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Hayabusa

For other uses, seeHayabusa (disambiguation).

Hayabusa(Japanese:はやぶさ,"Peregrine falcon")was arobotic spacecraftdeveloped by theJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA) toreturn a sample of materialfrom a smallnear-Earth asteroidnamed25143 ItokawatoEarthfor further analysis. Hayabusa,formerly known asMUSES-CforMu Space Engineering Spacecraft C,was launched on 9 May 2003 andrendezvousedwith Itokawa in mid-September 2005. After arriving at Itokawa,Hayabusastudied the asteroid's shape, spin, topography, color, composition, density, and history. In November 2005, it landed on the asteroid and collected samples in the form of tiny grains of asteroidal material, which were returned to Earth aboard the spacecraft on 13 June 2010.

Hayabusa
An artist's rendering ofHayabusaabove Itokawa's surface
NamesMuses-C (before launch)
Mission typesample return
OperatorJAXA
COSPAR ID2003-019AEdit this at Wikidata
SATCATno.27809
Mission duration7 years, 1 month and 4 days
Spacecraft properties
Launch mass510 kg[1]
Dry mass380 kg (840 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date04:29:25, 9 May 2003 (UTC)(2003-05-09T04:29:25Z)
RocketM-V
Launch siteUchinoura Space Center
End of mission
Disposalsample return capsule:recovered
spacecraft:ballistic reentry
Minerva and rover:lost contact
Last contactMinerva:12 November 2005
Recovery datesample capsule:07:08, 14 June 2010
Decay datespacecraft:13 June 2010
Landing datesample capsule:13 June 2010(2010-06-13)14:12 UT[2]
Landing sitenearWoomera, Australia
Flyby ofEarth
Closest approach06:23, 19 May 2004
Distance3,725 km (2,315 mi)
Rendezvous with(25143) Itokawa
Arrival date12 September 2005, 1:17 UTC[3]
Departure dateDecember 2005
(25143) Itokawalander
Landing date19 November 2005, 21:30 UTC
Return launch19 November 2005, 21:58 UTC
(25143) Itokawalander
Landing date25 November 2005
Sample mass<1g

The spacecraft also carried a detachable minilander,MINERVA,which failed to reach the surface.

Mission firsts

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Denis J. P. Moura (left) and Junichiro Kawaguchi (right) at the 2010International Astronautical Congress(IAC)

NASA'sGalileoandNEAR Shoemakerspacecraft had visited asteroids before, but theHayabusamission was the first one to return an asteroid sample toEarthfor analysis.[4]

In addition,Hayabusawas the first spacecraft designed to deliberately land on an asteroid and then take off again (NEAR Shoemakermade a controlled descent to the surface of433 Erosin 2000, but it was not designed as a lander and was eventually deactivated after it arrived). Technically,Hayabusawas not designed to "land"; it simply touches the surface with its sample capturing device and then moves away. However, it was the first craft designed from the outset to make physical contact with the surface of an asteroid. Junichiro Kawaguchi of theInstitute of Space and Astronautical Sciencewas appointed to be the leader of the mission.[5]

Despite its designer's intention for momentary contact,Hayabusalanded and sat on the asteroid surface for about 30 minutes (seebelow).

Mission profile

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TheHayabusaspacecraft was launched on 9 May 2003 at 04:29:25 UTC on anM-Vrocket from theUchinoura Space Center(still calledKagoshima Space Centerat that time). Following launch, the spacecraft's name was changed from the original MUSES-C toHayabusa,the Japanese word forfalcon.The spacecraft's xenonion engines(four separate units), operating near-continuously for two years, slowly movedHayabusatoward a September 2005 rendezvous with Itokawa. As it arrived, the spacecraft did not go into orbit around the asteroid, but remained in a station-keepingheliocentric orbitclose by.

The half-scale model ofHayabusaat the IAC in 2010

Hayabusasurveyed the asteroid surface from a distance of about 20 km (13.7 mi), the "gate position". After this the spacecraft moved closer to the surface (the "home position" ), and then approached the asteroid for a series of soft landings and for the collection of samples at a safe site.Autonomousoptical navigation was employed extensively during this period because the long communication delay prohibits Earth-based real-time commanding. At the secondHayabusatouched down with its deployable collection horn, the spacecraft was programmed to fire tiny projectiles at the surface and then collect the resulting spray. Some tiny specks were collected by the spacecraft for analysis back on Earth.

After a few months in proximity to the asteroid, the spacecraft was scheduled to fire its engines to begin its cruise back to Earth. This maneuver was delayed due to problems withattitude control(orientation) and the thrusters of the craft. Once it was on its return trajectory, the re-entry capsule was released from the main spacecraft three hours before reentry, and the capsule coasted on a ballistic trajectory, re-entering the Earth's atmosphere at 13:51, 13 June 2010 UTC. It is estimated that the capsule experienced peak deceleration of about 25 G and heating rates approximately 30 times those experienced by theApollo spacecraft.It landed via parachute nearWoomera,Australia.

In relation to the mission profile, JAXA defined the following success criteria and corresponding scores for major milestones in the mission prior to the launch of theHayabusaspacecraft.[6]As it shows, theHayabusaspacecraft is a platform for testing new technology and the primary objective of theHayabusaproject is the world's first implementation of microwave dischargeion engines.Hence 'operation of ion engines for more than 1000 hours' is an achievement that gives a full score of 100 points, and the rest of the milestones are a series of world's first-time experiments built on it.

The replica of the re-entry capsule exhibited at JAXAi (closed on 28 December 2010)
Success criteria forHayabusa Points Status
Operation of ion engines 50 points Success
Operation of ion engines for more than 1000 hours 100 points Success
Earth gravity assist with ion engines 150 points Success
Rendezvous with Itokawa with autonomous navigation 200 points Success
Scientific observation of Itokawa 250 points Success
Touch-down and sample collection 275 points Success
Capsule recovered 400 points Success
Sample obtained for analysis 500 points Success

MINERVA mini-lander

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Main article:MINERVA (spacecraft)

Hayabusacarried a tiny mini-lander(weighing only 591 g (20.8 oz), and approximately 10 cm (3.9 in) tall by 12 cm (4.7 in) in diameter) named "MINERVA"(short forMIcro-NanoExperimentalRobotVehicle for theAsteroid). An error during deployment resulted in the craft's failure.

This solar-powered vehicle was designed to take advantage of Itokawa's very low gravity by using an internal flywheel assembly to hop across the surface of the asteroid, relaying images from its cameras toHayabusawhenever the two spacecraft were in sight of one another.[7]

MINERVA was deployed on 12 November 2005. The lander release command was sent from Earth, but before the command could arrive,Hayabusa's altimeter measured its distance from Itokawa to be 44 m (144 ft) and thus started an automatic altitude keeping sequence. As a result, when the MINERVA release command arrived, MINERVA was released while the probe was ascending and at a higher altitude than intended, so that it escaped Itokawa's gravitational pull and tumbled into space.[8][9]

Had it been successful, MINERVA would have been the first hopping space rover. The Soviet missionPhobos 2also encountered a malfunction while attempting to deploy a hopping rover.

Scientific and engineering importance of the mission

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Scientists' understanding of asteroids depends greatly on meteorite samples, but it is very difficult to match up meteorite samples with the exact asteroids from which they came.Hayabusahelped solve this problem by bringing back pristine samples from a specific, well-characterized asteroid.Hayabusabridged the gap between ground observation data of asteroids and laboratory analysis of meteorite andcosmic dustcollections.[10]Also comparing the data from the onboard instruments of theHayabusawith the data from theNEAR Shoemakermissionwill put the knowledge on a wider level.[citation needed]

TheHayabusamission has a very deep engineering importance for JAXA, too. It allowed JAXA to further test its technologies in the fields ofion engines,autonomous and optical navigation, deep space communication, and close movement on objects with low gravity among others. Second, since it was the first-ever preplanned soft contact with the surface of an asteroid (theNEAR Shoemakerlanding on 433 Eros was not preplanned) it has enormous influence on further asteroid missions.[citation needed]

Changes in mission plan

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TheHayabusamission profile was modified several times, both before and after launch.

  • The spacecraft was originally intended to launch in July 2002 to the asteroid4660 Nereus(the asteroid(10302) 1989 MLwas considered as an alternative target). However, a July 2000 failure of Japan'sM-5 rocketforced a delay in the launch, putting both Nereus and 1989 ML out of reach. As a result, the target asteroid was changed to1998 SF36,which was soon thereafter named for Japanese rocket pioneerHideo Itokawa.[11]
  • Hayabusawas to deploy a small rover supplied byNASAand developed byJPL,called Muses-CN, onto the surface of the asteroid, but the rover was canceled by NASA in November 2000 due to budget constraints.
  • In 2002, launch was postponed from December 2002 to May 2003 to recheck theO-ringsof itsreaction control systemsince one of them had been found to be using a different material than specified.[12]
  • In 2003, whileHayabusawas en route to Itokawa, the largestsolar flarerecorded in history[13]damaged thesolar cellsaboard the spacecraft. This reduction in electrical power reduced the efficiency of the ion engines, thus delaying the arrival at Itokawa from June to September 2005. Since orbital mechanics dictated that the spacecraft still had to leave the asteroid by November 2005, the amount of time it was able to spend at Itokawa was greatly reduced and the number of landings on the asteroid was reduced from three to two.
  • In 2005, tworeaction wheelsthat govern the attitude movement ofHayabusafailed; the X-axis wheel failed on 31 July, and the Y-axis on 2 October. After the latter failure, the spacecraft was still able to turn on its X and Y axes with its thrusters. JAXA claimed that since global mapping of Itokawa had been completed, this was not a major problem, but the mission plan was altered. The failed reaction wheels were manufactured by Ithaco Space Systems, Inc, New York, which was later acquired byGoodrich Company.
  • The 4 November 2005, 'rehearsal' landing on Itokawa failed, and was rescheduled.
  • The original decision to sample two different sites on the asteroid was changed when one of the sites, Woomera Desert, was found to be too rocky for a safe landing.
  • The 12 November 2005, release of the MINERVA miniprobe ended in failure.

Mission timeline

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Up to the launch

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The asteroid exploration mission by theInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science(ISAS) originated in 1986–1987 when the scientists investigated the feasibility of a sample return mission toAnterosand concluded that the technology was not yet developed.[14]Between 1987 and 1994, joint ISAS / NASA group studied several missions: an asteroid rendezvous mission later becameNEAR,and a comet sample return mission later becameStardust.[15]

In 1995, ISAS selected asteroid sample return as an engineering demonstration mission, MUSES-C, and the MUSES-C project started in fiscal year 1996. Asteroid Nereus was the first choice of target,1989 MLwas the secondary choice. In early development phase, Nereus was considered out of reach and 1989 ML became the primary target.[16]A launch failure ofM-Vin July 2000 forced MUSES-C's launch to be delayed from July 2002 to November/December, putting both Nereus and 1989 ML out of reach. As a result, the target asteroid was changed to1998 SF36.[17]In 2002, launch was postponed from December 2002 to May 2003 to recheckO-ringsofreaction control systemsince one of it was found using different material than specified.[12]On 9 May 2003 04:29:25 UTC, MUSES-C was launched by an M-V rocket, and the probe was named "Hayabusa".

Cruising

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Ion thruster checkout started on 27 May 2003. Full power operation started on 25 June.

Asteroids are named by their discoverer. ISAS askedLINEAR,the discoverer of1998 SF36,to offer the name afterHideo Itokawa,and on 6 August,Minor Planet Circularreported that the target asteroid1998 SF36was namedItokawa.[18][19]

In October 2003, ISAS and two other national aerospace agencies in Japan were merged to formJAXA.

On 31 March 2004, ion thruster operation was stopped to prepare for the Earth swing-by.[20]Last maneuver operation before swing-by on 12 May.[21]On 19 May,Hayabusaperformed Earth swing-by.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]On 27 May, ion thruster operation was started again.[29]

On 18 February 2005,Hayabusapassed aphelion at 1.7 AU.[30]On 31 July, the X-axis reaction wheel failed. On 14 August,Hayabusa's first image of Itokawa was released. The picture was taken by the star tracker and shows a point of light, believed to be the asteroid, moving across the starfield.[31]Other images were taken from 22 to 24 August.[32]On 28 August,Hayabusawas switched over from theion enginesto the bi-propellant thrusters for orbital maneuvering. From 4 September,Hayabusa's cameras were able to confirm Itokawa's elongated shape.[33]From 11 September, individual hills were discerned on the asteroid.[34]On 12 September,Hayabusawas 20 km (12 mi) from Itokawa and JAXA scientists announced thatHayabusahad officially "arrived".[3]

In proximity of Itokawa

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On 15 September 2005, a 'color' image of the asteroid was released (which is, however, grey in coloring).[35]On 4 October, JAXA announced that the spacecraft had successfully moved to its 'Home Position' 7 km from Itokawa. Closeup pictures were released. It was also announced that the spacecraft's second reaction wheel, governing the Y-axis, had failed, and that the craft was now being pointed by its rotation thrusters.[36]On 3 November,Hayabusatook station 3.0 km from Itokawa. It then began its descent, planned to include delivery of a target marker, and release of the Minerva minilander. The descent went well initially, and navigation images with wide-angle cameras were obtained. However, at 01:50UTC(10:50 amJST) on 4 November, it was announced that due to a detection of an anomalous signal at the Go/NoGo decision, the descent, including release of Minerva and the target marker had been canceled. The project manager, Junichiro Kawaguchi, explained that the optical navigation system was not tracking the asteroid very well, probably caused by the complex shape of Itokawa. A delay of a few days was required to evaluate the situation and reschedule.[37][38]

On 7 November,Hayabusawas 7.5 km from Itokawa. On 9 November,Hayabusaperformed a descent to70 mto test the landing navigation and the laser altimeter. After that,Hayabusabacked off to a higher position, then descended again to500 mand released one of the target markers into space to test the craft's ability to track it (this was confirmed). From analysis of the closeup images, the Woomera Desert site (Point B) was found to be too rocky to be suitable for landing. The Muses Sea site (Point A) was selected as the landing site, for both first and, if possible, second landings.[39]

On 12 November,Hayabusaclosed in to55 mfrom the asteroid's surface. MINERVA was released but due to an error failed to reach the surface. On 19 November,Hayabusalanded on the asteroid. There was considerable confusion during and after the maneuver about precisely what had happened, because the high-gain antenna of the probe could not be used during final phase of touch-down, as well as the blackout during handover of ground station antenna fromDSNto Usuda station. It was initially reported thatHayabusahad stopped at approximately 10 meters from the surface, hovering for 30 minutes for unknown reasons. Ground control sent a command to abort and ascend, and by the time the communication was regained, the probe had moved 100 km away from the asteroid. The probe had entered into asafe mode,slowly spinning to stabilizeattitude control.[40][41]However, after regaining control and communication with the probe, the data from the landing attempt were downloaded and analyzed, and on 23 November, JAXA announced that the probe had indeed landed on the asteroid's surface.[42]Unfortunately, the sampling sequence was not triggered since a sensor detected an obstacle during descent; the probe tried to abort the landing, but since its orientation was not appropriate for ascent, it chose instead a safe descent mode. This mode did not permit a sample to be taken, but there is a high probability that some dust may have whirled up into the sampling horn when it touched the asteroid, so the sample canister attached to the sampling horn was sealed.

On 25 November, a second touchdown attempt was performed. It was initially thought that this time, the sampling device was activated;[43]however, later analysis decided that this was probably another failure and that no pellets were fired.[44]Due to a leak in the thruster system, the probe was put in a "safe hold mode".[45]

On 27 November, the probe experienced a power outage when trying to reorient the spacecraft, probably due to a fuel leakage. On 30 November, JAXA announced that control and communication withHayabusahad been restored, but a problem remained with the craft'sreaction control system,perhaps involving a frozen pipe. Mission control was working to resolve the problem before the craft's upcominglaunch windowfor return to Earth.[46]On 2 December, an attitude (orientation) correction was attempted, but the thruster did not generate enough force. On 3 December, the probe's Z-axis was found to be 20 to 30 degrees from the Sun direction and increasing. On 4 December, as an emergency measure, xenon propellant from the ion engines was blown to correct the spin, and it was confirmed successful. On 5 December,attitude controlwas corrected enough to regain communication through the medium gain antenna. Telemetry was obtained and analyzed. As the result of telemetry analysis, it was found that there was a strong possibility that the sampler projectile had not penetrated when it landed on 25 November. Due to the power outage, thetelemetrylog data was faulty. On 6 December,Hayabusawas 550 km from Itokawa. JAXA held a press conference about the situation so far.[47][48]

On 8 December, a sudden orientation change was observed, and communication withHayabusawas lost. It was thought likely that the turbulence was caused by evaporation of 8 or 10ccof leaked fuel. This forced a wait of a month or two forHayabusato stabilize by conversion ofprecessionto pure rotation, after which the rotation axis needed to be directed toward the Sun and Earth within a specific angular range. The probability of achieving this was estimated at 60% by December 2006, 70% by spring 2007.[49][50]

Recovery and return to Earth

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Animation ofHayabusa'strajectory returning fromItokawatoEarth.
HayabusaItokawa·Earth·Sun

On 7 March 2006, JAXA announced[51][52]that communication withHayabusahad been recovered in the following stages: On 23 January, the beacon signal from the probe was detected. On 26 January, the probe responded to commands from ground control by changing the beacon signal. On 6 February, an ejection of xenon propellant was commanded for attitude control to improve communication. The spin axis change rate was about two degrees per day. On 25 February, telemetry data was obtained through the low-gain antenna. On 4 March, telemetry data was obtained through the medium-gain antenna. On 6 March,Hayabusa's position was established at about 13,000 km ahead of Itokawa in its orbit with a relative speed of3 mper second.

On 1 June,Hayabusaproject manager Junichiro Kawaguchi reported[53]that they confirmed two out of four ion engines were working normally, which would have been sufficient for the return journey. On 30 January 2007, JAXA reported that 7 out of 11 batteries were working and the return capsule was sealed.[54]On 25 April, JAXA reported thatHayabusastarted the return journey.[55][56]On 29 August, it was announced that Ion Engine C onboard Hayabusa, in addition to B and D, had been successfully re-ignited.[57]On 29 October, JAXA reported that the first phase of trajectory maneuver operation had finished and the spacecraft was now put in a spin-stabilized state.[58]On 4 February 2009, JAXA reported success in reignition of the ion engines and starting the second phase of the trajectory correction maneuver to return to Earth.[59]On 4 November 2009, the ion engine D automatically stopped working due to an anomaly from degradation.[60]

On 19 November 2009, JAXA announced that they managed to combine the ion generator of ion engine B and the neutralizer of ion engine A.[61]It was suboptimal but expected to be sufficient to generate the necessarydelta-v.Out of2,200 m/sdelta-v necessary to return to the Earth, about2,000 m/shad been performed already, and about200 m/swere still necessary.[62]On 5 March 2010,Hayabusawas on a trajectory that would have passed within the lunar orbit. Ion engine operation was suspended to measure the precise trajectory in preparation to perform Trajectory Correction Maneuver 1 to the Earth-rim trajectory.[63][64]On 27 March, 06:17 UTC,Hayabusawas on a trajectory which would pass 20,000 km from Earth center, completing the orbit transfer operation from Itokawa to Earth.[65]By 6 April, the first stage of Trajectory Correction Maneuver (TCM-0) which led to a rough Earth rim trajectory was completed. It was planned to be 60 days until reentry.[66][67][68][69]By 4 May, the probe completed its TCM-1 maneuver to align precisely to the Earth rim trajectory.[70]On 22 May, TCM-2 started, continued for about 92.5 hours, and finished on 26 May.[71]It was followed by TCM-3 from 3 through 5 June to change the trajectory from the Earth rim toWoomera, South Australia,[72][73]TCM-4 was performed on 9 June for about 2.5 hours for a precision descent toWoomera Prohibited Area.[74]

The reentry capsule was released at 10:51 UTC on 13 June.

Reentry and capsule retrieval

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The glowing return capsule is seen forward of and below the parentHayabusaprobe bus as the latter breaks up.

The reentry capsule and the spacecraft reentered Earth's atmosphere on 13 June 2010 at 13:51 UTC (23:21 local).[75]Theheat-shieldedcapsule made a parachute landing in the SouthAustralian outbackwhile the spacecraft broke up and incinerated in a large fireball.[76]

An international team of scientists observed the 12.2 km/s entry of the capsule from 11.9 km (39,000 ft) on board NASA's DC-8 airborne laboratory, using a wide array of imaging and spectrographic cameras to measure the physical conditions duringatmospheric reentryin a mission led by NASA'sAmes Research Center,withPeter Jenniskensof theSETI Instituteas the project scientist.[77][78]

Since the reaction control system no longer functioned, the 510 kilograms (1,120 lb) space probe re-entered the Earth's atmosphere similar to the approach of anasteroidalong with the sample re-entry capsule, and, as mission scientists expected, the majority of the spacecraft disintegrated upon entry.[79]

The re-entry seen from theWoomera Test Range

The return capsule was predicted to land in a20 kmby200 kmarea in theWoomera Prohibited Area,South Australia.Four ground teams surrounded this area and located the re-entry capsule by optical observation and a radio beacon. Then a team on board a helicopter was dispatched. They located the capsule and recorded its position with GPS. The capsule was successfully retrieved at 07:08 UTC (16:38 local) of 14 June 2010.[80]The two parts of the heat shield, which were jettisoned during the descent, were also found.[81]

Hayabusare-entry filmed by a camera onboard NASA's DC-8 Airborne Laboratory. The glowing return capsule is seen forward of and below the mainHayabusaprobe bus as the latter breaks up. Theheat-shieldedcapsule continues leaving a wake after the main bus fragments have faded. (Close-up video)

After confirming that the explosive devices used for parachute deployment were safe, the capsule was packed inside a double layer of plastic bags filled with pure nitrogen gas to reduce the risk of contamination. The soil at the landing site was also sampled for reference in case of contamination. Then the capsule was put inside a cargo container which had air suspension to keep the capsule below 1.5 G shock during transportation.[82]The capsule and its heat shield parts were transported to Japan by a chartered plane and arrived at the curation facility at the JAXA/ISASSagamihara Campuson 18 June.[83]

ATokyo Metropolitan Governmentadviser and former lieutenant general, Toshiyuki Shikata, claimed that part of the rationale for the reentry and landing part of the mission was to demonstrate "that Japan's ballistic missile capability is credible."[84]

Scientific study of samples

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Before the capsule was extracted from the protecting plastic bag, it was inspected usingX-ray CTto determine its condition. Then the sample canister was extracted from the reentry capsule. The surface of the canister was cleaned using pure nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide; it was then placed in the canister opening device. The internal pressure of the canister was determined by a slight deformation of the canister as the pressure of the environment nitrogen gas in the clean chamber was varied. The nitrogen gas pressure was then adjusted to match the internal canister pressure to prevent the escape of any gas from the sample upon the opening of the canister.[85]

Confirmation of asteroid particles

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On 16 November 2010, JAXA confirmed that most of the particles found in one of two compartments inside theHayabusasample return capsule came from Itokawa.[86]Analysis with a scanning electron microscope identified about 1,500 grains of rocky particles, according to the JAXA press release.[87]After further studying the analysis results and comparison of mineral compositions, most of them were judged to be of extraterrestrial origin, and definitely from the asteroid Itokawa.[88]

According to Japanese scientists, the composition ofHayabusa's samples was more similar tometeoritesthan known rocks from Earth. Their size is mostly less than 10 micrometers.[89]The material matches chemical maps of Itokawa fromHayabusa's remote sensing instruments. The researchers found concentrations ofolivineandpyroxenein theHayabusasamples.

Further study of the samples had to wait until 2011 because researchers were still developing special handling procedures to avoid contaminating the particles during the next phase of research.

In 2013 JAXA announced that 1500 extraterrestrial grains had been recovered, comprising the mineralsolivine,pyroxene,plagioclaseandiron sulfide.The grains were about 10 micrometers in size.[90]JAXA performed detailed analyses of the samples by splitting particles and examining their crystal structure atSPring-8.[91]

Results

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The 26 August 2011 issue ofSciencedevoted six articles to findings based on dust collected byHayabusa.[92]Scientists' analysis of the dust from Itokawa suggested that it had probably originally been part of a larger asteroid. Dust collected from the asteroid surface was believed to have been exposed there for about eight million years.[92]

Dust from Itokawa was found to be "identical to material that makes up meteorites."[92]Itokawa is anS-type asteroidwhose composition matches that of anLL chondrite.[93]

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In Japan, rival film companies announced the production of three different feature length theatrical films based on the story ofHayabusa,one of which,Hayabusa: Harukanaru Kikan(2012), starredKen Watanabe.[94][95]

TheLegoconstruction toy company released a model ofHayabusathrough their Cuusoo website.[96]

Many references toHayabusaappear in the Japanese seriesKamen Rider Fourze,a space-themedtokusatsuseries.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Hayabusa".NASA's Solar System Exploration website.Retrieved30 November2022.
  2. ^"Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration".20 September 2018.
  3. ^abJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency (12 September 2005)."Hayabusa arrives Itokawa / Topics".ISAS. Archived fromthe originalon 15 May 2011.Retrieved14 June2010.
  4. ^Amos, Jonathan (14 June 2010)."Hayabusa asteroid-sample capsule recovered in Outback".BBC News.Retrieved15 May2011.
  5. ^"Two-Way Asteroid Trip Takes Off".Astrobiology Magazine.NASA.12 May 2003. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.Retrieved16 November2010.
  6. ^"Hot Information HAYABUSA: Resumption of return cruise by combining two ion engines"(PDF).JAXA. 24 November 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 13 April 2014.Retrieved27 November2009.
  7. ^T. Yoshimitsu; S. Sasaki; M. Yanagisawa; T. Kubota (2004)."Scientific capability of Minerva rover in Hayabusa asteroid mission"(PDF).Lunar and Planetary Science.35:1517–1518.
  8. ^Oberg, James (14 November 2005)."Asteroid-hopping robot misses its mark".NBC News. Archived fromthe originalon 13 August 2014.Retrieved7 March2009.
  9. ^ "Chia lìa sau の “ミネルバ” が “はやぶさ” を dúm ảnh ".JAXA. 13 November 2005.Retrieved16 April2009.
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  11. ^"Japan's Hayabusa [MUSES-C] Swings By Earth on Way to Asteroid Itokawa – Planetary News | The Planetary Society".Planetary.org. 20 May 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 28 November 2010.Retrieved14 June2010.
  12. ^abKuninori Uesugi (October 2010)."MUSES-C đánh ち thượng げ kéo dài thời hạn".ISAS News(259). ISAS.Retrieved14 June2010.
  13. ^Ten times the solar system reminded us sample collection is hard.Emily Lakdawalla,The Planetary Society.24 February 2018.
  14. ^Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (9 May 2003)."HAYABUSA: Research in the Asteroid 'Sample & Return' Explorer," HAYABUSA "/ Special Feature".ISAS.Retrieved14 June2010.
  15. ^"Stardust | JPL | NASA".Stardust.jpl.nasa.gov. 21 October 1994.Retrieved14 June2010.
  16. ^"MUSES-C の đại いなる chọn chiến 〜 thế giới sơ の tiểu hoặc tinh サンプルリターンへ hướng けて〜"[Great Challenges in MUSES-C: The World's first sample-return mission from an asteroid].Planetary People(in Japanese).11(2). Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences. 2002.
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