Wikipedia

Harry Pollitt

For the locomotive engineer, seeHarry Pollitt (engineer).

Harry Pollitt(22 November 1890 – 27 June 1960) was a British communist who served as the General Secretary of theCommunist Party of Great Britain(CPGB) from July 1929 to September 1939 and again from 1941 until his death in 1960. Pollitt spent most of his life advocating communism. Ideologically aMarxist–Leninist,Pollitt was an adherent particularly ofJoseph Stalineven after Stalin's death and disavowal byNikita Khrushchev.Pollitt's acts included opposition to the Allied intervention in theRussian Civil WarandPolish–Soviet War,support for theSpanish Republicansduring theSpanish Civil War,both support for and opposition to the war againstNazi Germany,defence of thecommunist coup in Czechoslovakia,and support for the1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary.

Harry Pollitt
Pollitt in 1934
3rd & 5thGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain[a]
In office
June 1941 – 13 May 1956
Preceded byR. Palme Dutt
Succeeded byJohn Gollan
In office
July 1929 – 11 October 1939
Preceded byJ. R. Campbell
Succeeded byR. Palme Dutt
General Secretary of theNational Minority Movement
In office
1924–1929
Personal details
Born
Harry Pollitt

(1890-11-22)22 November 1890
Droylsden,Lancashire,England
Died27 June 1960(1960-06-27)(aged 69)
Great Australian Bight,aboardSSOrion
Resting placeGolders Green Crematorium,Golders Green,London
Political partyCommunist Party of Great Britain
Other political
affiliations		Workers' Socialist Federation National Minority Movement
Spouse
​
(m.1925)​
Children2
Parent(s)Samuel Pollitt
Mary Louisa
Signature

He contested a number of parliamentary elections, but never won, despite coming close in 1945. Throughout his time as leader of CPGB, he was in direct secret radio contact with Moscow as CPGB's "Code Holder", and was monitored by the British security services.

Early life

edit

Childhood and early career

edit

Pollitt was born on 22 November 1890 inDroylsden,Lancashire. He was the second of six children of Samuel Pollitt (1863–1933), ablacksmith's striker,and his wife, Mary Louisa (1868–1939), acotton spinner,daughter of William Charlesworth, ajoiner.Pollitt's parents weresocialists,and his mother was a member of theIndependent Labour Partybefore joining theCommunist partywhen it was formed in 1920.[1]

Three of his siblings died in infancy. The death of his younger sister Winifred particularly affected Pollitt, who said that he would "pay God out. Pay everybody out for making my sister suffer". Pollitt began work at the age of 12, alongside his mother. The suffering of his mother, who regularly worked standing in water wearing only wooden clogs, also particularly affected Pollitt, who later said that he "swore that when I grew up I would pay the Boss es out for the hardships that she suffered". Pollitt later became a boilermaker and metal craftsman.[1]

During theFirst World War,Pollitt was exempt from conscription as a skilled worker.[2]Pollitt gained experience leading a strike inSouthamptonin 1915[1][3]and later described being inspired by the 1917October Revolution,saying it showed that "workers like me... had defeated the Boss class". By this time Pollitt was already a member ofSylvia Pankhurst'sWorkers' Socialist Federationand had gained experience with public speaking.[1]

Communist campaigner

edit
AUSSR stampof 1970 commemorating Harry Pollitt and his role in preventing the SSJolly Georgefrom carrying arms to Poland

In September 1919, Pollitt was appointed full-time national organiser of theHands Off Russiacampaign to protest againstAllied intervention in the Russian Civil War,for which Pankhurst had obtained funding from Moscow.[1][4]Pollitt tired of his desk-bound job and went back to work in thePort of London.Whilst there, Pollitt helped convince London dock workers not to load the freighterSSJolly Georgeon 10 May 1920, as she was bound with munitions forPoland,which at that time was fighting againstSoviet Russiain thePolish–Soviet War.[5][1]With support fromErnest Bevin,then a senior official in the dockers' union, the ship's owners were forced by the dockers to unload her cargo of munitions, and she sailed on 15 May 1920 without them.[6]Pollitt failed to prevent a number of other ships laden with arms for Poland, including the Danish steamerNeptuneon 1 May 1920, and two Belgian barges.[7]

In August 1920 theCommunist Party of Great Britain(CPGB) was founded by an agreement unifying various left-wing bodies, including theBritish Socialist Party,of which Pollitt was a member in addition to his WSF membership. Pollitt, thus a founding member of the party, attended the CPGB's founding "Utility Convention".[8]The following year Pollitt visited the Soviet Union. During his visit, he met and shook hands withVladimir Lenin,an experience he later described as the greatest day of his life.[9]According to the October 1921 issue ofFreedom,on his return Pollitt stated that he had seen evidence that Russian anarchists were plotting to restore Tsarism and spoke approvingly of the suppression of anarchism in Russia.[10]

Pollitt was involved in a criminal case against five men he accused of kidnapping him in March 1925 whilst he was on his way to address a meeting of communists in Liverpool. According to Pollitt, he had been taken off a train and held in Wales over a weekend in order to prevent him reaching Liverpool, though treated mildly.[11]The men, who were all members of theBritish Fascists,were acquitted by the jury following testimony that characterised the "kidnapping" as unserious and a denial from the head of the Liverpool branch of the fascist party that they had authorised any kidnapping of Pollitt.[12][13]The Labour party conference that year passed a motion condemning the acquittal by the jury of those accused of kidnapping Pollitt as an example ofclass-prejudice,and calling for representation of workers on juries.[14]

On 10 October 1925, Pollitt marriedMarjorie BreweratCaxton Hall,Westminster. Marjorie Edna Brewer (1902–1991) was a communistschoolteacher;the marriage eventually produced a son and a daughter. Hisbest manand witness was fellow CPGB activist and organiserPercy Glading,who would later be convicted of spying for the Soviet Union and imprisoned.[15]A week later, Pollitt was one of 12 members of the Communist Party convicted at theOld Baileyon charges of seditiouslibeland incitement to mutiny. Pollitt was given a 12-month sentence as a previous offender, which he served inWandsworth prison.HistorianC. L. Mowatdescribed the trial as "the chief instance of a purely political trial in the interwar years".[16]

Pollitt travelled again to Moscow in October 1927, and attended a meeting at which the CPGB was roundly criticised for its failure to criticise the British labour movement. During the same visit, Pollitt met privately withJoseph StalinandNikolai Bukharin,who, over Pollitt's protests, ordered that the CPGB should abandon its "United Front" policy and campaign as widely as possible at the next election, even where the CPGB stood no chance of winning and would draw votes away from the Labour candidate, thus allowing theConservativesto win.[17]This policy of attacking other left-wing organisations was known as the "Class-against-Class" policy, and remained in place until 1932 when, as leader, Pollitt was able to get it relaxed fortrade unions,though it remained in place for other parts of the left.[18]

In addition to his role in the CPGB, from the early 1920s Pollitt served as national secretary of the British Bureau of theRed International of Labour Unions(AKA Profintern), an organisation aimed at countering theAmsterdam Internationaland rallying militant trade unionists within existing unions to win those unions over to communism.[19]The Comintern characterised the British Bureau as "not an organisation of unions, but only of revolutionary minorities of unions". On the founding of theNational Minority Movement(NMM) in 1924, the British Bureau was folded into it and Pollitt was made its national secretary, a position he remained in until 1929.[20]As secretary of the NMM, Pollitt opposed trying to form new communist-oriented unions aimed at replacing established unions under the "Class-against-Class" policy.[21]

Leadership of the CPGB

edit

Pre-World War II and the Great Purge

edit

In 1929 the CPGB elected Pollitt General Secretary with Joseph Stalin's personal approval. Pollitt replacedAlbert Inkpin,who had attracted disapproval from the Comintern by opposing the "Class-against-Class" policy and perceived softness towards others on the left.[22]On his appointment, Stalin told him, "You have taken a difficult job on, but I believe you will tackle it all right".[23]Pollitt was selected as he had impressed people both within the CPGB and in Moscow as a Comintern loyalist and effective organiser, particularly when representing the Comintern at a meeting of theCommunist Party USAin March 1929.[21]Pollitt stated that he saw his role as defending theCommunist Party of the Soviet Union(CPSU) "through thick and thin".[24]Unlike Inkpin, Pollitt was willing to criticise the Labour party as "social-fascists".[22]

Rose Cohen, a CPGB member and friend of Pollitt, executed during the Great Purge

Pollitt made clear in his public statements his loyalties to the Soviet Union and to CPSUGeneral SecretaryJoseph Stalin. He was a defender of theMoscow Trials,in which Stalin murdered or otherwise disposed of his political and military opponents. In theDaily Workerof 12 March 1936 Pollitt told the world that "the trials in Moscow represent a new triumph in the history of progress". The article was illustrated by a photograph of Stalin withNikolai Yezhov,whose likeness would be retouched out of the photograph following his 1940 fall from favour and subsequent execution.[25]

In 1934 Pollitt andTom Mann,then-treasurer of theNational Unemployed Workers' Movement(NUWM), weresummonsedon charges of sedition in relation to speeches they gave inTrealawandFerndalein Wales. Pollitt and Mann were both acquitted of all charges bySwanseaassizes.[26]The arrests took place on the eve of a meeting in Bermondsey which Mann and Pollitt were due to attend that was to be the culmination of the 1934 Hunger March.[27]

Pollitt travelled again to Moscow in 1935. Whilst there he was invited to make a broadcast on theBBC radioprogrammeThe Citizen and His Government,commenting on the difference between the UK and the USSR. However, the invitation was withdrawn after opposition from the Foreign Office. He would not appear on BBC radio until the1945 election.[28]

When Pollitt's personal friendRose Cohen,to whom he had proposed marriage on a number of occasions,[29]was put on trial in Moscow in 1937 during Stalin'sGreat Purge,the CPGB opposed efforts by the British government to get Cohen released, describing her arrest as an internal affair of the Soviet Union. Pollitt privately tried to intervene on her behalf, but by the time he did so she had already been shot.[30]Pollitt placed himself at risk by questioning Cohen's arrest in this fashion, asBéla Kunhad, under torture, identified him as a "Trotskyist" and "British spy", thoughOsip Piatnitskyhad refused to confirm these accusations when arrested by theNKVDin 1937.[31]Twenty years after Cohen's death, Pollitt requested information from Moscow about whether she was still alive, stating, untruthfully, that there was press interest in Britain about her whereabouts.[32]

In contrast to Pollitt's concern over Rose Cohen, when CPGB memberFreda Utleytried to get Pollitt to intercede with Moscow on behalf of her Russian husband, who was arrested and died in a labour camp in 1938, Pollitt refused.[31]Pollitt also failed to intervene to help George Fles and his wife, Arcadi Berdichevsky and his wife, nor a number of other British communists who were arrested by the NKVD and tortured, shot, or imprisoned in theGulagduring Stalin's purge.[33]

Pollitt defied Moscow by opposing the introduction ofconscription in Britainwhen it was introduced in 1939.[34]Pollitt's opposition to conscription led to protests from theFrench Communist Party,which had supported conscription in France.[35]

Spanish Civil War

edit
Pollitt(right)meetsDavid Guestin Spain

During the 1936–39Spanish Civil WarPollitt visited the country five times, each time giving speeches to theBritish Battalionthat was part of one of theInternational Brigadessupporting theRepublican side.[36]Pollitt also played a role in approving or vetoing applications from British volunteers to join the International Brigades. One such veto was againstGeorge Orwell,who Pollitt believed to be politically unreliable.[37]Pollitt was also tasked with writing letters of condolence to the families of British communists killed in Spain.[38]

In August 1937, Pollitt intervened in a dispute between the leadership of the British Battalion regarding tactics, the reliability of Spanish Republican troops that had fought alongside the battalion, and other issues. He recalled the five leading members of the battalion involved in the dispute (Tapsell, Cunningham, Aitken, Copeman, and Williams) to Britain. Copeman and Tapsell, who had been critical of Spanish Republican forces and tactics, were ordered to return to Spain, whilst Cunningham, Williams, and Aitken were ordered to remain in Britain.[39]

Communications with Moscow and surveillance by MI5

edit

From 1933 until November 1939, Pollitt was in radio contact with Moscow as the CPGB's "code holder". Contact ceased when he resigned as leader of the CPGB, and the secret code used to communicate with him was changed, though it was re-established in 1941.[40]

From 1931,Olga Gray,anMI5agent, infiltrated the party, and was for a time Pollitt's personal secretary. In Operation MASK (1934–1937),John Tiltmanand his colleagues of theGovernment Code and Cypher Schoolwere able to crack the code and decrypt radio messages betweenMoscowand some of its foreign parties, such as the CPGB. They revealed theComintern's close supervision of the Communist Party and Pollitt, as well as the substantial financial support the CPGB received from Moscow. Among other things, Pollitt was instructed to refutenews leaksabout a Stalinist purge. Some messages were addressed to code names, while others were signed by Pollitt himself. In his transmissions to Moscow, Pollitt regularly pleaded for more funding from the Soviet Union. One 1936 coded instruction advised Pollitt to publicise the plight ofErnst Thälmann,a German Communist leader who had been arrested by theNazisand who later died atSachsenhausen concentration camp.Pollitt replied that he was "having difficulties" getting British statesmen to make public declarations supporting Thälmann but that they promised they would speak privately with German officials inLondon.In one of the more amusing dispatches, Pollitt (1936) informed his Soviet contact about a recent visit toFranceto make campaign appearances for candidates from theFrench Communist Party."At great inconvenience went to Paris to speak in the election campaign". Pollitt went on to complain that he "kept sitting two days and comrades refused to allow me to speak. Such treatment as I received in Paris is a scandal."[41][42][43]

Pollitt also tasked Gray, whose class background would make her less conspicuous aboard an ocean liner than the CPGB's mostly working-class membership, with delivering money, instructions, and a questionnaire to a contact in India. The strain of this mission caused Gray to resign as Pollitt's secretary, though she remained in touch with Percy Glading, and in 1937 provided evidence that led to the conviction of Glading on spying charges.[44]

CPGB members, including Harry Pollitt, were the subject of continual monitoring efforts by the British security services throughout the 1930s, '40s, and '50s. These included the planting of a listening device in their King Street offices in 1942.[45][46]MI5 also had an unidentified source close to Percy Glading who regularly reported Pollitt's doings to them (including Pollitt's dissatisfaction withReg Birch), whilst both MI5 andSpecial Branchhad sources at Pollitt's 60th birthday celebrations.[47]

World War II

edit
Harry Pollitt giving a public speech to workers in Whitehall, London, 1941

With the outbreak of war between the UK and Nazi Germany in early September 1939, despite theMolotov–Ribbentrop pact,Pollitt welcomed the British declaration of war onNazi Germany,calling for a "struggle on two fronts", involving the "military defeat ofHitlerand the political defeat ofChamberlain"in his pamphletHow To Win The War,which was also ambivalent about rearmament.[48]When this turned out to be contrary to the Comintern line received from Moscow on 14 September, and reiterated by the CPGB's Comintern representative on 24 September (asRajani Palme Dutt,who succeeded him as General Secretary, had warned him it would be), he was forced to resign.[49]By November 1939, Pollitt had disavowed his previous pro-war position, saying that by supporting the war he had "played into the hands of the class enemy".[50]

During 1940–41, under instructions from Moscow,[51]the party followed a policy of "revolutionary defeatism". This was a strategy that assumed that the goals of the Communist Party could be accelerated by quickening the defeat of Britain in the war against Nazi Germany.[51]Douglas Hydestated that the attitude of those advocating this policy was to regard "the almost inevitable defeat of Britain [...] as a magnificent opportunity".[52]Pollitt criticised the war policies of the Chamberlain government, describing them as seeking to exploit the war against "Hitler's fascism" to "impose certain aspects of that same fascism on the workers".[53]The anti-war position of the CPGB during 1939-41 was later cited byJ. S. Middleton,along with the CPGB's perceived lack of independence from Moscow, as a reason for refusing Harry Pollitt's application to affiliate the CPGB with the Labour Party.[54]

On instructions fromGeorgi Dimitrovin Moscow, Pollitt was retained in a six-member political bureau after his removal.[55]He was reinstated as the leader of the CPGB afterGermany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941,again in response to instructions received from Moscow. Moscow also overturned Dutt's previous position of criticising theChurchillgovernment and characterising the war as a struggle for socialism, instead endorsing Pollitt's position of offering full support to the Churchill government and avoiding inflaming anti-socialist opinion.[56]Dimitrov, however, had doubts about Pollitt's reliability, and in 1942 questioned what he saw as Pollitt's "strange behaviour" in allowing what he believed to be the penetration of the CPGB by the British security services, saying that he did not know whether Pollitt was doing this "deliberately" or if "English intelligence is taking advantage of his lack of vigilance".[46]

AfterOperation Barbarossa,Harry Pollitt became a strong supporter of the opening of a second front in Europe against Nazi Germany by the Western Allies.[57]Pollitt also urgedJawaharlal Nehruto moderate his demands for Indian independence for the duration of the war.[58]When strike action was proposed during the war, Pollitt was opposed to it as it would damage the war effort. Pollitt's adherence to an electoral truce unilaterally called by the CPGB after Operation Barbarossa led to instances of CPGB campaigning in favour of Conservative candidates in wartime by-elections.[59]

As the CPGB's membership of the Comintern had been a barrier to affiliation with the Labour Party, Pollitt took the opportunity given by the dissolution of the Comintern in May 1943 to apply again to affiliate with the Labour Party. However, this was again rejected by Labour's central committee, who again cited the CPGB's previous opposition to the war against Nazi Germany.[54]At the 1945 general election, Politt's CPGB pursued a "Progressive Majority" strategy, and sought to coordinate its electoral strategy with the Labour Party, though the Labour Party did not reciprocate. As a result, rather than putting up 50 candidates as had been proposed, the CPGB put up candidates in only 21 seats, of whom only two were returned.[60]

Post WWII and later life

edit

Pollitt supported the1948 communist coup in Czechoslovakia,characterising it as the work of "millions of lads" who were "led by theirShop stewards"to overthrow capitalism.[61]During 1948 Pollitt also condemned theMarshall Plan,calling it a war plan,[62]and called forErnest Bevin,the then Foreign Secretary, to be fired over what he described as the deliberate prolongation of the talks on the Marshall Plan and the economic impact of Bevin's policies.[63]

In 1951 the CPGB adoptedThe British Road To Socialismas their party programme, replacingFor Soviet Britain.The programme, which was championed by Pollitt, committed the CPGB to independence from Moscow, and a constitutional or parliamentary (as opposed to revolutionary) path to power. Additionally, it stated that the CPGB was committed to decision-making through internal party democracy. In spite of these commitments, the programme had actually been personally dictated to Pollitt by Stalin in a series of secret meetings in the Kremlin.[64]

Onthe death of Stalin,Pollitt wrote that he had been "the greatest man of our time". He went on to say that "[n]ever before in the history of humanity ha[d] there been such universal grief" as the people of the world "mourned him with tears in their eyes and with deep uncontrollable sorrow".[65]Pollitt was also a member of the guard of honour at Stalin's funeral.[60]

The advent ofNikita Khrushchevpresented the CPGB with problems. The CPGB had followed the Moscow line to attackTito's neutralist government inYugoslavia;however, when Khrushchev visitedBelgradein 1955, the CPGB was forced to recant these attacks. Pollitt faced another crisis when Khrushchev, in his 1956Secret Speech,attacked the legacy of Stalin. Pollitt's embarrassment was heightened by the fact that he had been present in Moscow for the party congress at which the speech took place, but along with the other foreign delegates had been excluded from the session at which it had been given.[66]

Soviet troops in Budapest, November 1956

Pollitt, suffering from worsening health in his final years, resigned as General Secretary in May 1956, withJohn Gollansucceeding him, and was appointed CP Chairman. When Khruschev's denunciation of Stalin was formally made public the following month, Pollitt stated that he was "too old to go into reverse and denigrate a man he had admired above all others for more than a quarter of a century". Pollitt also refused to take down a portrait of Stalin that hung in his living room, saying that "He's staying there as long as I'm alive".[60][67]

The Soviet repression of theHungarian Revolution of November 1956made the CPGB crisis worse, particularly as the party had taken the position that theEastern Bloccountries, of which Hungary was one, were allowed to do what they pleased.[66]Pollitt supported the Soviet invasion of Hungary, stating that it had "saved Hungary from fascism".[67]Most of the party's intellectual figures, includingDoris LessingandE. P. Thompson,and many ordinary members resigned. Others, for exampleEric Hobsbawm,chose to stay in the party to try to reform it.[45]

In 1959, when British communist journalistAlan Winnington(whom Pollitt had recruited to the CPGB) became disillusioned with Chinese politics, Pollitt arranged for him to travel from China toEast Germany,where Winnington spent the remainder of his life as an author and film actor. Winnington was extremely grateful, and after Pollitt's death he described him as "the greatest Englishman I have known."[68]

Electoral record

edit

Pollitt contested a number of parliamentary elections, but did not win any. His first electoral outing was in theDurham, Seahamconstituency in 1929, where he received 1,431 votes (2.9% of the total vote).[69]He then contested the London East EndStepney, Whitechapel, and St. George's constituency in 1930, where he received 2,106 votes (9.6% of votes). He contested the same constituency again in 1931 and received 2,658 votes (11.2% of vote).[70]In 1933 he contested theDerbyshire, Clay Crossconstituency and received 3,434 votes (10.6% of the vote).[71]In a 1940 by-election in theSilvertown division of West Hamhe received only 966 votes (6.2% of the vote) to the Labour candidate's 14,343.[72]

He stood as the CPGB candidate for election inRhondda Eastin South Wales three times. In 1935, he lost to the Labour candidate 61.8% to 38.2%, with a margin of 8,433 votes. In the 1945 general election he came within a thousand votes of winning the seat from theLabourcandidate, with 15,761 votes (45.5% of the vote) compared to the Labour candidate's 16,733 votes (48.4% of the vote). In 1950 he suffered a heavy defeat, receiving only 4,463 votes (12.7% of the vote) compared to the Labour candidate's 26,645 votes (75.9% of the vote).[73][74]

Death and legacy

edit
Harry Pollitt attending the 4th party conference of theEast German communist party,1954

After years of worsening health, Pollitt died at age 69 of acerebral haemorrhagewhile returning on theSSOrionfrom a speaking tour of Australia on 27 June 1960. The liner had departed fromAdelaideen route toFremantle,when, at 2 a.m., Pollitt suffered a stroke.[75][76]

Plaque dedicated to Pollitt at Golders Green Crematorium

He wascrematedatGolders Greenon 9 July, and was survived by his wife and two children, Brian and Jean.[60][76]

The Labour History Archive and Study Centre at thePeople's History MuseuminManchesterholds the collection of theCommunist Party of Great Britain.This collection includes the papers of Pollitt, which covers the years 1920 to 1960.[77]

In 1971, a Soviet-operated, East German-built Type 17 merchant ship was named after Pollitt.[78]The ship was renamedNataliein 1996[79]and scrapped the next year.[80]A plaque dedicated to the memory of Pollitt was unveiled by the Mayor ofTamesideon 22 March 1995 outsideDroylsdenLibrary.[81]He is also commemorated in the song "The Ballad of Harry Pollitt",[82]which was originally written during his lifetime, and hence inaccurately describes his murder. The American folk bandThe Limelitersincluded the song on their 1961 albumThe Slightly Fabulous Limeliters.[83]The song was heavily criticised in the April 1972 edition ofMarxism Today,the official journal of the CPGB, as "sickening" and "full of the vilest insults against the memory of Harry Pollitt".[84]

References

edit
  1. ^In May 1929, Pollitt assumed leadership of the CPGB with the title of 'Organisational Secretary', before becoming General Secretary in July 1929.
  1. ^abcdefBeckett, Francis (1995).Enemy within: the rise and fall of the British Communist Party.John Murray. pp. 27–28.ISBN0719553105.Retrieved17 September2021.
  2. ^LaPorte, N.; Morgan, K. (2008)."Kings among their subjects'? Ernst Thälmann, Harry Pollitt and the leadership cult as Stalinization"(PDF).Bolshevism, Stalinism and the Comintern: Perspectives on Stalinization, 1917–53.Palgrave Macmillan: 124–145.doi:10.1057/9780230227583_7.ISBN978-1-349-28252-4.S2CID147878826.Archived(PDF)from the original on 15 September 2021.Retrieved15 September2021.
  3. ^Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001).The Companion to British History.Taylor & Francis. p. 1020.ISBN9781317400394.Retrieved15 October2021.
  4. ^Laybourn, Keith;Murphy, Dylan (1999).Under the red flag: a history of communism in Britain, c. 1849-1991.Sutton Publishing Ltd. p. 42.ISBN0750914858.Retrieved17 September2021.
  5. ^Freeman, Martin (1991).Trade unions.Bell & Hyman. p. 30.ISBN9780713527018.Retrieved15 September2021.
  6. ^Ramsay, James Ullman (12 March 2019).Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-1921, Volume 3 The Anglo-Soviet Accord.Princeton University Press. pp. 51–54.ISBN9780691656076.Retrieved18 October2021.
  7. ^White, Stephen (17 June 1979).Britain and the Bolshevik Revolution.Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 41–42.ISBN9781349042999.Retrieved18 October2021.
  8. ^Morgan, Kevin (1994).Harry Pollitt.Manchester University Press. p. 20.ISBN9780719032479.Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2021.Retrieved17 September2021.
  9. ^Morgan, Kevin (1994).Harry Pollitt.Manchester University Press. p. 34.ISBN9780719032479.Retrieved17 September2021.
  10. ^Durham, Martin (April 1985)."British Revolutionaries and the Suppression of the Left in Lenin's Russia, 1918-1924".Journal of Contemporary History.20(2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 207.doi:10.1177/002200948502000201.JSTOR260531.S2CID159699014.Retrieved23 March2021.
  11. ^"KIDNAP BRITISH RED LEADER;" Fascisti "Believed to Have Held Harry Pollitt Prisoner".New York Times.16 March 1925.Retrieved28 May2023.
  12. ^"Abduction of Pollitt".The Daily Advertiser.4 April 1925. p. 4.Retrieved28 May2023.
  13. ^"Kidnapping Charge".Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs Gazette.25 April 1925. p. 7.Retrieved28 May2023.
  14. ^"Communism".Gloucestershire Echo.2 October 1925. p. 6.Retrieved28 May2023.
  15. ^Davenport-Hines, R. (2018).Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain.London: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 157.ISBN978-0-00-751668-1.
  16. ^Morgan, Kevin (1994).Harry Pollitt.Manchester University Press. p. 54.ISBN9780719032479.Retrieved26 September2021.
  17. ^Beckett, Francis (2004).Stalin's British victims.Sutton. p. 39.ISBN9780750932233.Retrieved16 September2021.
  18. ^Laybourn, Keith; Murphy, Dylan (1999).Under the red flag: a history of communism in Britain, c. 1849-1991.Sutton Publishing Ltd. p. xvii.ISBN0750914858.Retrieved17 September2021.
  19. ^Darlington, Ralph (1998).The Political Trajectory of JT Murphy.Liverpool University Press. p. 96.ISBN9780853237334.Retrieved20 October2021.
  20. ^Darlington, Ralph (1998).The Political Trajectory of JT Murphy.Liverpool University Press. pp. 108–110.ISBN9780853237334.Retrieved20 October2021.
  21. ^abThorpe, Andrew (2000).The British Communist Party and Moscow, 1920-43.Manchester University Press. pp. 144–145.ISBN9780719053122.Retrieved20 October2021.
  22. ^abTreacy, Matt (2012).The Communist Party of Ireland 1921 - 2011.Brocaire Books. p. 36.ISBN9781291093186.Retrieved20 October2021.
  23. ^McIlroy, John (August 2006)."The Establishment of Intellectual Orthodoxy and the Stalinization of British Communism 1928-1933".Past & Present(192). Oxford University Press: 189.JSTOR4125202.Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2021.Retrieved23 March2021.
  24. ^Durham, Martin (April 1985)."British Revolutionaries and the Suppression of the Left in Lenin's Russia, 1918-1924".Journal of Contemporary History.20(2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 214–215.doi:10.1177/002200948502000201.JSTOR260531.S2CID159699014.Retrieved23 March2021.
  25. ^Redman, Joseph "The British Stalinists and the Moscow Trials",Labour Review,3:2, March–April 1958
  26. ^"SEDITIOUS- SPEECH CHARGES MANN AND POLLITT ACQUITTED".The Times.5 July 1934.Retrieved2 December2021.
  27. ^Hutt, Allen (1937).The Post-war History Of The British Working Class.Victor Gollancz. p. 253.Retrieved2 December2021.
  28. ^Harker, Ben (Spring 2013)."The Trumpet of the Night': Interwar Communists on BBC Radio".History Workshop Journal.75(75). Oxford University Press: 81–100.doi:10.1093/hwj/dbs035.JSTOR43299047.Retrieved23 March2021.
  29. ^Thorpe, Andrew (October 1998)."Stalinism and British Politics".History.83(272). Wiley: 615.doi:10.1111/1468-229X.00089.JSTOR24424503.Retrieved23 March2021.
  30. ^Newsinger, John (2018)."Hope Lies in the Proles: George Orwell and the Left".Pluto Press: 39.doi:10.2307/j.ctt21kk1wk.7.JSTORj.ctt21kk1wk.6.Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2021.Retrieved23 March2021.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  31. ^abNewsinger, John (July 2006)."Review: Recent Controversies in the History of British Communism".Journal of Contemporary History.41(3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 564–565.doi:10.1177/0022009406064670.JSTOR30036403.S2CID154979764.Archivedfrom the original on 15 September 2021.Retrieved15 September2021.
  32. ^Newsinger, John (2018)."Hope Lies in the Proles: George Orwell and the Left".Pluto Press: 149.doi:10.2307/j.ctt21kk1wk.7.JSTORj.ctt21kk1wk.6.Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2021.Retrieved23 March2021.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  33. ^Beckett, Francis (2004).Stalin's British victims.Frank Cass. p. 66.ISBN9780750932233.Retrieved16 September2021.
  34. ^Morgan, Kevin (February 2009)."Militarism and Anti-Militarism: Socialists, Communists and Conscription in France and Britain 1900-1940".Past & Present(22). Oxford University Press: 239.JSTOR25580923.Retrieved23 March2021.
  35. ^Morgan, Kevin (1994).Harry Pollitt.Manchester University Press. p. 104.ISBN9780719032479.Retrieved26 September2021.
  36. ^Baxell, Richard (2012).Unlikely warriors: the British in the Spanish Civil War and the struggle against fascism.Aurum. p. 300.ISBN9781845136970.Retrieved16 September2021.
  37. ^Newsinger, John (2018)."Hope Lies in the Proles: George Orwell and the Left".Pluto Press: 57.doi:10.2307/j.ctt21kk1wk.7.JSTORj.ctt21kk1wk.7.Archivedfrom the original on 28 July 2020.Retrieved23 March2021.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  38. ^Baxell, Richard (2012).Unlikely warriors: the British in the Spanish Civil War and the struggle against fascism.Aurum. p. 159.ISBN9781845136970.Retrieved16 September2021.
  39. ^Baxell, Richard (2012).Unlikely warriors: the British in the Spanish Civil War and the struggle against fascism.Aurum. pp. 235–237.ISBN9781845136970.Retrieved16 September2021.
  40. ^Johnstone, Monty (Spring 1997)."The CPGB, the Comintern and the War, 1939-1941: Filling in the Blank Spots".Science & Society.61(1). Guilford Press: 31.JSTOR40403603.Retrieved23 March2021.
  41. ^West, Nigel(2005).Mask: MI5's Penetration of the Communist Party of Great Britain.Psychology Press.pp. 108 et seq.
  42. ^Romerstein, Herbert;Eric Breindel(1 October 2001).The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors.Regnery Publishing.pp. 86–88.
  43. ^Andrew, Christopher M.(3 November 2009).Defend the realm: the authorized history of MI5.Random House Digital, Inc.pp. 142, 148, 160, 176, 179, 180, 404, 1023.
  44. ^Andrew, Christopher M. (2009).Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5(1st US ed.).Alfred A. Knopf.pp. 179–182.ISBN9780307263636.Retrieved16 October2021.
  45. ^abBlack, Ian (21 October 2006)."How Soviet tanks crushed dreams of British communists".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 3 June 2021.Retrieved16 September2021.
  46. ^abMorgan, Kevin (2018)."Within and beyond the law? British communist history and the archives of state surveillance".Gale.Cengage Learning (EMEA) Ltd.Archivedfrom the original on 16 September 2021.Retrieved16 September2021.
  47. ^Moretta, Andrew; Mahoney, Joan; Ewing, Keith (5 March 2020).MI5, the Cold War, and the Rule of Law.OUP. pp. 98–99.ISBN9780192550590.Retrieved18 October2021.
  48. ^Jupp, James (1982).The radical left in Britain, 1931-1941.Frank Cass. p. 170.ISBN071463123X.Retrieved16 September2021.
  49. ^Morgan, Kevin (1994).Harry Pollitt.Manchester University Press. p. 108.ISBN9780719032479.Retrieved15 September2021.
  50. ^Childs, David (April 1977)."The British Communist Party and the War, 1939-41: Old Slogans Revived".Journal of Contemporary History.12(2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 245.doi:10.1177/002200947701200202.JSTOR260215.S2CID159508420.Retrieved23 March2021.
  51. ^abTaylor, Tony (September 2008).Denial: History Betrayed.Melbourne University Publishing. p. 114.ISBN9780522859072.Retrieved29 November2021.
  52. ^Childs, David (April 1977)."The British Communist Party and the War, 1939-41: Old Slogans Revived".Journal of Contemporary History.12(2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 251.doi:10.1177/002200947701200202.JSTOR260215.S2CID159508420.Retrieved23 March2021.
  53. ^Childs, David (April 1977)."The British Communist Party and the War, 1939-41: Old Slogans Revived".Journal of Contemporary History.12(2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 242.doi:10.1177/002200947701200202.JSTOR260215.S2CID159508420.Retrieved23 March2021.
  54. ^abBraunthal, Julius (1980).History of the International: Volume 3 - 1943-1968((English translation by Peter Ford & Kenneth Mitchell) ed.). Gollancz. pp. 7–9.ISBN0575026502.Retrieved29 November2021.
  55. ^Johnstone, Monty (Spring 1997)."The CPGB, the Comintern and the War, 1939–1941: Filling in the Blank Spots".Science & Society.61(1). Guilford Press: 33.JSTOR40403603.Retrieved23 March2021.
  56. ^Johnstone, Monty (Spring 1997)."The CPGB, the Comintern and the War, 1939-1941: Filling in the Blank Spots".Science & Society.61(1). Guilford Press: 42–43.JSTOR40403603.Retrieved23 March2021.
  57. ^Laybourn, Keith; Murphy, Dylan (1999).Under the red flag: a history of communism in Britain, c. 1849-1991.Sutton Publishing Ltd. p. 117.ISBN0750914858.Retrieved17 September2021.
  58. ^Morgan, Kevin (1994).Harry Pollitt.Manchester University Press. p. 130.ISBN9780719032479.Retrieved26 September2021.
  59. ^Morgan, Kevin (1994).Harry Pollitt.Manchester University Press. pp. 136–137.ISBN9780719032479.Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2021.Retrieved26 September2021.
  60. ^abcdLaybourn, Keith (2002).Fifty Key Figures in Twentieth-century British Politics.Routledge. pp. 199–200.ISBN9780415226769.Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2021.Retrieved27 September2021.
  61. ^Thorpe, Andrew (October 1998)."Stalinism and British Politics".History.83(272). Wiley: 616.doi:10.1111/1468-229X.00089.JSTOR24424503.Retrieved23 March2021.
  62. ^"Mr. Pollitt's Warning".The Times.19 January 1948.Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2021.Retrieved27 September2021.
  63. ^"Communist Attack on Mr Bevin".The Manchester Guardian.26 January 1948.Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2021.Retrieved27 September2021.
  64. ^Torode, John (23 October 2011)."BOOK REVIEW / Working-class hero who followed the wrong leader: 'Harry Pollitt' - Kevin Morgan: Manchester University Press".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 15 September 2021.Retrieved15 September2021.
  65. ^Thorpe, Andrew (October 1998)."Stalinism and British Politics".History.83(272). Wiley: 608–627.doi:10.1111/1468-229X.00089.JSTOR24424503.Retrieved23 March2021.
  66. ^abThorpe, Andrew (October 1998)."Stalinism and British Politics".History.83(272). Wiley: 617.doi:10.1111/1468-229X.00089.JSTOR24424503.Retrieved23 March2021.
  67. ^abKnox, W.W.J.; McKinlay, A. (2019).Jimmy Reid: A Clyde-built Man.Liverpool University Press. p. 79.ISBN9781789620849.Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2021.Retrieved27 September2021.
  68. ^Winnington, Alan (1986).Breakfast with Mao: Memoirs of a Foreign Correspondent.London: Lawrence and Wishart. p. 251.ISBN0853156522.
  69. ^Craig, F.S.W. (1969).British Parliamentary Election Results, 1918-1949.Political Reference Publications. p. 329.ISBN9780900178016.Retrieved15 September2021.
  70. ^Craig, F.S.W. (1969).British Parliamentary Election Results, 1918-1949.Political Reference Publications. p. 51.ISBN9780900178016.Retrieved15 September2021.
  71. ^Craig, F.S.W. (1969).British Parliamentary Election Results, 1918-1949.Political Reference Publications. p. 304.ISBN9780900178016.Retrieved15 September2021.
  72. ^Childs, David (April 1977)."The British Communist Party and the War, 1939-41: Old Slogans Revived".Journal of Contemporary History.12(2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 240.doi:10.1177/002200947701200202.JSTOR260215.S2CID159508420.Retrieved23 March2021.
  73. ^Craig, F.S.W. (1969).British Parliamentary Election Results, 1918-1949.Political Reference Publications. p. 520.ISBN9780900178016.Retrieved15 September2021.
  74. ^Craig, F.S.W. (1971).British parliamentary election results, 1950-1970.Political Reference Publications. p. 549.ISBN0900178027.Retrieved15 September2021.
  75. ^"Harry Pollitt Is Dead".Evening Express.27 June 1960.
  76. ^abMorgan, Kevin (1994).Harry Pollitt.Manchester University Press. p. 183.ISBN9780719032479.Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2021.Retrieved27 September2021.
  77. ^Collection Catalogues and Descriptions,Labour History Archive and Study Centre, archived fromthe originalon 13 January 2015,retrieved5 February2015
  78. ^Lloyd's Register of Shipping.Lloyd's. 1974. p. 1488.Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2021.Retrieved29 September2021.
  79. ^"Harry Pollitt".Marine News.50:614. 1996.Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2021.Retrieved29 September2021.
  80. ^"Miramar Ship Index".Retrieved29 September2021.
  81. ^"A Tribute to Harry Pollitt 1890 - 1960".Blue Plaques.Tameside District Council.Archivedfrom the original on 4 July 2008.Retrieved5 April2011.
  82. ^Mansfield, Brian; Walters, Neal (1998).MusicHound Folk The Essential Album Guide.Visible Ink. p. 7.ISBN9781578590377.Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2021.Retrieved22 September2021.
  83. ^"The Limeliters Harry Pollitt Lyrics".Archived from the original on 25 November 2014.Retrieved13 January2012.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  84. ^Bowles, Geoff (April 1972). "The Affluent and Permissive Society".Marxism Today:115.
edit
Party political offices
Preceded by General Secretary of theCommunist Party of Great Britain
1929 – 1939 		Succeeded by
Preceded by General Secretary of theCommunist Party of Great Britain
1941 – 1956 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Pollitt&oldid=1253594872"