Wikipedia

Have Gun – Will Travel

(Redirected fromHave Gun, Will Travel)
For other uses, seeHave Gun – Will Travel (disambiguation).

Have Gun – Will Travelis an AmericanWestern television seriesthat was produced and originally broadcast byCBSon both television and radio from 1957 through 1963. The television version of the series starringRichard Boonewas rated number three or number four in theNielsen ratingsevery year of its first four seasons.

Have Gun – Will Travel
Richard Boone as Paladin
GenreWestern
Created by
Directed by
Starring
Narrated byRichard Boone
Ending theme"The Ballad of Paladin"
Composers
Country of originUnited States
Original languageEnglish
No.of seasons6
No.of episodes225(list of episodes)
Production
Producers
Running time25 mins.
Production companies
Original release
NetworkCBS
ReleaseSeptember 14, 1957(1957-09-14)–
April 20, 1963(1963-04-20)

Set in the period of theOld West,the series follows the adventures of "Paladin,"played by Boone, a gentleman investigator/gunfighter who travels around theOld Westworking as a gunfighter for hire. Although Paladin charges steep fees to clients who can afford to hire him, typically $1,000 per job, he provides his services for free to poor people who need his help.

Aradio seriesstarringJohn Dehnerdebuted November 23, 1958, more than a year after the premiere of its televised counterpart, makingHave Gun – Will Travelone of the few shows in television history to spawn a successful radio version.[1]

Premise

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This series follows the adventures of a man calling himself "Paladin"(played by Richard Boone on television and voiced by John Dehner on radio), taking his name from that of the foremostknightsinCharlemagne's court. He is a gentleman investigator/gunfighter who travels around theOld Westworking as a mercenary for people who hire him to solve their problems.

Like many Westerns, the television show was set in a time vaguely indicated to be some years after theAmerican Civil War.The radio show announced the year of the story that followed in the opening of each episode.[2]

The season-five television episode, "A Drop of Blood", gives the specific date of July 3, 1879. In the 14th and 17th ( "Lazarus", March 6 and 7, 1875) episodes of season five, it is 1875.

Characters

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Paladin

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Richard Boone in the episode "Genesis" (1962), before becoming the famed "knight without armor", Paladin

Paladin prefers to settle the difficulties clients bring his way without violence, but this rarely happens. When forced, he excels infisticuffs.Under his real name, which is never revealed, he was a dueling champion of some renown. Paladin is a graduate of theUnited States Military Academyat West Point and a veteran of theAmerican Civil War,in which he served as aUnioncavalry officer. In the episode "The Bostonian", he indirectly reveals he comes from Boston (or at least spent some time there), claiming, "In my youth,.. I was the best-dressed bouncer inScollay Square."

His permanent place of residence is the Hotel Carlton inSan Francisco,where he lives the life of a successful businessman andbon vivant,wearing elegantcustom-madesuits, consuming fine wine, playing the piano, and attending the opera and other cultural events. He is an expert chess player, poker player, and swordsman. He is skilled in Chinese martial arts, and is seen in several episodes receiving instruction and training with a kung ku master in San Francisco.[citation needed]He is highly educated, able to quote classic literature, philosophy, and case law, and speaks several languages. He is also president of the San Francisco Stock Exchange Club.[3]

When out working, Paladin changes into all-blackWestern-style clothing.His primary weapon is a custom-made, first-generation.45 caliberColt Single Action ArmyCavalry Model revolver[4]with an unusualrifledbarrel, carried in a black leather holster (with a platinum chess knight symbol facing the rear), hanging from a black leather gunbelt. He also carries alever-actionMarlinrifle (with a platinum chess knight symbol facing the rear seen in "The Hunt" ) strapped to his saddle. In some episodes, he has a two-shotRemington derringerconcealed under his belt; in other episodes, it is a single-shot Merrimack Arms "Southerner" derringer.

This calling card was the identifying graphic of theHave Gun – Will Travelseries.

Paladin gives out abusiness cardimprinted with "Have Gun Will Travel" and an engraving of a whiteknightchess piece, which evokes the proverbialwhite knightand theknight in shining armor.Underneath the chess piece is the wording "Wire Paladin", and under that, "San Francisco". A closeup of this card is used as atitle cardbetween scenes in the program.

A Man Called Paladin,Frank C. Robertson's novelization of the season-six premiere "Genesis", gives Paladin's real name as Clay Alexander.[5]

Other recurring characters

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The one other major semiregular character in the show is theChinesebellhopat the Carlton Hotel, known as Hey Boy (real name Kim Chan or Kim Chang); in the first season in the episode called "Hey Boy's Revenge", the character Hey Boy is sought by Paladin under the name Kim Chan, which is written on a piece of paper and shown on screen. As the episode continues, Hey Boy is referred to (verbally) five times as Kim Chan and then on the sixth incident Paladin states Hey Boy's name as Kim Chang and thereafter he is referred to as Kim Chang every time. No explanation is given for the name change.

Hey Boy is played byKam Tong.According to author and historianMartin Grams Jr.,Hey Boy is featured in all but the fourth of the show's six seasons, with the character of Hey Girl, played byLisa Lu,replacing Hey Boy for season four while Kam Tong worked on theMr. Garlundtelevision series.[6]Lisa Lu had previously played Hey Boy's sister, Kim Li, in "Hey Boy's Revenge".

Character actorOlan Souleappears in 10 episodes across all six seasons ofHave Gun – Will Travelas an employee of the Carlton Hotel, usually identified as the manager/desk clerk. The character's name is inconsistent, being given as "Cartwright" in two episodes, and "Matthews" in another. Tony Regan also appears as an unnamed desk clerk in over a dozen episodes, between seasons two and five.Hal Needham,later a noted director, worked on the show as a stunt performer and can be seen as a bit-part player (in a wide variety of roles) in nearly 50 episodes.

Notable guest stars

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WithChristine White,1958
WithPatricia Medina,1960

Guest stars included

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Production

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Have Gun – Will Travelwas created bySam RolfeandHerb Meadowand produced byFrank Pierson,Don Ingalls,Robert Sparks, andJulian Claman.Of the 225 episodes of the television series, 24 were written byGene Roddenberry.[7]Other major contributors includedBruce Geller,Harry Julian Fink,Don Brinkley,andIrving Wallace.Andrew V. McLaglendirected 101 episodes,[6]and 28 were directed by series starRichard Boone.[citation needed]

Filming locations

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Unlike many Westerns, entire episodes were filmed outdoors and away from the Old West Street set on Irving Street just belowMelrose Avenue,the home of Filmaster television production company. Filmaster was located across the street from, later becoming part of, Paramount Studios'backlot.The area is now enclosed in the independent Kingsley Productions studio lot encompassing a city block. Beginning in season four, filming locations were often given in the closing credits. Locations includedBishopandLone Pine,California; an area now known as Paladin Estates betweenBendandSisters,Oregon; and the Abbott Ranch nearPrineville,Oregon.[8]

Writing

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Many of the writers who worked onHave Gun – Will Travelwent on to gain fame elsewhere.Gene RoddenberrycreatedStar Trek,Bruce GellercreatedMission: Impossible,Samuel A. PeeplescreatedThe Tall Man,Custer,andLancer,andHarold Jack Bloomcreated Boone's later seriesHec Ramseyand the 1970s medical-adventure seriesEmergency!Harry Julian Finkis one of the writers who createdDirty Harry(the opening title and theme scene of the 1973Dirty HarrysequelMagnum Forcefeatures aPaladin-like sequence of a handgun being slowly cocked and then finally pointed toward the camera, with a potent line of dialogue).Sam Peckinpahwrote one episode, "The Singer", which aired in 1958. Other notable writers who contributed an episode includeGene L. Coon,Richard Matheson,Charles Beaumont,Laurence Heath, andFred Freiberger.BothStar TrekandMission: Impossiblewere produced byDesilu Productionsand laterParamount Television,which also now owns the rights toHave Gun – Will Travelthrough its successor company,CBS Television Distribution.[citation needed]

Music

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The program's opening was a four-note motif composed and conducted byBernard Herrmann.[9]For the opening theme, Herrmann reused a short sequence he had previously composed for the 1951 movieOn Dangerous Ground,starringRobert RyanandIda Lupino.TheHave Gun – Will Traveltheme (and fragments of incidental music also used in the television series) are featured in a chase scene across snowy fields; at the 35:25 mark of the film, the actualHave Gun – Will Travelopening theme is played in recognizable form, although the scoring is slightly different from the better-known television version.

The show's closing song, "The Ballad of Paladin",was written byJohnny Western(who had a role in season one, episode 35, "The Return of Dr. Thackeray" ), Richard Boone, and program creator Sam Rolfe, and was performed by Western. In the first season, the closing song was a reprise of the opening theme. In syndication, the first (premise) episode concludes with the Johnny Western ballad. The rest of the first-season episodes play a reprise of the opening theme; although the theme song was used in closing at least four times in season one, including episodes 25, 30, 33, and 34.[10]

In the second season, the song was the only closing music. In the third season, a new lyric was added to the five-line "The Ballad of Paladin", making it six lines long. In 1962–1963, the final season, the song's lyrics were cut to four lines, the original fourth and added sixth being dropped. This occurred because the production credits for writer, producer, and director were pulled from the closing credits to appear over the opening sequences. However, in the season-six episode "Sweet Lady in the Moon" (episode 26, 1963), the ballad was played complete over the closing credits.[11]

Johnny Western has sung a fully recorded version, opening with the refrain and including a second verse never heard on the television series.[12]

When showing episodes with Paladin at the Hotel Carlton in San Francisco, background music is often played. That instrumental was "Darling Nelly Gray", which is a 19th-century popular song written and composed by Benjamin Hanby.

Themes and analysis

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Title

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The title is a variation on aclicheused inpersonal advertisementsin newspapers such asThe Times,indicating that the advertiser (a job seeker) is equipped for a certain category of jobs and flexible about the location of the job. It has been used this way from the early 20th century.[13]

Atropecommon in theatrical advertising at the time was "Have tux, will travel" (originally from comedianBob Hopein 1954[14]), and CBS has claimed this was the specific inspiration for the writer Herb Meadow. The television show popularized the phrase in the 1950s and 1960s, and many variations have been used as titles for other works, including the 1958 science-fiction novelHave Space Suit—Will TravelbyRobert A. Heinlein.[15]

Opening sequence

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WithLisa Gaye,1958
WithRoxane Berard,who appeared in three episodes

Originally, each show opened with the same 45-second visual. Over a slow, four-note-repeat backbeat score, a tight shot of Paladin'schess knightemblem centered in a black background is seen, before the view widens to show the emblem affixed to Paladin's holster, with Paladin in his trademark costume seen from waist level in profile. Then, as he draws his revolver from the holster, the four-note-repeat backbeat fades to a light, almost harp-like strumming. He cocks the hammer, and then rotates the gun to point the barrel at the viewer for ten seconds, often delivering a line of dialogue from the coming episode, after which the pistol is uncocked and holstered briskly. As the weapon is reholstered and the view tightens to show only the chess knight, again, the four-note-repeat backbeat returns.

As only the chess knight emblem in a black background is back, the name "RICHARD BOONE" appears across the screen for about five seconds. The name fades out and immediately the words "in HAVE GUN – WILL TRAVEL" fade in, again for about five seconds. Boone's name and the show's title are accompanied by a four-note "stinger" that overshadows the four-note-repeat. The "stinger" is roughly the same as that heard when Paladin's business card is flashed on screen (in almost every episode). The words fade away after those five seconds, leaving only the chess knight emblem against the black background, and the four-note-repeat fades out. This opening then fades out and the show fades in on its opening scene.[16]

A later version of the opening sequence (seasons three to six) has a long-range shot, with Paladin in a full-body profile silhouette, and he fast-draws the revolver, dropping into a slight crouch as he turns, pointing at the camera. After the dubbed-over line, he straightens as he shoves the firearm into his holster. This silhouette visual remained for the run of the series. In later episodes, the teaser line was dropped; as seen in many of the episodes of the final two seasons' opening titles, when Paladin crouches and points his gun at the camera, first "RICHARD BOONE", and then "HAVE GUN – WILL TRAVEL" would appear as before, and Boone would reholster his gun as the words faded out. Due to the networks not always airing episodes in the order they were filmed, the omission of the voice-over dialogue was inconsistent for some of the episodes, as seen in the opening titles. Season six did have the most opening titles without the voice-over dialogue, especially as the season progressed, again as seen when the episodes opened.[17]

Release

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Broadcast history and ratings

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Further information:List of Have Gun – Will Travel episodes

September 14, 1957 – September 21, 1963: Saturdays at 9:30 pm[18]: 590 [19]: 363 

SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankAverage viewership (in millions)
First airedLast aired
139September 14, 1957(1957-09-14)June 14, 1958(1958-06-14)414.1[20]
239September 13, 1958(1958-09-13)June 20, 1959(1959-06-20)315.1[21]
339September 12, 1959(1959-09-12)June 18, 1960(1960-06-18)315.9[22]
438September 10, 1960(1960-09-10)June 10, 1961(1961-06-10)314.6[23]
538September 16, 1961(1961-09-16)June 2, 1962(1962-06-02)2910.8[24]
632September 15, 1962(1962-09-15)April 20, 1963(1963-04-20)2910.5[25]

Home media

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All of the episodes were released on VHS byColumbia House.CBS DVD(distributed byParamount) has released all six seasons ofHave Gun – Will Travelon DVD in Region 1. Season six, volumes one and two were first released on May 7, 2013.[26]

On May 10, 2016, CBS DVD was to releaseHave Gun – Will Travel – The Complete Serieson DVD in Region 1.[27]

In the second-season DVD, two episodes are mislabeled. On disk three, the episode titled "Treasure Trail" is actually "Hunt the Man Down", and on disk four, "Hunt the Man Down" is "Treasure Trail"; the "Wire Paladin" in each case refers to the other episode.[28]

DVD name Ep # Release date
Season 1 39 May 11, 2004
Season 2 39 May 10, 2005
Season 3 39 January 3, 2006
Season 4- Volume 1 19 March 2, 2010
Season 4- Volume 2 19 July 6, 2010
Season 5- Volume 1 19 November 30, 2010
Season 5- Volume 2 19 February 22, 2011
Season 6- Volume 1 16 May 7, 2013
Season 6- Volume 2 16 May 7, 2013
Complete Series 225 May 10, 2016

Awards

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The television show was nominated for threeEmmy Awards:

  • Best Actor in a Leading Role (Continuing Character) in a Dramatic Series, for Richard Boone (1959)[29]
  • Best Western Series (1959)[30]
  • Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Series (Lead or Support), for Richard Boone (1960).[31]

In 1957, Gene Roddenberry received the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Script for the episode "Helen of Abajinian".[32]

Franchise in other media

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Radio show

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John Dehner

TheHave Gun – Will Travelradio show broadcast 106 episodes on theCBS Radio Networkbetween November 23, 1958, and November 27, 1960.[33]It was one of the last radio dramas featuring continuing characters and one of only a handful of American radio adaptations of a television series.John Dehner(a regular on the radio series version ofGunsmoke) played Paladin, andBen Wrightusually (but not always) played Hey Boy.Virginia Greggplayed Miss Wong, Hey Boy's girlfriend, before the television series featured the character of Hey Girl. Unlike the small-screen version, this medium usually had a tag scene at the Carlton at both the beginning and the end of the episode. Initially, the episodes were adaptations of the television program as broadcast earlier the same week, but eventually, original stories were produced, including a finale ( "From Here to Boston", "Inheritance", and "Goodbye, Paladin" ) in which Paladin leaves San Francisco, perhaps forever, to claim an inheritance back east. The radio version was written by producer/writerRoy Winsor.[33]

Books

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Three novels were based on the television show, all with the title of the show. The first was a hardback written for children, published byWhitmanin 1959 in a series of novelizations of television shows. It was written by Barlow Meyers and illustrated by Nichols S. Firfires. The second was a 1960 paperback original, written for adults by Noel Loomis. The last book,A Man Called Paladin,written byFrank C. Robertsonand published in 1963 by Collier-Macmillan in hardback and paperback, is based on the television episode "Genesis" by Frank Rolfe.

This novel is the only source wherein a name is given to the Paladin character, Clay Alexander, but fans of the series do not consider this name canonical.Dell Comicspublished a number of comic books with original stories based on the television series.[34][35][36]In 2000,Martin Grams, Jr.and Les Rayburn self-published the 500-page trade paperback,The Have Gun – Will Travel Companion,documenting the history of the radio and television series.[37]

Film

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In 1997, a film version of the television series was announced.John Travoltawas named as a possible star in theWarner Bros.production, which was scripted byLarry Fergusonand to be directed byThe FugitivedirectorAndrew Davis.The film was never made.[38]

In 2006, aHave Gun – Will Travelfilm starring rapperEminemwas announced to be in production, but the film does not hold an official confirmed release date.Paramount Picturesextended an 18-month option on the television series and planned to transform the character of Paladin into a modern-day bounty hunter. Eminem was expected to work on the soundtrack.[39]

Television reboot

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In August 2012, several venues announced thatDavid Mametwas developing a reboot of the television series for CBS.[40][41]

In other television series

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In the television seriesMaverick,season two, episode 16, "Gun Shy",a send-up of the television seriesGunsmoke,Marshal Mort Dooley, the marshal of Elwood, Kansas, comments that several strange people have been passing through his town lately, specifically referring to "that gunslinger who handed out business cards". A subsequent comedicMaverickepisode titled "The Cats of Paradise" features a black-clad character obviously based on Paladin, albeit without using the name. Both episodes starJames Garner.

In the 1962Tom and Jerrycartoon "Tall in the Trap",Tom rolls into town on spurs with a card reading" Tall in the Trap "showing a mousetrap on a knight chess piece. In the third episode of the seventh season ofArcher( "Deadly Prep," April 14, 2016) the titular character is seen cleaning his weapon as he sings the theme song fromHave Gun - Will Travel.

Cultural influences

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  • Boon,a hit British Drama series, was heavily influenced byHave Gun – Will Travel.The series followed the adventures an ex-fireman who was invalided out of the service and became a modern-day hero. OfHave Gun – Will Travel's influence, co-creator Jim Hill said: "Boonhad been derived from an American TV series from the 1950s that Bill Stair and I both watched and liked. It was calledHave Gun – Will Travel– a troubleshooting cowboy answered distress calls. He was called Paladin and was played by the actorRichard Boone.We dropped the E and we had BOON – a modern-day trouble shooter on a motorbike instead of a steed. "Boonran from 1986 to 1992, with a special one-off episode in 1995.
  • The "Have...Will..." theme was used in the titles of several record albums, such asHave Trumpet, Will Excite!by jazz musicianDizzy Gillespie,Have Organ Will Swingby pianist/organistBuddy Cole,Have Organ Will Travelby organistGeorge Wright,multiple albums namedHave Guitar Will Travel,and others.
  • In a scene inStand by Me,the main characters sing the show's closing theme song as a way of evoking that film's era (it is set in late 1959); songwriter Johnny Western successfully sued the producers for not securing his permission beforehand. This scene is spoofed in the "Stand by Me" segment of theFamily Guyepisode "Three Kings".
  • TheTom and Jerrycartoon "Tall in the Trap"(1962, directed byGene Deitch) was a parody ofHave Gun – Will Travel.
  • A feature ofFrank Zappa's 1970 tour's performances was the "Paladin Routine", a briefimprovisedcomedy sketch based on theHave Gun – Will Travelcharacters, culminating in a vocalization of the music from the series' opening-credit sequence. One such performance is documented on thebootleg albumFreaks & Motherfu*#@%!(later released as part ofBeat the Boots).
  • In the third season, episode three ofDownton Abbey,aired January 6, 2013, in what appears to be an anachronism, the character Lady Cora tells her husband, "I'm American: have gun, will travel", but the general phrase"Have X will travel"does date back to the show's time period.[42]
  • In the 1972–74 seriesHec Ramsey,set in New Prospect, Oklahoma, in 1901, Boone is an older former gunfighter turned forensic criminologist. At one point, Ramsey denies that in his younger days as a gunfighter, he worked under the name Paladin. The origin of this myth is Boone's remark in an interview, "Hec Ramsey is Paladin – only fatter." Naturally, he merely meant the characters had certain similarities: Ramsey, for his part, was practically buffoonish, imparting a measure of humor toHec Ramseymissing from the sterner, more erudite Paladin.
  • In the two-part 1991 TV miniseriesThe Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw,a poker game is played by the rules of "the late Mr. Paladin" in the Carlton Hotel where the recently deceased Paladin usually stayed; the film featured numerous cowboy actors from 1950s television series playing their earlier roles incameo appearancesthree decades later, along withClaude Akinsas PresidentTheodore Rooseveltturning up at the game to assist in memorializing Paladin.
  • In the 1985Star TreknovelIshmaelbyBarbara Hambly,in which theEnterprisetravels back in time, Spock plays chess against Paladin during a visit to San Francisco.
  • In the 2013 fan-created seriesStar Trek Continuesepisode "Pilgrim of Eternity",visual effects artistDoug Drexlerplayed the part of Paladin in a Holodeck creation. Drexler cited the special specifications of Paladin's revolver to an impressed Captain Kirk (Vic Mignogna).
  • Paying homage to Boone's character, in thePathfinder Roleplaying Game,thePaladinfeatures an archetype named "Holy Gun", whose abilities are succinctly described as "Have Gun".
  • Desmond Bagley's 1968 novelThe Vivero Letterhas a moment when the protagonist/narrator, thinking about what he is getting into, ironically describes himself as an "adventurer at large – 'have gun, will travel'." Then he notes that he does not have a gun and said, "I doubted whether I could use one effectively, anyway."
  • Have Space Suit—Will Travelis a 1958 science fiction novel for young readers by American writerRobert A. Heinlein.
  • TheUS Navy'sStrike Fighter Squadron 105 (VFA-105), nicknamed "Gunslingers", wears a unit insignia featuring a western-style revolver in a holster emblazoned with a gold knight chess piece (although unlike Paladin's holster, the horse faces forward).[43]

Τrademark infringement litigation

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In 1974, arodeoperformer named Victor De Costa won afederal courtjudgment against CBS fortrademark infringement,successfully arguing that he had created the Paladin character and the ideas used in the show, and that CBS had used them without permission. For example, at his rodeo appearances he always dressed in black, called himself the "Paladin", handed out hundreds ofbusiness cardsfeaturing achesspiecelogoalong with the phrase "Have gun will travel", and carried a concealedderringerpistol.[44]A year later, anappellate courtoverturned the lower court ruling on the basis that the plaintiff had failed to prove that likelihood of confusion had existed in the minds of the public—a necessary requirement for a suit over trademark infringement.[45]In 1977, De Costa was awarded afederal trademarkfor the Paladin character.[46]

De Costa kept pursuing his legal options, and in 1991—more than 30 years after his first lawsuit was originally filed—a federal jury awarded DeCosta $3.5 million from Viacom International, by then aCBSsubsidiary,which has distributed the show's reruns in defiance of De Costa's registered trademark, ordering Viacom to pay DeCosta $1 million for his loss and $2.5 million inpunitive damages.[47]Rhode IslandDistrict JudgeErnest C. Torresblocked theredistributionof the Paladin show byViacom.[48]

In 1992, the jury award was reversed. The United States Court of Appeals ruled that because Mr. DeCosta had unsuccessfully sued in the past over the same issues, "the doctrine of 'collateral estoppel' bars his new claims." In other words, he was not allowed a second attempt to try the old, previously settled dispute. See the final legal case: Victor DeCosta, v. VIACOM, 981 F.2d 602, 604 (1st Cir. 1992).

De Costa died on 29 January 1993 at the age of 84. In the end, he received nothing.[49]

References

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  1. ^"Richard Boone".Archived fromthe originalon 17 June 2015.Retrieved8 September2015.
  2. ^Dunning, John.Tune In Yesterday: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio, 1925–1976(New York: Prentice Hall), 1976;ISBN978-0139326165
  3. ^Gould, Berni; Pascal, Milton; & Kolb, Ken. Have Gun – Will Travel, Episode 1/21, "The Bostonian", first aired February 1, 1958; retrieved November 6, 2017.
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  7. ^Series co-creator Sam Rolfe would later write a script for the Roddenberry-createdStar Trek: The Next Generation.
  8. ^Studlar, Gaylyn (2015).Have Gun – Will Travel.Wayne State University Press. p. 140.ISBN978-0814339770.
  9. ^"Herrmann Music in Have Gun Will Travel and Other Classic CBS Television Series – The Bernard Herrmann Society".bernardherrmann.org.Retrieved6 November2018.
  10. ^Have Gun - Will Travelsyndicated re-run aired season-one episodes, and DVD release.
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  29. ^"Outstanding Lead Actor In A Drama Series Nominees / Winners 1959".Television Academy.Retrieved1 April2023.
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  33. ^abDunning, John (1998),On The Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio,New York: Oxford University Press, p.311,ISBN0195076788
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