Haute-Savoie

Haute-Savoie(pronounced[otsavwa])is adepartmentin theAuvergne-Rhône-Alpesregionof SoutheasternFrance,bordering bothSwitzerlandandItaly.ItsprefectureisAnnecy.To the north isLake Geneva;to the south and southeast areMont Blancand theAravis mountain range.

Haute-Savoie Savouè d'Amont(Arpitan)
Department
From top down, left to right:Aiguille du Midi,Lac VertinPassy,prefecturebuilding inAnnecy,a view ofLes Houches,Thonon-les-Bains,landscape nearChamonix
Coat of arms Logo
Location of Haute-Savoie in France
Coordinates:46°00′N06°20′E
Country	France
Region	Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Prefecture	Annecy
Subprefectures	Bonneville Saint-Julien-en-Genevois Thonon-les-Bains
Government
•President of the Departmental Council	Martial Saddier(LR)
Area 1
• Total	4,388 km2(1,694 sq mi)
Elevation 2	1,160 m (3,810 ft)
Highest elevation	4,810.40 m (15,782.15 ft)
Lowest elevation	250 m (820 ft)
Population (2021)
• Total	841,482
• Rank	27th
• Density	190/km2(500/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2(CEST)
ISO 3166 code	FR-74
Department number	74
Arrondissements	4
Cantons	17
Communes	279
^1French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries and lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km2 ^2Inventaire forestier départemental, IIIeinventaire 1998

It holds its name from theSavoyhistorical region, as does the department ofSavoie,located south of Haute-Savoie. In 2019, it had a population of 826,094.ItssubprefecturesareBonneville,Saint-Julien-en-GenevoisandThonon-les-Bains.The French entrance to theMont Blanc Tunnelinto Italy is in Haute-Savoie. It is noted for winter sports; the firstWinter Olympic Gameswere held atChamonixin1924.

History

See also:Savoy

The historical region ofSavoywas governed by theHouse of Savoy,the ruling dynasty of Savoy from 1032 to 1860. TheDukes of Savoywere rulers of the Savoy region from 1416 to 1720.

The territory occupied by modern Haute-Savoie and the adjoining department ofSavoiebecame part of theKingdom of Sardiniaafter theTreaty of Utrechtin 1713. Annexation of the region byFrancewas formalised in theTreaty of Turinon March 24, 1860.

From November 1942 to September 1943, Haute-Savoie was subjected to military occupation byFascist Italy.TheMaquis des Glières(a band ofFree French Resistancefighters who opposed theNazi,VichyandMiliceregimes duringWorld War II) operated from Haute-Savoie. In the winter of 1943–1944, German troops burned down around 500 farms in response to French Resistance activities.

Politics

Departmental Council of Haute-Savoie

Main article:Departmental Council of Haute-Savoie

See also:2021 French departmental elections

TheDepartmental Councilof Haute-Savoie has 34 seats. As of 2020, fifteen councillors are part of the Haute-Savoie Union group (miscellaneous right), fourteen are part of the Avenir Haute-Savoie group (The Republicans) and five are part of the Union du Centre group (The Centrists).Martial Saddierhad beenPresident of the Departmental Councilsince 2021.

Representation in Paris

National Assembly

Haute-Savoie elected the following members of theNational Assemblyin the2022 legislative election:

Constituency		Member	Party
	Haute-Savoie's 1st constituency	Véronique Riotton	Ensemble
	Haute-Savoie's 2nd constituency	Antoine Armand	Ensemble
	Haute-Savoie's 3rd constituency	Christelle Petex-Levet	UDC
	Haute-Savoie's 4th constituency	Virginie Duby-Muller	UDC
	Haute-Savoie's 5th constituency	Anne-Cécile Violland	Ensemble
	Haute-Savoie's 6th constituency	Xavier Roseren	Ensemble

Senate

See also:List of senators of Haute-Savoie

Haute-Savoie sends threeSenatorstoParliament.Loïc HervéandCyril Pellevatwere both elected in 2014;Sylviane Noëltook office in 2018.

Geography

Haute-Savoie highlighted in brown in the former Rhône-Alpes region, with arrondissements outlined

Haute-Savoie comprisesfour arrondissements,divided into279 communesand17 cantons.To the north, it borders the Swisscanton of GenevaandLake Geneva;to the east the Swisscanton of Valaisand Italy'sAosta Valley;to the west the French department ofAin;and to the south the department ofSavoie.

Haute-Savoie has the largest range of elevations of all the departments in France; the lowest point is 250 metres (820 ft) in theRhône Valley,and the highestMont Blancat 4,810.40 metres (15,782.2 ft).Some of the world's best-known ski resorts are in Haute-Savoie.

The terrain of the department includes the AlpineMont Blanc range;theFrench Prealpsof theAravis Range,theChablais,Bornes and Bauges Alps; and thepeneplainsof Genevois haut-savoyard andAlbanais(known collectively asL'Avant-pays savoyard).Its mountainous terrain makesmountain passesimportant to trade and economic life. Some of the most important are theCol de la Forclaz(which connects Chamonix to the canton of Valais) and theMont Blanc Tunnel,linking Chamonix toCourmayeurin theAosta Valley.

Forests

As of 1996, 178,624 hectares (441,390 acres) of Haute-Savoie isforested(38.8 percent of the total land area), compared to 34.4 percent for theRhone-Alpesregion and 27.1 percent for France as a whole. Of the forested area 141,063 hectares (348,570 acres) (79 percent) ismanagedfortimberand otherforest products,with the remaining 37,561 hectares (92,820 acres) having no commercial value or used foroutdoor recreation.

Map of Haute-Savoie

National nature reserves are designated by theFrench governmentas areas where an outstandingnatural heritageis present in both rare and typical areas in terms of species and geology. Management is charged to local organizations, with direction and evaluation focusing on long-term protection for future generations andenvironmental education.Of the 37,561 hectares (92,820 acres) of land not managed for timber, Haute-Savoie has nine national nature reserves totaling 24,542 hectares (60,640 acres).

• Aiguilles Rouges National Nature Reserve– 3,276 hectares (8,100 acres)
• Bout du Lac d'Annecy National Nature Reserve– 84 hectares (210 acres)
• Carlaveyron National Nature Reserve– 599 hectares (1,480 acres)
• Contamines-Montjoie National Nature Reserve– 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres)
• Delta de la Dranse National Nature Reserve– 539.7 hectares (1,334 acres)
• Passy National Nature Reserve– 2,000 hectares (4,900 acres)
• Roc de Chère National Nature Reserve– 68.24 hectares (168.6 acres)
• Sixt-Passy National Nature Reserve– 9,200 hectares (23,000 acres)
• Vallon de Bérard National Nature Reserve– 3,276 hectares (8,100 acres)

Lakes

See also:Lakes in Haute-Savoie

Aerial view of Lake Annecy from the southeast

Haute-Savoie has significant freshwater resources.Lake Annecyis a major attraction, along with the town ofÉvian-les-Bains,perhaps the best-known town on the French shore ofLake Geneva,and known worldwide for itsEvianmineral water.Haute-Savoie is entirely within thewatershedof theRhone.

Demographics

Population development since 1861:

Historical population

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1861 267,496 — 1872 273,027 +0.19% 1881 274,087 +0.04% 1891 268,471 −0.21% 1901 263,803 −0.18% 1911 255,137 −0.33% 1921 235,668 −0.79% 1931 252,794 +0.70% 1936 259,961 +0.56% 1946 270,565 +0.40%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1954 293,852 +1.04% 1962 329,230 +1.43% 1968 378,550 +2.35% 1975 447,795 +2.43% 1982 494,505 +1.43% 1990 568,286 +1.75% 1999 631,679 +1.18% 2006 696,254 +1.40% 2011 746,994 +1.42% 2016 801,416 +1.42%
source:

Principal towns

The most populous commune isAnnecy,the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 7 communes with more than 15,000 inhabitants:

Commune	Population (2019)
Annecy	130,721
Annemasse	36,582
Thonon-les-Bains	35,826
Cluses	16,918
Sallanches	16,831
Saint-Julien-en-Genevois	15,873
Rumilly	15,768

Education and research

The research sector in Haute-Savoie filed 201 patents in 2000. It is represented by:

• Laboratory for Particle Physics in Annecy-le-Vieux
• Technology Center Engineering Industries (CETIM)
• Research laboratories related to Polytech Savoie, ESIA and Savoy University
• Technical center for screw-machining industry (CTDEC) in Cluses
• The Thésame - mechatronics and management

Economy

Agriculture

See also:Abondance (cattle)andSavoy wine

In 2006 approximately 142,000 hectares (350,000 acres) of land was suitable foragriculture,of which 33,600 hectares (83,000 acres) (24 percent) wasarable landsuitable formarket gardening,cultivationorpasture;600 hectares (1,500 acres) wasorchards;300 hectares (740 acres) wasvineyards,and 108,300 hectares (268,000 acres) wasalpine tundraorgrasses. There were 4,450 farmers in 1999, 4,800 farmers and over 1,700 full-time farm employees at the end of 2006. In 1999, crop production was valued at €71.5 million and animal production at €165.4 million.

Reblochon cheese

Dairyproduction is a large part of the Haute-Savoie economy, earning €117.2 million in 2006 and representing 74 percent of the net animal-product worth.Cattleearned €29.7 million.Cheeseproduction (by variety) in 1999 (except as noted) was:

• Reblochon– 16,950 tons
• Tomme de Savoie– 5,500 tons
• Emmental– 3,000 tons (2006); 4,050 tons in 1999
• Racletteraw milk – 2,000 tons
• Abondance– 700 tons
• Tome des Bauges– 650 tons

Crafts

In late 2000 crafts occupied 15 percent of the workforce, or 28,443 employees and 1,922 apprentices. The 11,951 companies represented on theRépertoire des Métiers(Trade Index) were divided into:

• Food: 955 companies
• Construction: 4,924
• Production: 2,834
• Services: 3,238

Construction and public works

In late December 2000, building construction and public works included 13,867 employees in 4,838 companies as follows:

• Construction: 20 percent
• Decoration, electricity, plastering, painting: 70 percent
• Public works: 10 percent

Trade

In late December 2000, the trade sector accounted for 33,994 employees in 9,351 companies as follows:

• Tourism, culture and recreation: 23.7 percent
• Food and restaurants: 22.5 percent
• Hygiene and health: 15.2 percent
• Service: 14.3 percent
• Cars, motorcycles, bicycles: 13.1 percent
• Household equipment, home appliances: 11.2 percent

Retail

In late 2006, the département had 600 commercial establishments in over 300 square metres (3,200 sq ft) (for a total area of 705,419 square metres (7,593,070 sq ft)), including:

• 13hypermarkets(78,105 square metres (840,720 sq ft))
• 92 supermarkets (112,844 square metres (1,214,640 sq ft))
• 24 maxidiscounts (17,600 square metres (189,000 sq ft))
• 6 department and variety stores (14,640 square metres (157,600 sq ft))
• 465 other stores (482,230 square metres (5,190,700 sq ft))

From 1998 to 2005, 65 new supermarkets were built for an area totaling 50,000 square metres (540,000 sq ft). The average expenditure per capita in 2006 was €21,706. With the 2004–2007 rise of the euro, Swiss customer traffic decreased five or six percent (Swiss shoppers make up half the shoppers in the Genève–Savoyard district). At the end of 2006, traditional small businesses (less than 300 square metres (3,200 sq ft)) represented 84 percent of businesses and 40 percent of retail space.

Companies

4,301 companies were established in 2004 in Haute-Savoie: nearly 80 percent in the service sector, with a high percentage offering service to individuals (hotels, restaurants, recreational, cultural, sports, personal and household services). This accounted for 21.6 percent of new businesses. The most active sectors were real estate (up 24 percent), construction (up 15.4 percent), business services (up 12.4 percent) and the food industry (up 10 percent).

In 1999, Haute-Savoie had 2,779 industrial companies producing 13.60 percent of all business income.

Companies in Haute-Savoie

• Food:Entremont,Evian(mineral water), Cereal Partners France, La Gerbe Savoyarde, France, Decoration, Besnier, Fruity
• Chemistry-Pharmacy-Medical:Labcatal, Nicholas Roche, Pierre Fabre Galderma,Ivoclar,Corneal, SNCI, Anthogyr
• Commerce:Provencia, Botanic
• Electrical and electronic:Chauvin-Arnoux, DAV, Label, Amphenol Socapex, Cartier, Varilac CEB
• Mechanical equipment:Dassault,adixen Vacuum Products,Bosch Rexroth,Union Pump-Guinard Pumps(Group Textron)
• Home, household equipment:Tefal,Scaime Bourgeois,Mobalpa,Somfy
• Personal items:S.T. Dupont, Rexam Reboul, Gay, Maped, Pilot
• Data:Sopra, Cross Systems
• Machine tools and special machines:Stäubli,Prosys, Mach 1, Techmeta (Bodycote), Wirth and Gruffat, Mecasonic, Almo
• Mechanics:SNR Bearings, Parker Hannifin, Glacier Vandervell, Invensys, Eurodec, Frank and Pignard, Bouverat, Nicomatic, ZF, Sandvik, Rossignol Technology
• Metals and materials:PSB Industries, Pechiney Rhenalu, Fonlem Lachenal
• Plastics:Veka, SMPI, Decoplast
• Sport and leisure goods:Salomon (skiing), Mavic, Dynastar, Millet, Fusalp, Eider
• Other:Velsol France, Mecalac, ABMT (Bodycote)

Screw-cutting is a precision parts-machining industry, and Haute-Savoie generates the bulk of French screws. Firms engaged in screw-cutting are major employers in the department. While the automotive industry is the principal client, firms also service the electronics, household-appliance and medical sectors.

Arve Industries is part of 67 "competitiveness clusters" created in 2005. The cluster is dedicated tomechatronicsand includes 60,000 industrial jobs in over 280 companies (primarily small), 1,200 researchers and 250 patents in 2002. Among the projects supported by the cluster isinertial tolerancing,a new approach in evaluating the quality of machined parts. Based on theTaguchi loss function,inertia is defined by its deviation from its target. Inertial tolerancing is a research-and-development program supported by the cluster for its member companies. It is led by a research team from the Symme Laboratory of the University of Savoie and the CTDEC (Centre Technique du Decolletage). The publication of the French standard NFX 04-008 demonstrates the relevance of topics covered by the cluster.

Other programs involve the production of clean parts (4P project), developing new models of customer-supplier relationships to improve the effectiveness of simultaneous engineering tasks, and development of the international visibility of the cluster and its members. The companies concerned are involved with industrial mechanics, precision engineering, precision turning and sub-assemblies and mechanical assemblies, often associated with integrating technologies such as plastics, electronics and hydraulics. Markets served by member companies of the cluster include transport (cars, trucks, rail and air), production and distribution of electricity, hydraulics (gas or liquid, high-pressure vacuum), medical and health-related.

Services

In late December 2000, the service sector employed 75,768 people in 11,129 companies in:

• Hotels and restaurants – 26.5 percent
• Real estate activities – 24.6 percent
• Consulting and assistance – 14.0 percent
• Transportation – 6.1 percent
• Financial activities – 6.2 percent

Tourism

As of late December 2000, the tourism sector had a total of 635,000 beds divided as follows:

• 1,250 – Rural lodgings
• 803 – Hotels
• 453 – Guest rooms
• 191 – Campsites
• 70 – Bed-and-breakfasts
• 40 –Mountain huts

In 1999 there were 37.9 million overnight stays: 56 percent in winter and 44 percent during the rest of the year.

• 
  YvoireandLake Geneva
• 
  Arve Valley and the town ofCluses
• 
  Chateau de Ruphy inDuingt
• 
  Seyssel
• 
  Montriond Lake
• 
  Aiguille du Midi

Cross-border workers

Many people who live in Haute-Savoie (more than 52,200 in November 2006) work inSwitzerland(in the cantons ofGeneva,VaudandValais).The phenomenon has accelerated since bilateral agreements concluded between Switzerland and theEuropean Union,of which a significant part concerned free movement of people. In 2007, commuting increased over 12%.

Effective June 1, 2007, residents of Haute-Savoie may freely work in Switzerland. The department and municipalities receive compensation ( "frontier funds" ) allocated to municipalities in proportion to the number of border residents there. Following an agreement signed in Geneva in 1973, the Canton of Geneva transferred to Haute-Savoie 3.5 percent of total worker compensation, equivalent in December 2006 to €77.687 million.

Export

Exports are an important part of the economy; forty percent of Haute-Savoie employees work for exporting firms. Exports are primarily to Germany, the United States, Switzerland, Italy and the United Kingdom. Imports come mainly from Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and the United States.

Taxation

Haute-Savoie has property and income taxes. In 2006, 312,823 households were subject to property taxes and 27,747 were exempt. The average income tax per household was €25,621 in 2007 (compared with the national average of €21,930).

Transport

Haute Savoie is served by the A41 and A43 highways. Annecy is accessible from Lyon, with an estimated travel time between two and three hours in normal traffic. Since it is closer to Geneva, the new highway connects the two cities in about an hour. Meythet Airport in Annecy has Air France Regional round-trip service to Paris Orly. Saint-Gervais is the only railroad station directly serving a ski resort. The main rail line serves Annecy-Annemasse-Geneva. The Annecy railway station has TGV (high speed trains) departures and arrivals to and from Paris via the high-speed line from Lyon Part-Dieu. Intercity Public transport is run by Lihsa.

Sources

• Assedic (January 2000)
• Construction 74 (January 2000)
• ERC / DDAF 1999
• Chamber of Agriculture
• Chamber of Trade (December 2000)
• Customs
• SIRENE ofINSEE(July 2003)
• CTDEC
• Chamber of Commerce
• Thésame

See also

Language

• Arpitan language

Places

• Lake Annecy- The third largest lake in France.
• Lake Geneva- Lake which joins Upper Savoy and Switzerland.

External links

• Haute-Savoietravel guide from Wikivoyage
• (in French)Departmental Council website
• (in French)Prefecture website
• (in French)Haute-Savoie Chamber of Commerce and Industry
• Employment statisticsaccess to regional statistics (Department of Labor Region Rhone-Alpes)
• Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort(1911)."Haute-Savoie".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 13 (11th ed.). p. 74.