Wikipedia

Hans-Dietrich Genscher

Hans-Dietrich Genscher(21 March 1927 – 31 March 2016) was a German statesman and a member of the liberalFree Democratic Party(FDP), who served asFederal Minister of the Interiorfrom 1969 to 1974, and asFederal Minister for Foreign AffairsandVice Chancellor of Germanyfrom 1974 to 1992 (except for a two-week break in 1982, after the FDP had left theThird Schmidt cabinet), making him the longest-serving occupant of either post and the only person to have held one of these positions under two differentChancellorsof theFederal Republic of Germany.In 1991 he was chairman of theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe(OSCE).

Hans-Dietrich Genscher
Genscher in 1978
Vice Chancellor of Germany
(West Germanyuntil 1990)
In office
1 October 1982 – 17 May 1992
PresidentKarl Carstens
Richard von Weizsäcker
ChancellorHelmut Kohl
Preceded byEgon Franke
Succeeded byJürgen Möllemann
In office
17 May 1974 – 17 September 1982
PresidentGustav Heinemann
Walter Scheel
Karl Carstens
ChancellorHelmut Schmidt
Preceded byWalter Scheel
Succeeded byEgon Franke
Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs
In office
1 October 1982 – 17 May 1992
ChancellorHelmut Kohl
Preceded byHelmut Schmidt
Succeeded byKlaus Kinkel
In office
17 May 1974 – 17 September 1982
ChancellorHelmut Schmidt
Preceded byWalter Scheel
Succeeded byHelmut Schmidt
Leader of theFree Democratic Party
In office
1 October 1974 – 23 February 1985
Preceded byWalter Scheel
Succeeded byMartin Bangemann
Federal Minister of the Interior
In office
22 October 1969 – 16 May 1974
ChancellorWilly Brandt
Preceded byErnst Benda
Succeeded byWerner Maihofer
Member of theBundestagforNorth Rhine-Westphalia
In office
19 September 1965 – 26 October 1998
ConstituencyFDP List
Personal details
Born(1927-03-21)21 March 1927
Reideburg,Prussia,Germany
Died31 March 2016(2016-03-31)(aged 89)
Wachtberg,Germany
Political partyFree Democratic Party of Germany(1952–2016)
Other political
affiliations		Nazi Party(until 1945)
Liberal Democratic Party of Germany(GDR)(1946–1952)
Spouses
Luise Schweitzer
​
​
(m.1958;div.1966)​
Barbara Genscher
​
(m.1969)​
Alma mater
OccupationPolitician
Signature
Websitegenscher.de

A proponent ofRealpolitik,Genscher has been called "a master of diplomacy".[1]He is widely regarded as having been a principal "architect ofGerman reunification".[2]In 1991, he played a pivotal role in international diplomacy surrounding thebreakup of Yugoslaviaby successfully pushing for international recognition of Croatia, Slovenia and other republics declaring independence, in an effort to halt "a trend towards aGreater Serbia".[3]After leaving office, he worked as a lawyer and international consultant. He was President of theGerman Council on Foreign Relationsand was involved with several international organisations, and with former Czech PresidentVáclav Havel,he called for aCold Warmuseum to be built in Berlin.

Biography

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Early life

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Genscher was born on 21 March 1927 inReideburg(Province of Saxony), now a part ofHalle,in what later becameEast Germany.He was the son of Hilda Kreime and Kurt Genscher.[4]His father, a lawyer, died when Genscher was nine years old.[5]In 1943, he was drafted to serve as a member of the Air Force Support Personnel (Luftwaffenhelfer) at the age of 16. At age 17, close to the end of thewar,he and his fellow soldiers became members of theNazi Partydue to a collective application (Sammelantrag) by hisWehrmachtunit. He later said he was unaware of it at the time.[6]

Late in the war, Genscher was deployed as a soldier in GeneralWalther Wenck's12th Army,which ostensibly was directed to relieve the siege of Berlin. After the German surrender he was an American and Britishprisoner of war,but was released after two months.[7]Following World War II, he studied law and economics at the universities ofHalleandLeipzig(1946–1949) and joined the East GermanLiberal Democratic Party(LDPD) in 1946.[8]

Political career

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In 1952, GenscherfledtoWest Germany,where he joined theFree Democratic Party(FDP). He passed his second state examination in law inHamburgin 1954 and became a solicitor inBremen.During these early years after the war, Genscher continuously struggled with illness. From 1956 to 1959 he was a research assistant of the FDP parliamentary group in Bonn. From 1959 to 1965 he was the FDP group managing director, while from 1962 to 1964 he was National Secretary of the FDP.[5]

In1965Genscher was elected on the North Rhine-Westphalian FDP list to theWest German parliamentand remained a member of parliament until his retirement in 1998.[9]He was elected deputy national chairman in 1968. From 1969 he served as minister of the interior in the SPD-FDP coalition government led byChancellorWilly Brandt.[5]

In 1974 he became foreign minister andvice chancellor,both posts he would hold for 18 years.[5]From 1 October 1974 to 23 February 1985 he was Chairman of the FDP. It was during his tenure as party chairman that the FDP switched from being the junior member of social-liberal coalition to being the junior member of the 1982 coalition with the CDU/CSU. In 1985 he gave up the post of national chairman.[10]After his resignation as Foreign Minister, Genscher was appointed honorary chairman of the FDP in 1992.[11]

Federal Minister of the Interior

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After thefederal election of 1969Genscher was instrumental in the formation of the social-liberal coalition ofchancellorWilly Brandtand was on 22 October 1969 appointed asfederal minister of the interior. In 1972, while minister for the interior, Genscher rejected Israel's offer to send an Israeli special forces unit to Germany to deal with theMunich Olympics hostage crisis.He offered himself as a hostage under the condition that the Israeli athletes would be released, but the leader of the terror group rejected that offer.[12]A flawed rescue attempt by German police forces atFürstenfeldbruckair base resulted in a bloody shootout, which left all eleven hostages, five terrorists, and one German policeman dead. Genscher then offered to resign as Minister of the Interior to cancellor Brandt, but Brandt rejected the offer.[12]Genscher's popularity with Israel declined further when he endorsed the release of the three captured attackers followingthe hijacking of a Lufthansa aircrafton 29 October 1972.[5][13]

In the SPD–FDP coalition, Genscher helped shape Brandt's policy of deescalation with the communist East, commonly known asOstpolitik,which was continued underchancellorHelmut Schmidtafter Brandt's resignation in 1974.[10]He would later be a driving factor in continuing this policy in the new conservative-liberal coalition underHelmut Kohl.[9]

Vice Chancellor and Federal Foreign Minister

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In the negotiations on acoalition governmentof SPD and FDP following the1976 elections,it took Genscher 73 days to reach agreement withChancellorHelmut Schmidt.[14]

AsForeign Minister,Genscher stood for a policy of compromise between East and West, and developed strategies for an active policy ofdétenteand the continuation of the East–West dialogue with the USSR. He was widely regarded a strong advocate of negotiated settlements to international problems.[15]As a popular story on Genscher's preferred method ofshuttle diplomacyhas it, "twoLufthansajets crossed over the Atlantic, and Genscher was on both ".[16]

George H. W. Bushand Genscher (21 November 1989)

Genscher was a major player in the negotiations on the text of theHelsinki Accords.In December 1976, theGeneral Assembly of the United Nationsin New York City accepted Genscher's proposal of an anti-terrorism convention in New York,[17]which was set among other things, to respond to demands from hostage-takers under any circumstances.

Genscher was one of the FDP's driving forces when, in 1982, the party switched sides from its coalition with the SPD to support theCDU/CSUin theirConstructive vote of no confidenceto have incumbentHelmut Schmidtreplaced with opposition leaderHelmut Kohlas Chancellor. The reason for this was the increase in the differences between the coalition partners, particularly in economic and social policy. The switch was controversial, not least in his own party.[18]

At several points in his tenure, he irritated the governments of the United States and other allies of Germany by appearing not to support Western initiatives fully. "During the Cold War, his penchant to seek the middle ground at times exasperated United States policy-makers who wanted a more decisive, less equivocal Germany", according to Tyler Marshall.[19]Genscher's perceived quasi-neutralism was dubbedGenscherism.[15]"Fundamental toGenscherismwas said to be the belief that Germany could play a role as a bridge between East and West without losing its status as a reliable NATO ally. "[15]In the 1980s, Genscher opposed the deployment of new short-range NATO missiles in Germany. At the time, theReagan Administrationquestioned whether Germany was straying from the Western alliance and following a program of its own.[20]

In 1984, Genscher became the first Western foreign minister to visitTehransince theIranian Revolutionof 1979. In 1988, he appointed Jürgen Hellner as West Germany's new ambassador to Libya, a post that had been vacant since the1986 Berlin discotheque bombing,a tragedy which U.S. officials blamed on the government ofMuammar Gaddafi.[21]

Genscher's proposals frequently set the tone and direction of foreign affairs among Western Europe's democracies.[19]He was also an active participant in the further development of theEuropean Union,taking an active part in theSingle European ActTreaty negotiations in the mid-1980s, as well as the joint publication of the Genscher-Colombo plan withItalian Minister of Foreign AffairsEmilio Colombowhich advocated further integration and deepening of relations in theEuropean Uniontowards a morefederal Europe.He later was among the politicians who pushed hard for monetary union alongsideEdouard Balladur,France's finance minister, andGiuliano Amato,[22]circulating a memorandum to that effect.[23]

Genscher retained his posts as foreign minister and vice chancellor through German reunification and until 1992 when he stepped down for health reasons.[24]

Reunification efforts

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Genscher in the GDR, 1990

Genscher is most respected for his efforts that helped spell the end of theCold War,in the late 1980s when Communist eastern European governments toppled, and which led toGerman reunification.During his time in office, he focused on maintaining stability and balance between the West and the Soviet bloc. From the beginning, he argued that the West should seek cooperation with Communist governments rather than treat them as implacably hostile; this policy was embraced by many Germans and other Europeans.[20]

Genscher had great interest in European integration and the success of German reunification. He soon pushed for effective support of political reform processes inPolandandHungary.For this purpose, he visited Poland to meet the chairman of SolidarityLech Wałęsaas early as January 1980. Especially from 1987 he campaigned for an "active relaxation" policy response by the West to the Soviet efforts. In the years before German reunification, he made a point of maintaining strong ties with his birthplace Halle, which was regarded as significant by admirers and critics alike.[25]

When thousands of East Germans sought refuge in West German embassies inCzechoslovakiaand Poland, Genscher held discussions on the refugee crisis at the United Nations in New York with the foreign ministers of Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1989.[26]Genscher's 30 September 1989 speech from the balcony of theGerman embassy in Praguewas an important milestone on the road to the end of theGDR.In the embassy courtyard thousands of East German citizens had assembled. They were trying to travel to West Germany, but were being denied permission to travel by the Czechoslovak government at the request of East Germany. He announced that he had reached an agreement with the Communist Czechoslovak government that the refugees could leave: "We have come to you to tell you that today, your departure..." (German: "Wir sind zu Ihnen gekommen, um Ihnen mitzuteilen, dass heute Ihre Ausreise..." ). After these words, the speech was drowned in cheers.[27]

With his fellow foreign ministersJames Bakerof the United States andEduard Shevardnadzeof the Soviet Union, Genscher is widely credited with securing Germany's subsequent peaceful unification and the withdrawal of Soviet forces.[28]He negotiated the German reunification in 1990 with his counterpart from the GDR,Markus Meckel.[29]On 12 September 1990 he signed theTreaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germanyon behalf of West Germany.[30]In November 1990, Genscher and his Polish counterpartKrzysztof Skubiszewskisigned theGerman-Polish Border Treatyon the establishment of theOder–Neisse lineas Poland's western border. Meanwhile, he strongly endorsed the plans of the Bush Administration to assure continued U.S. influence in a post-Cold War Europe.[31]

Post-reunification

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In 1991, Genscher successfully pushed for Germany's recognition of theRepublic of Croatiain theCroatian War of Independenceshortly after JNA enteredVukovar.[32]After Croatia andSloveniahad declared independence, Genscher concluded that Yugoslavia could not be held together, and that republics that wanted to break from the Serbian-dominated federation deserved quickdiplomatic recognition.He hoped that such recognition would stop the fighting.[20]The rest of theEuropean Unionwas subsequently pressured to follow suit soon afterward.[33]TheUN Secretary-GeneralJavier Pérez de Cuéllarhad warned the German Government, that a recognition of Slovenia and Croatia would lead to an increase in aggression in the former Yugoslavia.

At a meeting of theEuropean Community's foreign ministers in 1991, Genscher proposed to press for awar crimes trialfor PresidentSaddam Husseinof Iraq, accusing him ofaggressionagainst Kuwait, usingchemical weaponsagainst civilians and condoninggenocideagainst theKurds.[34]

During theGulf War,Genscher sought to deal with Iraq after other Western leaders had decided to go to war to force it out of Kuwait. Germany made a substantial financial contribution to the allied cause but, citing constitutional restrictions on the use of its armed forces, provided almost no military assistance.[20]In January 1991, Germany sent Genscher on a state visit to Israel and followed up with an agreement to provide the Jewish state with $670 million in military aid, including financing for two submarines long coveted by Israel, a battery of Patriot missiles to defend against Iraqi missiles, 58 armored vehicles specially fitted to detect chemical and biological attacks, and a shipment of gas masks.[35]When, in the aftermath of the war, a far-reaching political debate broke out over how Germany should fulfill its global responsibilities, Genscher responded that if foreign powers expect Germany to assume greater responsibility in the world, they should give it a chance to express its views "more strongly" in theUnited Nations Security Council.[15]He also famously held that "whatever floats is fine, whatever rolls is not" to sum up Germany's military export policy for restless countries – based on a navy's unsuitability for use against a country's own people.[36]

In 1992, Genscher, together with his Danish colleagueUffe Ellemann-Jensen,took the initiative to create theCouncil of the Baltic Sea States(CBSS) and theEuroFaculty.[37]

More than half a century after Nazi leaders assembled their infamous exhibition "Degenerate Art", a sweeping condemnation of the work of the avant-garde, Genscher opened a re-creation of the show at theAltes Museumin March 1992, describing Nazi attempts to restrict artistic expression as "a step toward the catastrophe that produced the mass murder of European Jews and the war of extermination against Germany's neighbors." "The paintings in this exhibition have survived oppression and censorship", he asserted in his opening remarks. "They are not only a monument but also a sign of hope. They stand for the triumph of creative freedom over barbarism."[38]

On 18 May 1992, Genscher retired at his own request from the federal government, which he had been member of for a total of 23 years. At the time, he was the world's longest-serving foreign minister and Germany's most popular politician.[39]He had announced his decision three weeks earlier, on 27 April 1992. Genscher did not specify his reasons for quitting; however, he had suffered two heart attacks by that time. His resignation took effect in May, but he remained a member of parliament and continued to be influential in the Free Democratic Party.[20]

Following Genscher's resignation, ChancellorHelmut Kohland FDP chairmanOtto Graf LambsdorffnamedIrmgard Schwaetzer,a former aide to Genscher, to be the new Foreign Minister.[20]In a surprise decision, however, a majority of the FDP parliamentary group rejected her nomination and voted instead to name Justice MinisterKlaus Kinkelto head the Foreign Ministry.[40]

Activities after politics

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Genscher in 2013

Ahead of theGerman presidential electionin 1994, Genscher proclaimed his lack of interest in the position, but was nonetheless widely considered a leading contender. After a poll taken forSternmagazine showed him to be the favored candidate of 48 percent of German voters, he reiterated in 1993 that he would "in no case" accept the presidency.[41]

Having finished his political career, Genscher remained active as a lawyer and in international organizations. In late 1992, Genscher was appointed chairman of a newly established donors' board of theBerlin State Opera.[42]Between 1997 and 2010, Genscher was affiliated with the law firm Büsing, Müffelmann & Theye.[43]He founded his own consulting firm, Hans-Dietrich Genscher Consult GmbH, in 2000. Between 2001 and 2003, he served as president of theGerman Council on Foreign Relations.[44]In 2001, Genscher headed an arbitration that ended a monthlong battle between German airlineLufthansaand its pilots' union and resulted in an agreement on increasing wages by more than 15 percent by the end of the following year.[45]

In 2008, Genscher joined formerCzech PresidentVáclav Havel,formerUnited States Ambassador to GermanyJohn Kornblumand several other well-known political figures in calling for aCold Warmuseum to be built atCheckpoint Charliein Berlin.[46]In 2009 Genscher expressed public concern atPope Benedict XVI's lifting ofexcommunicationof the bishops of theSociety of Saint Pius X.Genscher wrote in theMitteldeutsche Zeitung:"Poles can be proud ofPope John Paul II.At the last papal election, we said We are the pope! But please—not like this. "[47]He argued thatPope Benedict XVIwas making a habit of offending non-Catholics. "This is a deep moral and political question. It is about respect for the victims of crimes against humanity", Genscher said.[48]

On 20 December 2013, it was revealed that Genscher played a key role in coordinating the release and flight to Germany ofMikhail Khodorkovsky,the former head ofYukos.Genscher had first met Khodorkovsky in 2002 and had chaired a conference at which Khodorkovsky blasted Russian PresidentVladimir Putin's pursuit of his oil company.[49]Khodorkovsky asked his lawyers during a 2011 prison visit to let Genscher help mediate early release. Once Putin was re-elected in 2012, GermanChancellorAngela Merkelinstructed her officials to lobby for the president to meet Genscher.[49][50]The subsequent negotiations involved two meetings between Genscher and Putin – one atBerlin Tegel Airportat the end of Putin's first visit to Germany after he was re-elected in 2012, the other in Moscow. While keeping the chancellor informed, Khodorkovsky's attorneys and Genscher spent the ensuing months developing a variety of legal avenues that could allow Putin to release his former rival early, ranging from amendments to existing laws toclemency.[49]When Khodorkovsky's mother was in a Berlin hospital with cancer in November 2013, Genscher passed a message to Khodorkovsky suggesting the prisoner should write a pardon letter to Putin emphasizing his mother's ill health.[51]Following Putin's pardoning of Khodorkovsky "for humanitarian reasons" in December 2013, a private plane provided by Genscher brought Khodorkovsky to Berlin for a family reunion at theHotel Adlon.[52]

Genscher signed on in 2014 to be a member of theSouthern CorridorAdvisory Panel, aBP-led consortium which includes former British Prime MinisterTony BlairandPeter Sutherland,chairman ofGoldman Sachs International.[53]The panel's purpose is to facilitate the expansion of a vast natural-gas field in theCaspian Seaand the building of two pipelines across Europe. The $45 billion enterprise, championed by the Azerbaijani president,Ilham Aliyev,has been called by critics "the Blair Rich Project".[54]

Death

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Genscher died at his home outside Bonn inWachtbergon 31 March 2016 from heart failure, 10 days after his 89th birthday.[55][56]

Other activities (selection)

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Recognition (selection)

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Genscher has been awardedhonorary citizenshipby his birthplaceHalle (Saale)(in 1991)[71]and the city ofBerlin(in 1993).[72]

Selected works

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  • Die Rolle Europas im Kontext der Globalisierung,in:Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y.(ed.): Herausforderung Demokratie. Demokratisch, parlamentarisch, gut? (= Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society, Vol. 6), Baden-Baden 2011,ISBN978-3-8329-5816-9
  • (Hrsg.):Nach vorn gedacht… Perspektiven deutscher Aussenpolitik.Bonn Aktuell, Stuttgart 1987,ISBN3-87959-290-X.
  • Zukunftsverantwortung. Reden.Buchverlag Der Morgen, Berlin 1990,ISBN3-371-00312-4.
  • Unterwegs zur Einheit. Reden und Dokumente aus bewegter Zeit.Siedler, Berlin 1991,ISBN3-88680-408-9.
  • Wir wollen ein europäisches Deutschland.Siedler, Berlin 1991, Goldmann 1992ISBN3-442-12839-0.
  • Politik aus erster Hand. Kolumnen des Bundesaußenministers a. D. Hans-Dietrich Genscher in der Nordsee-Zeitung Bremerhaven.Nordwestdeutsche Verlags-Gesellschaft, Bremerhaven 1992,ISBN3-927857-36-X.
  • Kommentare.ECON-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Düsseldorf/Wien 1994,ISBN3-612-26185-1.
  • Erinnerungen.Siedler, Berlin 1995,ISBN3-88680-453-4;Goldmann, München 1997,ISBN3-442-12759-9.
  • Sternstunde der Deutschen. Hans-Dietrich Genscher im Gespräch mitUlrich Wickert.Mit sechs Beiträgen.Hohenheim, Stuttgart/Leipzig 2000,ISBN3-89850-011-X.
  • Die Chance der Deutschen. Ein Gesprächsbuch. Hans-Dietrich Genscher im Gespräch mitGuido Knopp.Pendo, München 2008,ISBN978-3-86612-190-4.
  • Die Rolle Europas im Kontext der Globalisierung,in:Caroline Y. Robertson-von Trotha(Hrsg.): Herausforderung Demokratie. Demokratisch, parlamentarisch, gut? (= Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society, Bd. 6), Baden-Baden 2011,ISBN978-3-8329-5816-9.
  • Zündfunke aus Prag. Wie 1989 der Mut zur Freiheit die Geschichte veränderte, mit Karel Vodička.dtv, München 2014,ISBN978-3-423-28047-1.
  • Meine Sicht der Dinge. Im Gespräch mit Hans-Dieter Heumann.Propyläen, Berlin, 2015,ISBN978-3-549-07464-0.

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toHans-Dietrich Genscher.

References

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  1. ^A master of diplomacy,Deutsche Welle.
  2. ^Whitney, Craig R.; Eddy, Melissa (1 April 2016)."Hans-Dietrich Genscher, an Architect of German Reunification, Dies at 89".The New York Times.Retrieved1 April2016.
  3. ^Recognizing Slovenia, Croatia brought peace, Genscher says,Deutsche Welle.
  4. ^Publications, Europa (2003).The International Who's Who 2004.Psychology Press.ISBN9781857432176.
  5. ^abcdeGünsche, Karl-Ludwig (1 April 2016)."Zum Tod von Hans-Dietrich Genscher: Marathonmann der deutschen Politik".Spiegel Online(in German).Retrieved1 April2016.
  6. ^Zeitgeschichte: Von Grass bis Genscher – Wer noch in der NSDAP war.Die Welt,1 July 2007.
  7. ^Ulrich Herbert, Universität Freiburg, Darmstädter Echo, Samstag, 13 June 2015, p. 5.
  8. ^Dennis Kavanagh (1998). "Genscher, Hans-Dietrich".A Dictionary of Political Biography.Oxford: OUP. p. 184. Archived fromthe originalon 27 October 2021.Retrieved1 September2013.
  9. ^ab"Bundestag trauert um Hans-Dietrich Genscher"(in German). Deutscher Bundestag. 1 April 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
  10. ^abHofmann, Gunter (1 May 1992)."Der" Mister Mitte "der Republik".Die Zeit(in German).Retrieved1 April2016.
  11. ^"Porträt: Jahrzehnte prägte Genscher die deutsche Politik".Die Zeit(in German). 1 April 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
  12. ^ab"Die Rolle von Hans-Dietrich Genscher".daserste.de.Retrieved16 July2024.
  13. ^"1972 Olympics Massacre: Germany's Secret Contacts to Palestinian Terrorists".Der Spiegel.28 August 2012.Retrieved26 July2013.
  14. ^Quentin Peel (22 September 2013),Coalition uncertainty hangs over Angela Merkel victoryFinancial Times.
  15. ^abcdStephen Kinzer (22 March 1991),Genscher At Eye of Policy DebateThe New York Times.
  16. ^William Tuohy(11 June 1989),Bonn's Genscher Views Gorbachev Reforms as 'Historic Opportunity'Los Angeles Times.
  17. ^Drafting of an international convention against taking hostagesArchived23 March 2014 at theWayback Machine
  18. ^"Hans-Dietrich Genscher: Ein Leben in Bildern"(in German). Tagesschau. 1 April 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
  19. ^abTyler Marshall (28 April 1992),Genscher Quits as Germany's Foreign MinisterLos Angeles Times.
  20. ^abcdefStephen Kinzer (28 April 1992),Genscher, Bonn's Foreign Minister 18 Years, ResignsThe New York Times.
  21. ^Bonn Names Libya EnvoyLos Angeles Times,1 October 1988.
  22. ^Tony Barber (16 December 2012),The blueprint for lopsided monetary unionFinancial Times.
  23. ^Hans-Dietrich Genscher (26 February 1988),Memorandum für die Schaffung eines europäischen Währungsraumes und einer Europäischen Zentralbank.
  24. ^"Hans-Dietrich Genscher mit 89 Jahren gestorben".Die Welt(in German). 1 April 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
  25. ^William Tuohy (11 June 1989),Bonn's Genscher Views Gorbachev Reforms as 'Historic Opportunity'Los Angeles Times.
  26. ^William Tuohy (1 October 1989),E. Germans Win Bid to Go to West: Prague, Warsaw Permit 4,000 in Embassies to LeaveLos Angeles Times.
  27. ^"Former German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher dies".BBC. 1 April 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
  28. ^Former Soviet Minister and Georgia Leader Shevardnadze Dies at 86Haaretz,7 July 2014.
  29. ^Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the GDR: A New Beginning with Big Plans.In:Sites of Unity(Haus der Geschichte), 2022.
  30. ^"Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America – Treaty on the final settlement with respect to Germany (with agreed minute). Signed at Moscow on 12 September 1990"(PDF).United Nations. 1 December 1992.
  31. ^Norman Kempster (5 April 1990),Bonn Official Agrees U.S. Must Play Role in EuropeLos Angeles Times.
  32. ^Stephen Kinzer (16 January 1992),Europe, Backing Germans, Accepts Yugoslav BreakupThe New York Times.
  33. ^Paul Lewis (16 December 1991),U.N. Yields to Plans by Germany To Recognize Yugoslav RepublicsThe New York Times.
  34. ^Alan Riding(16 April 1991),European Nations to Lift Sanctions On South AfricaThe New York Times.
  35. ^Tom Hundley (3 February 1991),German Aid To Iraq Opens Israeli WoundsChicago Tribune.
  36. ^Germany debates weapons exports amid Iraq 'exception'Deutsche Welle,25 August 2014.
  37. ^Gustav N Kristensen,Born into a Dream. EuroFaculty and the Council of the Baltic Sea States,Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag 2010,ISBN978-3-8305-1769-6.
  38. ^Stephen Kinzer (5 March 1992),Nazi Show Of 'Bad' Art Reopens In BerlinThe New York Times.
  39. ^Ian Johnson (28 April 1992),[1]The Baltimore Sun.
  40. ^Stephen Kinzer (29 April 1992),Party in Bonn Rebels on Genscher's SuccessorThe New York Times.
  41. ^Stephen Kinzer (27 March 1993),Germany Considers Jew as PresidentThe New York Times.
  42. ^John Rockwell(12 December 1992),New Start for an Old Opera in BerlinThe New York Times.
  43. ^"Kanzlei: Feine, juristische Lösungen. Seit 1961"(in German). Büsing, Müffelmann & Theye. Archived fromthe originalon 18 April 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
  44. ^abcdefghijk"Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1927 – 2016".Lebendiges Museum Online(in German). Haus der Deutschen Geschichte.Retrieved1 April2016.
  45. ^Edmund L. Andrews (9 June 2001),Germany: Airline AgreementThe New York Times.
  46. ^Mark Waffel (17 June 2008),Safeguarding the Past in Berlin: Political Heavyweights Call for Cold War MuseumSpiegel Online.
  47. ^Wir Sind Papst – aber bitte nicht so!Mitteldeutsche Zeitung,2 February 2009.
  48. ^"German-born pope under fire in his homeland over tolerance of Holocaust denial".Haaretz.3 February 2009.
  49. ^abcBenoit, Bertrand;Troianovski, Anton;White, Gregory L. (22 December 2013)."Germany Led Talks to Free Russian Tycoon".The Wall Street Journal.Berlin.ISSN0099-9660.
  50. ^Arkady Ostrovsky (23 December 2013),Mikhail Khodorkovsky: In from the coldThe Economist.
  51. ^Michelle Martin and Lidia Kelly (26 December 2013),Inside Germany's campaign to free KhodorkovskyReuters.
  52. ^Alison Smale (23 December 2013),Deep Russia-Germany Ties Behind a Prisoner's ReleaseThe New York Times.
  53. ^Guy Chazan (17 July 2014),Tony Blair to advise on Azerbaijan gas projectFinancial Times.
  54. ^Sarah Ellison(January 2015),The Which Blair ProjectVanity Fair.
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  63. ^Members of the Board of TrusteesDimitris Tsatsos Institute for European Constitutional Law at theFernUniversität Hagen.
  64. ^"Hans-Dietrich Genscher".EastWest Institute. Archived fromthe originalon 11 April 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
  65. ^"Beirat"(in German). ELSA Deutschland. Archived fromthe originalon 16 April 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
  66. ^"Wittenberg Center for Global Ethics: The WCGE grieves the loss of Hans-Dietrich Genscher".Wittenberg Center for Global Ethics. Archived fromthe originalon 1 April 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
  67. ^"Kuratorium"(in German). Bonner Akademie für Forschung und Lehre praktischer Politik.Retrieved1 April2016.
  68. ^"Vorstand und Kuratoriumsmitglieder"(in German). Kloster Ilsenburg. Archived fromthe originalon 21 March 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
  69. ^KuratoriumMartin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg.
  70. ^Neues Kuratorium an der UniversitätUniversity of Bonn,press release of 17 December 2003.
  71. ^abc"Hans-Dietrich Genscher"(in German). Wirtschaftswoche. Archived fromthe originalon 25 March 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
  72. ^"Müller zum Tod von Hans-Dietrich Genscher:" Berlin dankt dem Ehrenbürger und Staatsmann "".berlin.de(in German). Der Regierende Bürgermeister des Landes Berlin. 1 April 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 6 April 2016.Retrieved1 April2016.
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  75. ^"Honorary Doctorates awarded by Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University since 1918"(PDF).Tbilisi State University.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 28 October 2023.Retrieved28 October2023.
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Further reading

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  • Wilsford, David, ed.Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary(Greenwood, 1995) pp. 155–64.

Literature

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Political offices
Preceded by Interior Minister of West Germany
1969–1974 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Foreign Minister of West Germany
1974–1982 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Foreign Minister of West Germany
1982–1990 		Germany reunifies
Recreated Foreign Minister of Germany
1990–1992 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Vice-Chancellor of West Germany
1974–1982 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Vice-Chancellor of West Germany
1982–1990 		Germany reunifies
Recreated Vice-Chancellor of Germany
1990–1992 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Post created
 Chairman-in-Office of the OSCE
1991 		Succeeded by
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