaller and 21% lighter than the original Nintendo DS), a cleaner design, longer battery life, and brighter, higher-quality displays, with adjustable brightness. It is also able to connect wirelessly with Nintendo's Wii console.

On October 2, 2008, Nintendo announced theNintendo DSi,with larger, 3.25-inch screens and two integrated cameras. It has anSD cardstorage slot in place of theGame Boy Advanceslot, plus internal flash memory for storing downloaded games. It was released on November 1, 2008, in Japan, April 2, 2009, in Australia, April 3, 2009, in Europe, and April 5, 2009, in North America. On October 29, 2009, Nintendo announced a larger version of the DSi, called theDSi XL,which was released on November 21, 2009, in Japan, March 5, 2010, in Europe, March 28, 2010, in North America, and April 15, 2010, in Australia.

As of December 31, 2009, the Nintendo DS, Nintendo DS Lite, and Nintendo DSi combined have sold 125.13 million units worldwide.[56]

Game King

edit
The GameKing 2
Main article:GameKing

The GameKing is a handheld game console released by the Chinese company TimeTop in 2004. The first model while original in design owes a large debt to Nintendo's Game Boy Advance. The second model, the GameKing 2, is believed to be inspired by Sony's PSP.[57]This model also was upgraded with a backlit screen, with a distracting background transparency (which can be removed by opening up the console). A color model, the GameKing 3 apparently exists, but was only made for a brief time and was difficult to purchase outside of Asia. Whether intentionally or not, the GameKing has the most primitive graphics of any handheld released since the Game Boy of 1989.[citation needed]

As many of the games have an "old school" simplicity, the device has developed a small cult following. The Gameking's speaker is quite loud and the cartridges' sophisticated looping soundtracks (sampled from other sources) are seemingly at odds with its primitive graphics.

TimeTop made at least one additional device sometimes labeled as "GameKing", but while it seems to possess more advanced graphics, is essentially an emulator that plays a handful of multi-carts (like the GB Station Light II). Outside of Asia (especially China) however the Gameking remains relatively unheard of due to the enduring popularity of Japanese handhelds such as those manufactured by Nintendo and Sony.

PlayStation Portable

edit
PlayStation Portable
Main article:PlayStation Portable

The PlayStation Portable (officially abbreviated PSP)[58]is a handheld game console manufactured and marketed bySony Computer Entertainment.[59]Development of the console was first announced during E3 2003,[60]and it was unveiled on May 11, 2004, at a Sony press conference before E3 2004.[61]The system was released in Japan on December 12, 2004,[62]inNorth Americaon March 24, 2005,[63]and in thePAL regionon September 1, 2005.[64]

The PlayStation Portable is the first handheld video game console to use an optical disc format,Universal Media Disc(UMD), for distribution of its games. UMD Video discs with movies and television shows were also released. The PSP utilized the Sony/SanDiskMemory Stick Pro Duoformat as its primary storage medium.[65][66]Other distinguishing features of the console include its large viewing screen,[67]multi-media capabilities,[68]and connectivity with thePlayStation 3,other PSPs, and theInternet.[69][70]

Gizmondo

edit
The Gizmondo
Main article:Gizmondo

Tiger's Gizmondo came out in the UK during March 2005 and it was released in the U.S. during October 2005. It is designed to play music, movies, and games, have a camera for taking and storing photos, and have GPS functions. It also has Internet capabilities. It has a phone for sending text and multimedia messages. Email was promised at launch, but was never released before Gizmondo, and ultimatelyTiger Telematics', downfall in early 2006. Users obtained a second service pack, unreleased, hoping to find such functionality. However, Service Pack B did not activate the e-mail functionality.

GP2X Series

edit
The Game Park Holdings GP2X F-100
Main article:GP2X

The GP2X is an open-source, Linux-based handheld video game console and media player created byGamePark Holdingsof South Korea, designed for homebrew developers as well as commercial developers. It is commonly used to run emulators for game consoles such as Neo-Geo, Genesis, Master System, Game Gear, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Nintendo Entertainment System, TurboGrafx-16, MAME and others.

A new version called the "F200" was released October 30, 2007, and features a touchscreen, among other changes. Followed byGP2X Wiz(2009) andGP2X Caanoo(2010).

Late 2000s

edit

Dingoo

edit
The Dingoo A320
Main article:Dingoo

The Dingoo A320 is a micro-sized gaming handheld that resembles the Game Boy Micro and is open to game development. It also supports music, radio, emulators (8 bit and 16 bit) and video playing capabilities with its own interface much like the PSP. There is also an onboard radio and recording program. It is currently available in two colors — white and black. Other similar products from the same manufacturer are the Dingoo A330 (also known as Geimi), Dingoo A360, Dingoo A380, and Dingoo A320E.

PSP Go

edit
PSP Go
Main article:PlayStation Portable § PSP Go (N1000)

The PSP Go is a version of the PlayStation Portable handheld game console manufactured by Sony. It was released on October 1, 2009, in American and European territories, and on November 1 in Japan. It was revealed prior to E3 2009 through Sony's Qore VOD service. Although its design is significantly different from other PSPs, it is not intended to replace the PSP 3000, which Sony continued to manufacture, sell, and support. On April 20, 2011, the manufacturer announced that the PSP Go would be discontinued so that they may concentrate on the PlayStation Vita. Sony later said that only the European and Japanese versions were being cut, and that the console would still be available in the US. Unlike previous PSP models, the PSP Go does not feature a UMD drive, but instead has 16 GB of internal flash memory to store games, video, pictures, and other media. This can be extended by up to 32 GB with the use of a Memory Stick Micro (M2) flash card. Also unlike previous PSP models, the PSP Go's rechargeable battery is not removable or replaceable by the user. The unit is 43% lighter and 56% smaller than the original PSP-1000, and 16% lighter and 35% smaller than the PSP-3000. It has a 3.8 "480 × 272 LCD (compared to the larger 4.3" 480 × 272 pixel LCD on previous PSP models). The screen slides up to reveal the main controls. The overall shape and sliding mechanism are similar to that of Sony's mylo COM-2 internet device.

Pandora

edit
Pandora
Main article:Pandora (console)

The Pandora is a handheld game console/UMPC/PDA hybrid designed to take advantage of existingopen source softwareand to be a target forhome-brew development.It runs a full distribution of Linux, and in functionality is like a small PC with gaming controls. It is developed by OpenPandora, which is made up of former distributors and community members of the GP32 and GP2X handhelds.

OpenPandora began taking pre-orders for one batch of 4000 devices in November 2008 and after manufacturing delays, began shipping to customers on May 21, 2010.[71][72]

FC-16 Go

edit

The FC-16 Go is a portableSuper NEShardware clone manufactured by Yobo Gameware in 2009. It features a 3.5-inch display, two wireless controllers, and CRT cables that allow cartridges to be played on a television screen. Unlike other Super NES clone consoles, it has region tabs that only allow NTSC North American cartridges to be played. Later revisions feature stereo sound output, larger shoulder buttons, and a slightly re-arranged button, power, and A/V output layout.

2010s

edit

Nintendo 3DS

edit
The original cyan Nintendo 3DS
Main article:Nintendo 3DS

TheNintendo 3DSis the successor to Nintendo's DS handheld. The autostereoscopic device is able to project stereoscopic three-dimensional effects without requirement of active shutter or passive polarized glasses, which are required by most current 3D televisions to display the 3D effect. The 3DS was released in Japan on February 26, 2011; in Europe on March 25, 2011; in North America on March 27, 2011, and in Australia on March 31, 2011. The system features backward compatibility with Nintendo DS series software, including Nintendo DSi software except those that require the Game Boy Advance slot. It also features an online service called the Nintendo eShop, launched on June 6, 2011, in North America and June 7, 2011, in Europe and Japan, which allows owners to download games, demos, applications and information on upcoming film and game releases. On November 24, 2011, a limited editionLegend of Zelda 25th Anniversary 3DSwas released that contained a unique Cosmo Black unit decorated with gold Legend of Zelda related imagery, along with a copy ofThe Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D.

There are also other models including theNintendo 2DSand theNew Nintendo 3DS,the latter with a larger (XL/LL) variant, like the original Nintendo 3DS, as well as theNew Nintendo 2DS XL.

Xperia Play

edit
Xperia PLAY
Main article:Xperia Play

The Sony Ericsson Xperia PLAY is a handheld game console smartphone produced bySony Ericssonunder the Xperia smartphone brand. The device runs Android 2.3 Gingerbread, and is the first to be part of the PlayStation Certified program which means that it can play PlayStation Suite games. The device is a horizontally sliding phone with its original form resembling the Xperia X10 while the slider below resembles the slider of the PSP Go. The slider features a D-pad on the left side, a set of standard PlayStation buttons (,,and) on the right, a long rectangular touchpad in the middle, start and select buttons on the bottom right corner, a menu button on the bottom left corner, and two shoulder buttons (L and R) on the back of the device. It is powered by a 1 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon processor, a Qualcomm Adreno 205 GPU, and features a display measuring 4.0 inches (100 mm) (854 × 480), an 8-megapixel camera, 512 MB RAM, 8 GB internal storage, and a micro-USB connector. It supports microSD cards, versus the Memory Stick variants used in PSP consoles. The device was revealed officially for the first time in a Super Bowl ad on Sunday, February 6, 2011. On February 13, 2011, at Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2011, it was announced that the device would be shipping globally in March 2011, with a launch lineup of around 50 software titles.

PlayStation Vita

edit
PlayStation Vita
Main article:PlayStation Vita

ThePlayStation Vitais the successor to Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP) Handheld series. It was released in Japan on December 17, 2011, and in Europe, Australia, North, and South America on February 22, 2012.

The handheld includes two analog sticks, a 5-inch (130 mm) OLED/LCD multi-touch capacitive touchscreen, and supports Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and optional 3G. Internally, the PS Vita features a 4 core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a 4 core SGX543MP4+ graphics processing unit, as well asLiveAreasoftware as its main user interface, which succeeds theXrossMediaBar.

The device is fully backwards-compatible with PlayStation Portable games digitally released on the PlayStation Network via the PlayStation Store. However, PSone Classics and PS2 titles were not compatible at the time of the primary public release in Japan. The Vita's dual analog sticks will be supported on selected PSP games. The graphics for PSP releases will be up-scaled, with a smoothing filter to reduce pixelation.

On September 20, 2018, Sony announced atTokyo Game Show2018 that the Vita would be discontinued in 2019, ending its hardware production.[73]Production of Vita hardware officially ended on March 1, 2019.[74]

Razer Switchblade

edit
Main article:Razer Switchblade

TheRazer Switchbladewas a prototype pocket-sized like aNintendo DSi XLdesigned to runWindows 7,featured a multi-touch LCD screen and an adaptive keyboard that changed keys depending on the game the user would play. It also was to feature a full mouse.

It was first unveiled on January 5, 2011, on the Consumer Electronics Show (CES). The Switchblade won The Best of CES 2011 People's Voice award. It has since been in development and the release date is still unknown. The device has likely been suspended indefinitely.

Nvidia Shield

edit
Nvidia Shield Portable
Main article:Shield Portable

Project Shield is a handheld system developed byNvidiaannounced at CES 2013. It runs on Android 4.2 and uses NvidiaTegra 4SoC. The hardware includes a 5-inches multitouch screen with support for HD graphics (720p). The console allows for the streaming of games running on a compatible desktop PC, or laptop.

Nvidia Shield Portable has received mixed reception from critics. Generally, reviewers praised the performance of the device, but criticized the cost and lack of worthwhile games.Engadget's review noted the system's "extremely impressive PC gaming", but also that due to its high price, the device was "a hard sell as a portable game console", especially when compared to similar handhelds on the market.[75]CNET's Eric Franklin states in his review of the device that "The Nvidia Shield is an extremely well made device, with performance that pretty much obliterates any mobile product before it; but like most new console launches, there is currently a lack of available games worth your time."[76]Eurogamer's comprehensive review of the device provides a detailed account of the device and its features; concluded by saying: "In the here and now, the first-gen Shield Portable is a gloriously niche, luxury product - the most powerful Android system on the market by a clear stretch and possessing a unique link to PC gaming that's seriously impressive in beta form, and can only get better."[77]

Nintendo Switch

edit
The Nintendo Switch in portable mode
Main article:Nintendo Switch

TheNintendo Switchis a hybrid console that can either be used in a handheld form, or inserted into a docking station attached to a television to play on a bigger screen. The Switch features two detachable wireless controllers, called Joy-Con, which can be used individually or attached to a grip to provide a traditional gamepad form. A handheld-only revision namedNintendo Switch Litewas released on September 20, 2019.

The Switch Lite had sold about 1.95 million units worldwide by September 30, 2019, only 10 days after its launch.[78]

2020s

edit

Evercade

edit
Main article:Evercade

Evercade is a handheld game console developed and manufactured by UK company Blaze Entertainment. It focuses on retrogaming with ROM cartridges that each contain a number of emulated games. Development began in 2018, and the console was released in May 2020, after a few delays. Upon its launch, the console offered 10 game cartridges with a combined total of 122 games.

Arc System Works, Atari, Data East, Interplay Entertainment, Bandai Namco Entertainment and Piko Interactive have released emulated versions of their games for the Evercade. Pre-existing homebrew games have also been re-released for the console by Mega Cat Studios. The Evercade is capable of playing games originally released for the Atari 2600, the Atari 7800, the Atari Lynx, the NES, the SNES, and the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive.

Analogue Pocket

edit
Main article:Analogue Pocket

TheAnalogue Pocketis aFPGA-based handheld game console designed and manufactured byAnalogue,[79]It is designed to play games designed for handhelds of thefourth,fifthandsixthgeneration of video game consoles. The console features a design reminiscent of the Game Boy, with additional buttons for the supported platforms. It features a 3.5 "1600x1440 LTPS LCD display, an SD card port, and a link cable port compatible with Game Boy link cables. The Analogue Pocket uses an Altera Cyclone V processor, and is compatible with the original Game Boy, Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance cartridges out of the box. With cartridge adapters (sold separately) the Analogue Pocket can play Game Gear, Neo Geo Pocket, Neo Geo Pocket Color and Atari Lynx game cartridges. The Analogue Pocket includes an additional FPGA, allowing 3rd party FPGA development. The Analogue Pocket was released in December 2021.

Steam Deck

edit
Steam Deck
Main article:Steam Deck

The Steam Deck is a handheld computer device, developed byValve,which runsSteamOS 3.0,a tailoreddistroofArch Linuxand includes support forProton,a compatibility layer that allows mostMicrosoft Windowsgames to be played on the Linux-based operating system. This device and other similar ones generally are not referred to as "consoles" but more commonly ashandheldstylegaming computersdue to effectively beingIBM PC–compatiblelike contemporary desktop and laptop gaming PCs.[80]In terms of hardware, the Deck includes a customAMD APUbased on theirZen 2andRDNA 2architectures, with the CPU running a four-core/eight-thread unit and the GPU running on eightcompute unitswith a total estimated performance of 1.6 TFLOPS.[81]Both the CPU and GPU use variable timing frequencies, with the CPU running between 2.4 and 3.5 GHz and the GPU between 1.0 and 1.6 GHz based on current processor needs.[82][83]Valve stated that the CPU has comparable performance toRyzen 3000desktop computer processors and the GPU performance to theRadeon RX 6000 series.[84]The Deck includes 16 GB ofLPDDR5RAMin a quad channel configuration.[83][85]

Valve revealed the Steam Deck on July 15, 2021, with pre-orders being made option the next day. The Deck was expected to ship in December 2021 to the US, Canada, the EU and the UK but was delayed to February 2022, with other regions to follow in 2022.[86]Pre-orders were limited to those withSteamaccounts opened before June 2021 to prevent resellers from controlling access to the device.[86]Pre-orders reservations on July 16, 2021, through the Steam storefront briefly crashed the servers due to the demand. While initial shipments are still planned by February 2022, Valve has reported to new purchasers that wider availability will be later, with the 64 GB model and 256 GB NVMe model due in Q2 2022, and the 512 GB NVMe model by Q3 2022.[87]Steam Deck was released on February 25, 2022.[88]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^2 million units were sold across all SNK handhelds combined, a model by model breakdown is not available
  1. ^D 4.1 - Standards and technology monitoring report [revised version]ArchivedJune 30, 2013, at theWayback Machine.University of Maribor.Sixth Framework Programme(European Community). April 24, 2007. p. 20.
  2. ^Li, Frederick W. B.Computer Games.ArchivedJuly 14, 2010, at theWayback Machine.Durham University.Retrieved December 19, 2008. p. 4.
  3. ^Loguidice, Bill; Matt Barton (August 15, 2008)."A History of Gaming Platforms: Mattel Intellivision".Gamasutra.RetrievedDecember 27,2008.
  4. ^abDemaria, Rusel; Johnny L. Wilson (2002).High Score! The Illustrated History of Video games.McGraw-Hill.pp. 31–32.ISBN978-0-07-222428-3.
  5. ^"Merlin, the Electronic Wizard - Game Console - Computing History".computinghistory.org.uk.RetrievedJuly 7,2020.
  6. ^abEast, Tom (November 11, 2009)."History Of Nintendo: Game Boy".Official Nintendo Magazine.Archived fromthe originalon November 10, 2014.RetrievedDecember 29,2013.
  7. ^Patsuris, Penelope (June 7, 2004)."Sony PSP Vs. Nintendo DS".Forbes.
  8. ^Hutsko, Joe (March 25, 2000)."88 Million and Counting; Nintendo Remains King of the Handheld Game Players".The New York Times.RetrievedJanuary 12,2009.
  9. ^"30 Years of Handheld Game Systems".PCWorld.December 6, 2009.RetrievedJuly 7,2020.
  10. ^McFerran, Damien (May 19, 2017)."Retrospective: The Awkward Birth of the DS, Nintendo's Most Successful System".Nintendo Life.RetrievedAugust 14,2021.
  11. ^abcDemaria, Rusel; Johnny L. Wilson (2002).High Score! The Illustrated History of Video games.McGraw-Hill.p. 30.ISBN978-0-07-222428-3.
  12. ^Jensen, Kris (January 1978)."New 1978 Electronic Games".Popular Electronics:33–43. Archived fromthe originalon June 28, 2011.RetrievedJuly 17,2016.
  13. ^Morgan, Rik (August 5, 2008)."Cragstan Periscope-Firing Range".Handheld Museum.RetrievedDecember 27,2008.
  14. ^"Optoelectronics Arrives".Time.Vol. 99, no. 14. April 3, 1972. Archived fromthe originalon October 22, 2010.
  15. ^Morgan, Rik (August 5, 2008)."Interview with Howard Cohen".Handheld Museum.RetrievedOctober 1,2009.
  16. ^abKent, Steven (2001).The Ultimate History of Video Games.Prima Publishing. p. 200.ISBN978-0-7615-3643-7.
  17. ^Parish, Jeremy (March 28, 2005)."PSPredecessors".1up. Archived fromthe originalon July 21, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 10,2008.
  18. ^"Mattel's Football (I) (1977, LED, 9 Volt, Model# 2024)".handheldmuseum.RetrievedJuly 16,2016.
  19. ^"Mattel Electronics Football".Retroland.Archived fromthe originalon July 10, 2020.RetrievedJuly 16,2016.
  20. ^"Winners of 59th Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards Announced by National Television Academy at Consumer Electronics Show"(PDF).National Television Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.January 8, 2008. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 21, 2016.RetrievedJuly 16,2016.
  21. ^Herman, Leonard (2001).Phoenix: The Rise and Fall Of Video Games.Rolenta Press. p. 42.ISBN0-9643848-5-X.
  22. ^Niko Silvester."Sony's PlayStation Portable and Milton Bradley's Microvision - The PSP and the History of Handheld Video Gaming, Part 2".about.Archived fromthe originalon August 6, 2020.RetrievedJuly 16,2016.
  23. ^Morgan, Rik (August 5, 2008)."CosmiHunter".Handheld Museum. Archived fromthe originalon June 28, 2011.RetrievedJune 25,2009.
  24. ^Crigger, Lara (March 3, 2007)."The Escapist: Searching for Gunpei Yokoi".Escapistmagazine. Archived fromthe originalon February 13, 2014.RetrievedJuly 17,2016.
  25. ^Pollack, Andrew (October 9, 1997)."Gunpei Yokoi, Chief Designer Of Game Boy, Is Dead at 56".The New York Times.
  26. ^Sheff, David(1999).Game Over: Press Start to Continue.GamePress. p. 28.ISBN978-0-9669617-0-6.
  27. ^Buchanan, Levi (September 8, 2008)."From Janitor to Superstar Gunpei Yokoi, inventor of the Game Boy, would have been 67 this week".IGN.RetrievedDecember 28,2008.
  28. ^Pfau, Jeffrey (2008)."The Game Controller: From the Beginning".13 Things.Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World. Brown University.RetrievedJuly 16,2016.
  29. ^Natapov, D.; MacKenzie, I. S. (2010)."The trackball controller: Improving the analog stick"(PDF).Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on FuturePlay.New York: ACM: 175–182.Archived(PDF)from the original on April 11, 2016.
  30. ^Sheff, David(1999).Game Over: Press Start to Continue.GamePress. p. 294.ISBN978-0-9669617-0-6.
  31. ^"The top ten retro gaming secrets".PC Pro.Archived fromthe originalon January 23, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 26,2011.
  32. ^"The top ten retro gaming secrets".PC Pro.Archived fromthe originalon January 15, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 26,2011.
  33. ^"Game Boy — Nintendo dominates the portable market".First Arkansas News. January 22, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon January 23, 2011.RetrievedApril 28,2011.
  34. ^ab"05 Annual Report"(PDF).Nintendo Co., Ltd. March 31, 2006. p. 65. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 15, 2005.RetrievedMarch 22,2008.
  35. ^ab"Game Boy".A Brief History of Game Console Warfare.BusinessWeek.Archived from the original on May 9, 2007.RetrievedMarch 22,2008.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  36. ^Travis Fahs (April 21, 2009)."IGN Presents the History of SEGA".IGN.p. 7.RetrievedApril 27,2011.
  37. ^Snow, Blake (July 30, 2007)."The 10 Worst-Selling Handhelds of All Time".GamePro.Archived fromthe originalon October 12, 2007.RetrievedJanuary 17,2008.
  38. ^Marriott, Scott Alan."Sega Genesis Nomad - Overview".Allgame.Archived fromthe originalon November 14, 2014.RetrievedOctober 18,2013.
  39. ^Horowitz, Ken (February 7, 2013)."Interview: Joe Miller".Sega-16.RetrievedNovember 17,2013.
  40. ^Kent, Steven L.(2001).The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World.Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. pp. 508, 531.ISBN0-7615-3643-4.
  41. ^Retro Gamerstaff. "Retroinspection: Sega Nomad".Retro Gamer(69). Imagine Publishing: 46–53.
  42. ^"The Incredible Shrinking Game Boy Pocket".Electronic Gaming Monthly.No. 84.Ziff Davis.July 1996. p. 16.
  43. ^"Game Boy Relaunched".Next Generation.No. 20.Imagine Media.August 1996. p. 26.
  44. ^"Pocket Cool".Electronic Gaming Monthly.No. 89.Ziff Davis.December 1996. p. 204.
  45. ^"Show Notes".GamePro.No. 95.IDG.August 1996. p. 16.
  46. ^"A Sign Of The Times: Game Over For SNK".IGN UK. November 2, 2001.
  47. ^Parish, Jeremy (October 28, 2014)."Neo Geo Pocket Color: The portable that changed everything".usgamer.net.Archived fromthe originalon February 9, 2015.RetrievedFebruary 28,2017.
  48. ^"Neo Geo Pocket Color 101, A beginner's guide".racketboy.January 4, 2012.
  49. ^"The end of an era: a cruel look at what we missed: Part 2".June 2000.
  50. ^"Bandai announces release of WonderSwan color".August 30, 2000. Archived fromthe originalon March 20, 2014.RetrievedApril 28,2011.
  51. ^abc"WonderSwan Color Revealed".August 30, 2000.RetrievedApril 28,2011.
  52. ^"Consolidated Financial Highlights"(PDF).Nintendo.January 24, 2008. p. 8.Archived(PDF)from the original on February 16, 2008.RetrievedMarch 22,2008.
  53. ^GP2X Q&A, With Craig Rothwell.Clockerz.Retrieved March 24, 2008.
  54. ^"A New Day for N-Gage".Nokia. Archived fromthe originalon April 12, 2009.RetrievedApril 3,2008.
  55. ^"Consolidated Financial Highlights"(PDF).Nintendo. May 7, 2009. p. 22.Archived(PDF)from the original on June 29, 2011.RetrievedMay 7,2009.
  56. ^Gameking 2 Portable Game Machine.Gizmodo (April 30, 2005). Retrieved on 2013-08-23.
  57. ^"PSP - About".Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived fromthe originalon February 13, 2008.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  58. ^"PSP Technical Specifications"."Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived fromthe originalon February 13, 2008.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  59. ^"E3 2003: Sony Goes Handheld!".IGN.May 13, 2003.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  60. ^Miller II, Stanley A. (May 11, 2004)."Sony aims to take on rivals".Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2021.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  61. ^"PSP Japanese launch impressions".1UP. December 11, 2004. Archived fromthe originalon July 21, 2016.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  62. ^Thorsen, Tor (March 24, 2005)."The US PSP Launch".GameSpot.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  63. ^"Sony PSP launches across Europe".The BBC. September 1, 2005.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  64. ^"E3 2003: PSP Press Release".gamedaily. December 31, 2003. Archived fromthe originalon March 23, 2008.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  65. ^"Support - PSP - Movies"."Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived fromthe originalon March 15, 2008.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  66. ^Roper, Chris (March 28, 2005)."Sony PSP vs. Nintendo DS".IGN.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  67. ^"PSP - About - Multimedia".Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived fromthe originalon February 14, 2008.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  68. ^"User's Guide - Remote Play".Sony Computer Entertainment.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  69. ^"Support - PSP - Connecting to the Internet".Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived fromthe originalon March 15, 2008.RetrievedMarch 12,2008.
  70. ^"Official Blog: It finally happened!".OpenPandora. May 22, 2010. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012.RetrievedMay 22,2010.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  71. ^First shipping emails hit inboxes.Pandora Press.May 21, 2010.
  72. ^"PS Vita production to end in 2019 in Japan - Gematsu".Gematsu.September 20, 2018.RetrievedMarch 10,2019.
  73. ^"PS Vita production ended in Japan".March 2019.
  74. ^Gilbert, Ben (July 31, 2013)."NVIDIA Shield review".Engadget.RetrievedJuly 31,2013.
  75. ^Franklin, Eric."Nvidia Shield Review".Reviews.cnet.RetrievedAugust 2,2013.
  76. ^Leadbetter, Richard (August 11, 2013)."Nvidia Shield review".Eurogamer.net.RetrievedAugust 12,2013.
  77. ^"Consolidated Financial Highlights - Q2 FY2020"(PDF).Nintendo.October 31, 2019.Archived(PDF)from the original on October 31, 2019.RetrievedOctober 31,2019.
  78. ^"Analogue homepage".Analogue, Inc.
  79. ^"Valve Steam Deck Review".PCMAG.RetrievedNovember 5,2024.
  80. ^"Steam Deck:: Tech Specs".Steam Deck.
  81. ^Moore, Bo (July 15, 2021)."Steam Deck: The First Hands-On With Valve's Handheld Gaming PC".IGN.RetrievedJuly 15,2021.
  82. ^abPhillips, Tom (July 15, 2021)."Valve announces Steam Deck, a £349 handheld PC".Eurogamer.RetrievedJuly 15,2021.
  83. ^Weatherbed, Jess (July 23, 2021)."Valve claims the Steam Deck can handle any game you throw at it, including AAAs".TechRadar.RetrievedJuly 23,2021.
  84. ^Loeffler, John (July 21, 2021)."Steam Deck gets a spec update, and it's good news for gamers".TechRadar.RetrievedJuly 22,2021.
  85. ^abPeters, Jay (July 15, 2021)."Valve's gaming handheld is called the Steam Deck and it's shipping in December".The Verge.RetrievedJuly 15,2021.
  86. ^Yin-Poole, Wesley (July 17, 2021)."Steam Deck expected order availability now Q1 2022 (64GB) and Q2 2022 (256GB/512GB)".Eurogamer.RetrievedJuly 17,2021.
  87. ^Larabel, Michael (February 25, 2022)."For Linux Enthusiasts Especially, The Steam Deck Is An Incredible & Fun Device".Phoronix.RetrievedFebruary 27,2022.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toHandheld game consoles.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handheld_game_console&oldid=1255584533"