Wikipedia

Hay-on-Wye

Hay-on-Wye,or simplyHay(Welsh:Y Gelli Gandryll;Welsh pronunciation:[əˈɡɛɬiˈgandrɪɬ]or simplyY Gelli), is amarket townandcommunityinPowys,Wales,in thehistoric countyofBrecknockshire.[2]With over twenty bookshops, it is often described as a"town of books";it is both the National Book Town of Wales and the site of the annualHay Festival.The community had a population of 1,675 at the2021 census.

Hay-on-Wye
Oxford Rd carpark circular walk
Hay-on-Wye is located in Powys
Hay-on-Wye
Hay-on-Wye
Location withinPowys
Population1,675 (Community, 2021)[1]
OS grid referenceSO225425
Community
  • Hay
Principal area
Preserved county
  • Powys
CountryWales
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townHEREFORD
Postcode districtHR3
Dialling code01497
PoliceDyfed-Powys
FireMid and West Wales
AmbulanceWelsh
UK Parliament
Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament
List of places
UK
Wales
Powys

52°04′30″N3°07′30″W/ 52.075°N 3.125°W/52.075; -3.125

Community map

  • Map of the community

The town istwinnedwithRedu,a village in theBelgian municipalityofLibin,[3]and withTimbuktu,Mali,West Africa.[4][5]

Hay-on-Wye is often named one of the best places to live in Wales[6][7][8]and has been named as one of the UK's best Christmas destinations.[9]

Location

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The town lies on the south-east bank of theRiver Wyeand is within the north-easternmost tip of theBrecon Beacons National Park,just north of theBlack Mountains.The town is just on theWelsh side of the borderwithHerefordshire,England,here defined by the Dulas Brook. Where the brook joins the River Wye just north of the town, the border continues northwards along the river. The Wye was the boundary between the former counties and districts ofRadnorshireandBrecknockshire.[10]

The adjacent parish ofCusoplies on the English side of the Dulas Brook, with parts of the urban area of Hay now crossing the border into the parish of Cusop. The nearest city isHereford,county townof Herefordshire, some 22 miles (35 km) to the east.[11]Hereford serves as thepost townfor Hay, so that its official postal address is "Hay-on-Wye, Hereford", despite Hay being in Wales and Hereford in England.[12]

Hay-on-Wye is in the area known as "Kilvertcountry "which includesClyro,Capel-y-ffin,Llowes,Glasbury,Llanigon,Painscastle,CliffordandWhitney-on-Wye.[13][14][15][16]

Etymology

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The settlement's name is first referred to between 1135 and 1147 asHaya;in 1299 the name ofLa Hayeis used. By the 16th century it was simply calledHay,and the use of the river as a suffix is a later addition. In 1215, a Welsh name,Gelliwas recorded, andGelli gandrellin 1614; the two names may have been used concurrently in 1625. The English language name,Hay,is derived fromOld Englishhæg,possibly meaning a "fenced area" and a noun used in late Saxon and Norman times for an enclosure in a forest. The Welsh wordcelli(lenitedtoGelli) has a range of meanings, including wooded areas of various extents.[17]

The legal name of thecommunityis Hay rather than Hay-on-Wye.[18]In 1947 theGeneral Post Officechanged the name of thepostal localityfrom Hay to Hay-on-Wye.[19]The change of postal address did not change the name of theurban districtwhich then covered the town, which retained the name Hay and was subsequently converted into a community called Hay in 1974.[20]

History

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Hay Castle and war memorial

The village ofLlanigonis about 2 miles (3.2 km) south-west of the town of Hay-on-Wye. Before the NormanconquestHay-on-Wye was part of the parish of Llanigon. The church ofSt. Eigonin Llanigon was the principal church for the area. This was because thesettlementin Llanigon predated the settlement in Hay-on-Wye.[17][21]

Hay Castle
Hay-on-Wye Tump

Brycheiniog(now Wales) wasconqueredbetween 1088 and 1095 following the secondNorman invasion of Wales.TheNorman invaderswere led by themarcher lordBernard deNeufmarché.He dividedBrycheinioginto smallerlordshipswhich were gifted to theknightswho contributed to the conquest.[22]The Llanthomas lordship (in Llanigon) was part of the Hay lordship owned by William Revel, one of Bernard 's knights.[23][24]Motte and baileycastle construction typically occurred soon after a lordship was allocated to a knight.[25]

Hay-on-Wye Tump

Hay-on-Wye grew after theconquest.Around 1121, amotte and bailey castlewas built nearSt. Mary's.It is thought to have been built by William Revel. The castle remains are known as Hay Tump.[26][27]The church of St Mary's was built around 1135 and took over the role of the principle church and parish for the area. St. Mary's is near Login Brook and theRiver Wye.[28][29]

The main part of the town was subsequently developed on a spur of land between the River Wye and Dulas Brook, about 200 metres east of Hay Tump. The town was fortified with walls and defended byHay Castle,[30]which appears to have been built from the late 12th century onwards. The earlier centre of settlement around Hay Tump and St Mary's Church lay outside the later town walls.[26]A chapel dedicated to St John was subsequently built inside the town walls around 1254.[31]

In post-conquesttimes, Hay-on-Wye was divided between twomanors,known as an Englishry (i.e. English Hay or Haya Anglicana) and a Welshery (i.e. Welsh Hay or Haya Wallensis).[32]The Englishry was within the fortified town of Hay. TheWelshrywasoutside the fortified town, including some rural land, the village ofLlanigonand the hamlet of Glynfach.[33][34][35]

In 1894,[36]Hay Urban parish was created from part of the Hay Urban District, Hay Tump is within the Hay Urban parish.Hay Rural parish was created from the rural part of the parish of Hay, and includes another Norman castle calledLlanthomas Castle Mound.[37][38]It is on the same lane as theHay Festivalfields (Dairy Meadows).D. J. Cathcart King’slist of UK castles, names Hay Castle as Hay No. 1, Hay Tump as Hay No. 2 and Llanthomas Castle Mound as Hay No. 3.[39]

Hay Castleinitially took the form of an earthringworkwith a stonegate-tower.[40]It was re-enforced in stone around 1200 with acurtain wall.[41]The castle was damaged during the Welsh rebellion led byOwain Glyndŵraround 1401 and again in 1460 during theWars of the Roses.[42]It was then substantially expanded in the 17th century, creating aJacobeanmansion.[43]Hay Castle has recently been restored to its former glory.[44][45]

Book town

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Hay-on-Wye is a destination forbibliophilesin the United Kingdom, with two dozenbookshops,many selling specialist and second-handbooks,[46]although the number has declined sharply in recent years, many becoming general antique shops and similar.[47]Hay-on-Wye was already well known for its many bookshops before the festival was launched.Richard Boothopened his first shop there, called The Old Fire Station, in 1962,[48][49]and by the 1970s Hay had gained the nickname "The Town of Books".[50]

Entrance to Hay Festival fields

Hay Festival

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Since 1988, theHay Festivalbased in Hay-on-Wye has been the venue for an annualliterary festival,now sponsored byThe Daily Telegraphnewspaper, which draws a claimed 80,000 visitors over ten days at the end of May or beginning of June to see and hear big literary names from all over the world. Devised by Norman, Rhoda andPeter Florencein 1988, the festival was described byBill Clintonin 2001 as "TheWoodstockof the mind ".[51][52]Tony Bennsaid: "In my mind it's replaced Christmas".[51][53]In late July 2021, co-founder and director Peter Florence resigned as Festival Director.[54]

Governance

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Former Hay-on-Wye Town Hall, the Cheese Market (Statue of Henry VII)

There are two tiers of local government covering Hay, atcommunity(town) andcountylevel: Hay Town Council andPowys County Council.The town council is based at offices on Brecon Road.[55]For elections to Powys County Council, there is awardcalled Hay which covers the same area as the community of Hay.[56]

Administrative history

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Hay-on-Wye, Brecknockshire 1860
Marcher lordships in the 14th-century Wales

The parish of Hay was created around 1135 from the north-eastern parts of the older parish of Llanigon.[29]Until 1536 Hay was amarcher lordship.In 1536 the Hay lordship was included in the new county of Brecknockshire.[57]

The area of the fortified town was sometimes described as aborough,but it was never given acharterand it appears that no borough council ever operated; instead the town was administered by officials appointed by thelord of the manor.[58]Any residual claim Hay may have had to be called a borough was extinguished under theMunicipal Corporations Act 1883.[59]

In 1864 the north-eastern part of the parish of Hay, covering the built-up area as it then was and some adjacent areas, was made alocal government district,administered by an elected local board.[60]Such districts were reconstituted asurban districtsunder theLocal Government Act 1894.The 1894 Act also directed that parishes were no longer allowed to straddle district boundaries, and so the parish of Hay was split into a Hay Urban parish covering the same area as the urban district, and a Hay Rural parish covering the part of the old parish outside the urban district.[20]

Hay Urban District was abolished in 1974, with its area instead becoming a community called Hay within theBorough of Brecknockin the new county ofPowys.The former urban district council's functions therefore passed to Brecknock Borough Council, which was in turn abolished in 1996 and its functions passed to Powys County Council.[61][62]The Hay Rural parish also became a community in 1974, but was abolished in 1986 and its area absorbed into the neighbouring parish of Llanigon.[63]

Transport

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The B4350 runs through the town and the B4351 links it with the main A438 fromBrecontoHereford,on the far side of the River Wye.[64]The town has aroad/pedestrian bridgespanning theRiver WyelinkingClyrowith Hay-on-Wye.[65][66]

Hay-on-Wye railway station

The town was formerly served by train services atHay-on-Wye railway station[67]on theHereford, Hay and Brecon line.On a stormy night in 1880, a goods train on the way to Brecon was derailed and destroyed a 3-arch masonry bridge. The train fell into Digeddi Brook at Little Ffordd Fawr, near Llanigon. The driver George Parker died, and his stoker John Williams had life changing injuries.[68][65]The line closed in 1962, due to the line's commercial underperformance.[69][70]

Sport

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Postbox painted gold to honour Josie Pearson

Hay St. Mary's Football Clubis based on Hay Sports Field, off Brecon Road,[71]and they compete in theCentral Wales Football League.[72][73]

Hay-on-Wye Cricket Club is also located on Hay Sports Field.[74][75]The 1st team compete in The Marches Cricket League.[76]

Hay-on-Wye bowling club is affiliated to the MidWales Bowling Association[77]and the Women's Mid Wales Bowling Association.[78][79][80]

HayGolf Club(now defunct) was founded in 1903. The club continued on its nine-hole course until the onset ofWorld War II.[81]

Music and philosophy

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HowTheLightGetsInFestival, Hay-on-Wye

Hay hosts a philosophy and music festival,HowTheLightGetsIn,which occurs annually in May. It aims "to get philosophy out of the academy and into people's lives."[82]

Notable buildings

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Harley's Almshouses

In 2013, Hay-on-Wye had 145 Listed Building entries,[2]all are Grade II listed apart from Hay Castle[83][84]which is Grade 1 listed. Other listed buildings includeSt Mary's parish church,[85][86]Dulas Bridge(Newport St),[87]the Swan Hotel(Church St),[88][89]Harley’s Almshouses (4 Brecon Rd),[90]Post Office (3 High Town),[91]Ashbrook House (1 Brecon Rd)[92][93]and part of the town wall,[94]as well as many of the town centre inns and shops.[95]Oakfield is a Grade II listed Regency house located south of the town centre: built in about 1820, it was recorded in 1842 as the home of Henry Allen Junior.[96]

Church of St Mary, Hay-on-Wye

The Butter Market[97]was commissioned by William Enoch and erected in the form of a Doric temple in 1833.[98]theCheese Market[99]was commissioned bySir Joseph Bailey, 1st Baronetand completed in 1835.[100]The Butter Market and the Cheese Market had an arcaded ground floor to sell butter and cheese and dairy products, respectively.[101]The first-floor assembly room has now been renovated to serve as holiday accommodation. On the end wall is a sculpture of Henry Tudor (Henry VII).

Former Ebenezer Methodist Chapel

Churchesin Hay-on-Wye include:

Churches that have been repurposed for secular purposes include:

  • Trinity Wesleyan Methodist Chapel (built in 1771), the original building is now a private house.[116][117]A later building was in Castle St., the final building is now a shop andpost-officeon the corner of the alley named Back Fold.[118][119]
  • Salem Baptist Chapel (built in 1659) and active to about 2018)[120]is the second oldest non-conformist chapel in Wales. The Hay Baptist schoolroom may be the oldest schoolroom in Wales.[121][122][123][124][125]Now a Yoga studio.
  • Ebenezer Independent (Congregationalist) Methodist Chapel (built 1845 and active until 2000),[126][127][128][117][129]Now an arts centre.
Hay-on-Wye, Clock Tower

Hay-on-Wye has a Victorianclock towerabout 50 ft high. The tower was erected in 1881 at a cost of £300.[130]It is built of dressedBath stoneand native stone from Christfield quarry. It was known by locals as the "clockless tower". The clock faces and bell were added in 1884 after fund-raising byCanon Bevanand family. It was set going onChristmas Day1884. The bell was paid by a donation as a memorial to T. W. Higgins, Hay, and Guidfa House, Radnorshire.[65]

Kingdom of Hay-on-Wye

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Footpath from Hay-on-Wye bridge to the Warren

On 1 April 1977,bibliophileRichard Boothconceived a publicity stunt in which he declared Hay-on-Wye to be an 'independent kingdom' with himself as its monarch and a National Anthem written byLes Penning.The tongue-in-cheekmicronationof Hay-on-Wye has subsequently developed a healthy tourism industry based on literary interests for which some credit Booth.[131]

In 2005, Booth announced plans to sell his bookshop and move toGermany;on this occasion, localMember of Parliament,Roger Williams,was quoted as saying: "His legacy will be that Hay changed from a small market town into a mecca for second-hand book lovers and this transformed the local economy."[132]

Richard Booth in 1984
Herbert Rowse Armstrong

Notable people

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See also

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  • Sedbergh– the national book town of England
  • Wigtown– the national book town of Scotland

References

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Bibliography

edit
  • King, D.J. Cathcart (1961). "The Castles of Breconshire".Brycheiniog.7:71–94.
  • Remfry, P.M.,Hay on Wye Castle, 1066 to 1298(ISBN1-899376-07-0)
edit
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