Wikipedia

Health effects from noise

Noise health effectsare the physical and psychologicalhealthconsequences of regular exposure to consistent elevatedsound levels.Noise from traffic, in particular, is considered by the World Health Organization to be one of the worst environmental stressors for humans, second only toair pollution.[2]Elevatedworkplaceorenvironmental noisecan causehearing impairment,tinnitus,hypertension,ischemic heart disease,annoyance,andsleep disturbance.[3][4]Changes in theimmune systemandbirth defectshave been also attributed to noise exposure.[5]

More than a quarter of US residences have average outside noise levels exceeding the maximum nighttime outside noise level recommended by the World Health Organization.[1]

Although age-related health effects (presbycusis) occur naturally with age,[6]in many countries the cumulative impact of noise is sufficient to impair the hearing of a large fraction of the population over the course of a lifetime.[7][8]Noise exposure has been known to inducenoise-induced hearing loss,tinnitus,hypertension,vasoconstriction,and othercardiovascularadverse effects.[9][10]Chronic noise exposure has been associated with sleep disturbances and increased incidence of diabetes. Adverse cardiovascular effects occur from chronic exposure to noise due to the sympathetic nervous system's inability to habituate. The sympathetic nervous system maintains lighter stages of sleep when the body is exposed to noise, which does not allow blood pressure to follow the normal rise and fall cycle of an undisturbedcircadian rhythm.[3]

Stress from time spent around elevated noise levels has been linked with increasedworkplace accidentrates, aggression, and other anti-social behaviors.[11]The most significant sources are vehicles, aircraft, prolonged exposure toloud music,and industrial noise.[12]Prolonged exposure to noise at home has been linked to decreased mental health.[13]

There are approximately 10,000 deaths per year as a result of noise in the European Union.[14][15]

Noise induced hearing loss

edit
Anaudiologistconducting anaudiometrichearing testin asound-prooftesting booth
Main article:Noise-induced hearing loss

Noise-induced hearing loss is a permanent shift in pure-tone thresholds, resulting in sensorineural hearing loss. The severity of a threshold shift is dependent on duration and severity of noise exposure. Noise-induced threshold shifts are seen as a notch on an audiogram from 3000 to 6000 Hz, but most often at 4000 Hz.[16]

Exposure to loud noises, either in a single traumatic experience or over time, can damage the auditory system and result in hearing loss and sometimestinnitusas well. Traumatic noise exposure can happen at work (e.g., loud machinery), at play (e.g., loud sporting events, concerts, recreational activities), and/or by accident (e.g., a backfiring engine.) Noise induced hearing loss is sometimesunilateraland typically causes patients to lose hearing around the frequency of the triggering sound trauma.[17]

Tinnitus

edit

Tinnitusis an auditory disorder characterized by the perception of a sound (ringing, chirping, buzzing, etc.) in the ear in the absence of an external sound source. There are two types of tinnitus: subjective and objective. Subjective is the most common and can only be heard "in the head" by the person affected. Objective tinnitus can be heard from those around the affected person and the audiologist can hear it using a stethoscope. Tinnitus can also be categorized by the way it sounds in one's ear, pulsatile tinnitus[18]which is caused by the vascular nature ofGlomus tumorsand non-pulsatile tinnitus which usually sounds like crickets, the sea and bees.

Though the pathophysiology of tinnitus is not known, noise exposure can be a contributing factor, therefore tinnitus can be associated with hearing loss, generated by the cochlea and central nervous system (CNS). High frequency hearing loss causes a high pitched tinnitus and low frequency hearing loss causes a roaring tinnitus.[19]Noise-induced tinnitus can be temporary or permanent depending on the type and amount of noise a person was exposed to.

Cardiovascular effects

edit

Noise has been associated with importantcardiovascularhealth problems, particularlyhypertension,as it causes an increase in levels of stress hormones and vascularoxidative stress.[2][20][21][22]Noise levels of 50dB(A)or greater at night may increase the risk ofmyocardial infarctionby chronically elevatingcortisolproduction.[23][24][25]

Traffic noise has several negative effects, including increased risk forcoronary artery disease,with night-time exposure to noise possibly more harmful than day-time exposure.[2]It has also been shown to increase blood pressure in individuals within the surrounding residential areas, with railways causing the greatest cardiovascular effects.[26][27]Roadway noise levels are sufficient to constrict arterial blood flow and lead toelevated blood pressure.[28][26]Vasoconstriction can result from elevatedadrenalinelevels or throughmedical stressreactions. Long-term exposure to noise is correlated to increase in cortisol and angiotensin-II levels which are respectively associated with oxidative stress and vascular inflammation.[2]Individuals subject to great than 80 dB(A) in the workplace are at increased risk of having increased blood pressure.[29][30]

A 2021 systematic review on the effect of occupational exposure to noise on ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke and hypertension, coordinated by theWorld Health Organization(WHO) and theInternational Labour Organization(ILO) located 17 studies that met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 534,688 participants (7.47% females) in 11 countries and in three WHO regions (the Americas, Europe, and the Western Pacific).[31]The study found the low quality of evidence the effect of occupational exposure to intense noise (≥85 dBA), compared to occupational exposure below 85 dBA (<85 dBA). They concluded that there is an inadequate evidence of harmfulness for the studied outcomes with the exception for the risk of acquiring IHD, which was 29% higher for those exposed to noise in their workplace.[31]

Other physical health effects

edit

Traffic noise may also increase the risk of sleep disturbances, stroke, diabetes, and becoming overweight.[2]Noise pollution is anenvironmental healthconcern since it is often a risk factor for developing other diseases like tinnitus or impaired speech discrimination.[32]

Psychological impacts of noise

edit

Causal relationships have been discovered between noise and psychological effects such as annoyance, psychiatric disorders, and effects on psychosocial well-being.[5]Exposure to intense levels of noise can cause personality changes and violent reactions.[33]Noise has also been shown to be a factor attributed to violent reactions.[34]The psychological impacts of noise also include an addiction to loud music. This was researched in a study where non-professional musicians were found to have loudness addictions more often than non-musician control subjects.[35]

Psychological health effects from noise also include depression and anxiety. Individuals who have hearing loss, including noise induced hearing loss, may have their symptoms alleviated with the use of hearing aids. Individuals who do not seek treatment for their loss are 50% more likely to have depression than their aided peers.[36]These psychological effects can lead to detriments in physical care in the form of reduced self-care, work-tolerance, and increased isolation.[37]

Auditory stimuli can also serve as psychological triggers for individuals with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[38]

Stress

edit

Research commissioned byRockwool,a multi-nationalinsulationmanufacturer headquartered inDenmark,reveals that in the UK one third (33%) of victims of domestic disturbances claim that loud parties have left them unable to sleep or made them stressed in the last two years. Around one in eleven (9%)[39]of those affected by domestic disturbances claims it has left them continually disturbed and stressed. More than 1.8 million people claim noisy neighbours have made their life a misery and they cannot enjoy their own homes. The impact of noise on health is potentially a significant problem across the UK given that more than 17.5 million Britons (38%) have been disturbed by the inhabitants of neighbouring properties in the last two years. For almost one in ten (7%) Britons this is a regular occurrence.[39]

The extent of the problem of noise pollution for public health is reinforced by figures collated by Rockwool from local authority responses to aFreedom of Information Act(FOI) request. This research reveals in the period April 2008 – 2009UK councilsreceived 315,838 complaints about noise pollution from private residences. This resulted in environmental health officers across the UK serving 8,069noise abatementnotices, or citations under the terms of the Anti-Social Behaviour (Scotland) Act.[39]

Westminster City Council[40]has received more complaints per head of population than any other district in the UK with 9,814 grievances about noise, which equates to 42.32 complaints per thousand residents. Eight of the top 10 councils ranked by complaints per 1,000 residents were inLondon.

Annoyance

edit

Sudden impulse noises are typically perceived as more bothersome than noise from traffic of equal volume.[41]Annoyance effects of noise are minimally affected by demographics, but fear of the noise source and sensitivity to noise both strongly affect the 'annoyance' of a noise.[42]Sound levels as low as 40 dB(A) can generate noise complaints[43]and the lower threshold for noise producingsleep disturbanceis 45 dB(A) or lower.[44]

Other factors that affect the annoyance level of sound include beliefs about noise prevention and the importance of the noise source, and annoyance at the cause (i.e., non-noise related factors) of the noise.[45]Many of the interpretations of the level of annoyance and the relationship between noise levels and resulting health symptoms could be influenced by the quality of interpersonal relationships at the workplace, as well as the stress level generated by the work itself.[5][46]Evidence for impact on annoyance of long-term noise versus recent changes is uncertain.[45]

Approximately 35% to 40% of office workers find noise levels from 55 to 60 dB(A) extremely irritating.[5]The noise standard in Germany for mentally stressful tasks is set at 55 dB(A),[47]however, if the noise source is continuous, the threshold level for tolerability among office workers is lower than 55 dB(A).[5]

Child physical development

edit

TheU.S. Environmental Protection Agencyauthored a pamphlet in 1978 that suggested a correlation between low-birthweight (using theWorld Health Organizationdefinition of less than 2,500 grams (88 oz)) and high sound levels, and also high rates ofbirth defectsin places where expectant mothers are exposed to elevated sound levels, such as typicalairportenvironments. Specific birth abnormalities includedharelip,cleft palate,and defects in thespine.[48]

According to Lester W. Sontag of The Fels Research Institute (as presented in the same EPA study): "There is ample evidence that environment has a role in shaping the physique, behavior, and function of animals, including man, fromconceptionand not merely frombirth.Thefetusis capable of perceiving sounds and responding to them by motor activity and cardiac rate change. "The effects of noise exposure are highest when it occurs between 15 and 60 days after conception, a period in which major internalorgansand thecentral nervous systemare formed.[48]

Later developmental effects occur as vasoconstriction in the mother reduces blood flow and thereforeoxygenand nutrition to the fetus. Low birth weights and noise were also associated with lower levels of certainhormonesin the mother. These hormones are thought to affect fetal growth and to be good indicators ofproteinproduction. The difference between the hormone levels of pregnant mothers in noisy versus quiet areas increased as birth approached.[48]

In a 2000 publication, a review of studies on birthweight and noise exposure note that while some older studies suggest that when women are exposed to >65 dB aircraft noise, a small decrease in birthweight occurs, in a more recent study of 200 Taiwanese women including noise dosimetry measurements of individual noise exposure, the authors found no significant association between noise exposure and birth weight after adjusting for relevant confounders, e.g. social class, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, etc.[5]

Cognitive development

edit

When young children are regularly exposed to levels of noise that interfere with speech, they may develop speech or reading difficulties, because auditory processing functions are compromised. Children continue to develop their speech perception abilities until they reach their teens. Evidence has shown that when children learn in noisier classrooms, they have more difficulties understanding speech than those who learn in quieter settings.[49]

In a study conducted by Cornell University in 1993, children exposed to noise in learning environments experienced trouble with word discrimination, as well as various cognitive developmental delays.[50][51]In particular, the writing learning impairmentdysgraphiais commonly associated with environmentalstressorsin the classroom.[52]

High noise levels have also been known to damage the physical health of small children. Children from noisy residences often have a heart rate that is significantly higher (by 2 beats/min on average) than those of children from quieter homes.[53]

Prevention

edit
Main article:Hearing protection device
HPD fit testing[54]

A hearing protection device (HPD) is anear protectiondevice worn in or over the ears while exposed to hazardousnoiseto help preventnoise-induced hearing loss.HPDs reduce (not eliminate) the level of the noise entering the ear. HPDs can also protect against other effects of noise exposure such astinnitusandhyperacusis.Proper hygiene and care of HPDs may reduce chances of outer ear infections.[55]There are many different types of HPDs available for use, includingearmuffs,earplugs,electronic hearing protection devices, and semi-insert devices.[56]One can measure the personal attenuation rating through ahearing protection fit-testingsystem.

Earmuff style hearing protection devices are designed to fit over the outer ear, orpinna.Earmuff HPDs typically consist of two ear cups and a head band.[56]Earplug style hearing protection devices are designed to fit in theear canal.Earplugs come in a variety of different subtypes.[56]Some HPDs reduce the sound reaching theeardrumthrough a combination of electronic and structural components. Electronic HPDs are available in both earmuff and custom earplug styles. Electronic microphones, circuitry, and receivers performactive noise reduction,also known asnoise-cancelling,in which a signal that is 180-degrees out-of-phase of the noise is presented, which in theory cancels the noise.[56]Canal caps are similar to earplugs in that they consists of soft tip that is inserted into the opening of the ear canal.[56]

OSHArequires the use ofhearing protection.But the HPD (without individual selection, training andfit testing) does not significantly reduce the risk of hearing loss.[57]For example, one study covered more than 19 thousand workers, some of whom usually used hearing protective devices, and some did not use them at all. There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of noise-induced hearing loss.[58]

Regulations

edit
Main article:Noise regulation

Environmentalnoise regulationsusually specify a maximum outdoor noise level of 60 to 65dB(A),while occupational safety organizations recommend that the maximum exposure to noise is 40 hours per week at 85 to 90 dB(A). For every additional 3 dB(A), the maximum exposure time is reduced by a factor 2, e.g. 20 hours per week at 88 dB(A). Sometimes, a factor of two per additional 5 dB(A) is used, however, these occupational regulations are acknowledged by the health literature as inadequate to protect againsthearing lossand other health effects. In an effort to prevent noise-induced hearing loss, many programs and initiative have been created, like theBuy Quietprogram, which encourages employers to purchase quieter tools and equipment, and theSafe-In-Sound Award,which recognizes organizations with successful hearing loss prevention strategies.[59][60]

With regard to indoor noise pollution in residences, the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) has not set any restrictions on limits to the level of noise. Rather, it has provided a list of recommended levels in itsModel Community Noise Control Ordinance,which was published in 1975. For instance, the recommended noise level for indoor residences is less than or equal to 45 dB.[61][62]

Noise pollutioncontrol in residences is not funded by the federal government in part because of the disagreements in establishing causal links between sounds and health risks, since the effect of noise is often psychological and also, because it leaves no singular tangible trace of damage on the human body. For instance, hearing loss could be attributed to a variety of factors including age, rather than solely due to excessive exposure to noise.[63][64]A state or local government is able to regulate indoor residential noise, however, such as when excessive noise from within a home causes disturbances to nearby residences.[63][65]

Effects on dogs

edit

While people are often educated on the effects of noise exposure in humans, there are also different noise exposure effects in animals as well. An example of this would be in dogs, and the noise exposure levels occurring within kennels. Dogs experience this noise exposure whether it be a long stay at an animal shelter, or a weekend stay at a boarding facility.

Organizations likeNIOSHandOSHAhave different regulations when it comes to the noise exposure levels in industrial workers. Currently there are no regulations related to the noise exposure for dogs even with such damaging effects related to their health. Health risks dogs are exposed to include ear damage and behavioral changes.

The average noise exposure in a kennel is greater than 100 dB SPL. According to OSHA these levels would yield in the use of hearing protection for the workers of those kennels due to the risk of noise induced hearing loss. The anatomical structures of the human and dog ears are very similar, so it is thought that these levels will negatively impact the hearing of canines in kennels. TheABRcan be used to estimate the hearing threshold of dogs, and can be used to show either a temporary threshold shift or permanent threshold shift after being exposed to excessive sound levels.[66]

Behavioral effects to excessive noise exposure include hiding, urinating, defecating, panting, pacing, drooling, disregard to commands, trembling, and barking.[67]These behavioral patterns pose a much greater problem to canines than meets the eye. All of these behavioral patterns are characteristics that result in a longer stay at the kennels before being adopted.[68]A longer stay at the shelter results in a longer duration of noise exposure and therefore more likely to show either a temporary or permanent threshold shift in the canine's hearing.[66]

These excessive noise levels are not only harming the dogs physical and psychological state, but the workers' and potential adoptive families' physical and psychological state as well. The workers' psychological state could affect the care provided to the dogs. These loud noise exposures also have the potential to reduce the amount of time that potential adoptive families spend in the facility. This can result in less dogs being adopted and more time being exposed to excessive sound levels.[69]

To reduce the level of noise exposure poses a little more difficulty because the majority of the noise is coming from the dogs (barking), but structural changes can be made to the facilities in order to reduce the noise. Structural changes could include how many dogs are put in one area, more absorbing material rather than metal cages and cement walls and floors, and possibly in the future use of hearing protection devices (HPD) for the dogs. All of these structural changes would also benefit the humans involved as well as the use of HPD's (ear plugs).

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^Baumgaertner, Emily; Kao, Jason; Lutz, Eleanor; Sedgwick, Josephine; et al. (June 9, 2023)."Noise Could Take Years Off Your Life Here's How".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on June 9, 2023.
  2. ^abcdeMünzel, Thomas; Kröller-Schön, Swenja; Oelze, Matthias; Gori, Tommaso; Schmidt, Frank P.; Steven, Sebastian; Hahad, Omar; Röösli, Martin; Wunderli, Jean-Marc; Daiber, Andreas; Sørensen, Mette (2020)."Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Traffic Noise with a Focus on Nighttime Noise and the New WHO Noise Guidelines".Annual Review of Public Health.41:309–328.doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-081519-062400.PMID31922930.
  3. ^abMünzel T, Schmidt FP, Steven S, Herzog J, Daiber A, Sørensen M (February 2018)."Environmental Noise and the Cardiovascular System".Journal of the American College of Cardiology.71(6): 688–697.doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.015.PMID29420965.
  4. ^Kerns E, Masterson EA, Themann CL, Calvert GM (June 2018)."Cardiovascular conditions, hearing difficulty, and occupational noise exposure within US industries and occupations".American Journal of Industrial Medicine.61(6): 477–491.doi:10.1002/ajim.22833.PMC6897488.PMID29537072.
  5. ^abcdefPasschier-Vermeer W, Passchier WF (March 2000)."Noise exposure and public health".Environmental Health Perspectives.108(Suppl 1): 123–31.doi:10.1289/ehp.00108s1123.JSTOR3454637.PMC1637786.PMID10698728.
  6. ^Rosenhall U, Pedersen K, Svanborg A (August 1990). "Presbycusis and noise-induced hearing loss".Ear and Hearing.11(4): 257–63.doi:10.1097/00003446-199008000-00002.PMID2210099.
  7. ^Schmid RE (2007-02-18)."Aging nation faces growing hearing loss".CBS News.Archived fromthe originalon 2007-11-15.Retrieved2007-02-18.
  8. ^Senate Public Works Committee,Noise Pollution and Abatement Actof 1972,S. Rep. No. 1160, 92nd Cong. 2nd session
  9. ^"Noise: Health Effects and Controls"(PDF).University of California, Berkeley.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2007-09-25.Retrieved2007-12-22.
  10. ^Kerns, Ellen; Masterson, Elizabeth A.; Themann, Christa L.; Calvert, Geoffrey M. (2018)."Cardiovascular conditions, hearing difficulty, and occupational noise exposure within US industries and occupations".American Journal of Industrial Medicine.61(6): 477–491.doi:10.1002/ajim.22833.PMC6897488.PMID29537072.
  11. ^Kryter KD (1994).The handbook of hearing and the effects of noise: physiology, psychology, and public health.Boston: Academic Press.ISBN978-0-12-427455-6.
  12. ^"10. Noise"(PDF).Natural Resources and the Environment 2006. 2006. pp. 188–189. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 14, 2011.
  13. ^Li, Ang; Martino, Erika; Mansour, Adelle; Bentley, Rebecca (2022). "Environmental Noise Exposure and Mental Health: Evidence From a Population-Based Longitudinal Study".American Journal of Preventive Medicine.63(2): e39–e48.doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2022.02.020.PMID35466022.S2CID248361177.
  14. ^"Noise in Europe 2014".European Environment Agency.
  15. ^Godwin R (3 July 2018)."Sonic doom: how noise pollution kills thousands each year".The Guardian– via theguardian.
  16. ^Katz J, Chasin M, English KM, Hood LJ, Tillery KL (2014-09-19).Handbook of clinical audiology(Seventh ed.). Philadelphia.ISBN978-1-4511-9163-9.OCLC877024342.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^"Causes".American Tinnitus Association.2015-03-02.Retrieved2019-02-22.
  18. ^Waldvogel D, Mattle HP, Sturzenegger M, Schroth G (March 1998)."Pulsatile tinnitus--a review of 84 patients"(PDF).Journal of Neurology.245(3): 137–42.doi:10.1007/s004150050193.PMID9553842.S2CID10767191.
  19. ^Nicolas-Puel C, Faulconbridge RL, Guitton M, Puel JL, Mondain M, Uziel A (2002). "Characteristics of tinnitus and etiology of associated hearing loss: a study of 123 patients".The International Tinnitus Journal.8(1): 37–44.PMID14763234.
  20. ^Ising H, Babisch W, Kruppa B (1999)."Noise-Induced Endocrine Effects and Cardiovascular Risk".Noise & Health.1(4): 37–48.PMID12689488.
  21. ^Davies H, Kamp IV (2012-11-01)."Noise and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature 2008-2011".Noise & Health.14(61): 287–91.doi:10.4103/1463-1741.104895.PMID23257579.
  22. ^Lin FR, Metter EJ, O'Brien RJ, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB, Ferrucci L (February 2011)."Hearing loss and incident dementia".Archives of Neurology.68(2): 214–20.doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.362.PMC3277836.PMID21320988.
  23. ^Maschke C (2003)."Stress Hormone Changes in Persons exposed to Simulated Night Noise".Noise & Health.5(17): 35–45.PMID12537833.
  24. ^Franssen EA, van Wiechen CM, Nagelkerke NJ, Lebret E (May 2004)."Aircraft noise around a large international airport and its impact on general health and medication use".Occupational and Environmental Medicine.61(5): 405–13.doi:10.1136/oem.2002.005488.PMC1740783.PMID15090660.
  25. ^Lercher P, Hörtnagl J, Kofler WW (1993). "Work noise annoyance and blood pressure: combined effects with stressful working conditions".International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.65(1): 23–8.doi:10.1007/BF00586054.PMID8354571.S2CID41612151.
  26. ^abLee PJ, Park SH, Jeong JH, Choung T, Kim KY (November 2019)."Association between transportation noise and blood pressure in adults living in multi-storey residential buildings".Environment International.132:105101.doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105101.PMID31434052.
  27. ^Dzhambov A, Tilov B, Markevych I, Dimitrova D (December 2017)."Residential road traffic noise and general mental health in youth: The role of noise annoyance, neighborhood restorative quality, physical activity, and social cohesion as potential mediators".Environment International.109:1–9.doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.009.PMID28917129.
  28. ^Klompmaker JO, Janssen NA, Bloemsma LD, Gehring U, Wijga AH, van den Brink C, et al. (August 2019)."Associations of Combined Exposures to Surrounding Green, Air Pollution, and Road Traffic Noise with Cardiometabolic Diseases".Environmental Health Perspectives.127(8): 87003.doi:10.1289/EHP3857.PMC6792364.PMID31393793.
  29. ^Chang TY, Liu CS, Huang KH, Chen RY, Lai JS, Bao BY (April 2011)."High-frequency hearing loss, occupational noise exposure and hypertension: a cross-sectional study in male workers".Environmental Health.10:35.doi:10.1186/1476-069X-10-35.PMC3090324.PMID21518430.
  30. ^Chang TY, Su TC, Lin SY, Jain RM, Chan CC (November 2007)."Effects of occupational noise exposure on 24-hour ambulatory vascular properties in male workers".Environmental Health Perspectives.115(11): 1660–4.doi:10.1289/ehp.10346.PMC2072860.PMID18008000.
  31. ^abTeixeira, Liliane R.; Pega, Frank; Dzhambov, Angel M.; Bortkiewicz, Alicja; da Silva, Denise T. Correa; de Andrade, Carlos A.F.; Gadzicka, Elzbieta; Hadkhale, Kishor; Iavicoli, Sergio; Martínez-Silveira, Martha S.; Pawlaczyk-Łuszczyńska, Małgorzata (2021)."The effect of occupational exposure to noise on ischaemic heart disease, stroke and hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-Related Burden of Disease and Injury".Environment International.154:106387.doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106387.PMC8204276.PMID33612311.
  32. ^Basner, M., Babisch, W., Davis, A., Brink, M., Clark, C., THE LANCET, Volume 383, issue 9925(April, 2014), page 1325-1332.
  33. ^"Children and Noise"(PDF).World Health Organization.
  34. ^Elizondo-Garza FJ (1999). "Noise problems, savage approaches. Fromjust forget it,to physical violence ".The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.105(2): 942.Bibcode:1999ASAJ..105..942E.doi:10.1121/1.425711.
  35. ^Schmuziger N, Patscheke J, Stieglitz R, Probst R (January 2012)."Is there addiction to loud music? Findings in a group of non-professional pop/rock musicians".Audiology Research.2(1): 57–63.doi:10.4081/audiores.2012.e11.PMC4630946.PMID26557326.
  36. ^"Silently Suffering From Hearing Loss Negatively Affects Quality of Life".American Psychological Association.Retrieved2018-03-01.
  37. ^Hammer MS, Swinburn TK, Neitzel RL (February 2014)."Environmental noise pollution in the United States: developing an effective public health response".Environmental Health Perspectives.122(2): 115–9.doi:10.1289/ehp.1307272.PMC3915267.PMID24311120.
  38. ^Glad KA, Hafstad GS, Jensen TK, Dyb G (August 2017). "A longitudinal study of psychological distress and exposure to trauma reminders after terrorism".Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.9(Suppl 1): 145–152.doi:10.1037/tra0000224.PMID27831737.S2CID24474520.
  39. ^abcClout, Laura (9 April 2009)."How Noisy Neighbours Millions of Lives".Daily Express.Retrieved4 March2021.
  40. ^"London is home to the noisiest neighbours".The Evening Standard.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-01-14.
  41. ^Miedema and Oudshoorn 2001 cited in"Hypertension and exposure to noise near airports".Medscape.
  42. ^Miedema HM, Vos H (1999). "Demographic and attitudinal factors that modify annoyance from transportation noise".Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.105(6): 3336–44.Bibcode:1999ASAJ..105.3336M.doi:10.1121/1.424662.
  43. ^Gelfand SA (2001).Essentials of Audiology.New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.ISBN978-1-58890-017-3.
  44. ^Walker JR, Fahy F (1998).Fundamentals of noise and vibration.London: E & FN Spon.ISBN978-0-419-22700-7.
  45. ^abField JM (1993). "Effect of personal and situational variables upon noise annoyance in residential areas".Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.93(5): 2753–63.Bibcode:1993ASAJ...93.2753F.doi:10.1121/1.405851.
  46. ^Halpern D (1995).Mental health and the built environment: more than bricks and mortar?.Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-0-7484-0235-9.
  47. ^Stellman JM (1998).Encyclopedia of occupational health and safety.International Labour Organization.ISBN978-92-2-109203-2.
  48. ^abcNoise: A Health ProblemUnited StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency,Office of Noise Abatement and Control, Washington, D.C. 20460, August, 1978
  49. ^Nelson PB (1959). "Sound in the Classroom".ASHRAE Journal.45(2): 22–25.
  50. ^Evans GW, Lepore SJ (1993). "Nonauditory Effects of Noise on Children: A Critical Review".Children's Environments.10(1): 31–51.JSTOR41515250.
  51. ^Wakefield J (June 2002)."Learning the hard way: the poor environment of America's schools".Environmental Health Perspectives.110(6): A298-305.doi:10.1289/ehp.110-a298.PMC1240882.PMID12055059.
  52. ^"Dysgraphiastaff".Brain.HE.Retrieved2017-09-09.
  53. ^Belojevic G, Jakovljevic B, Stojanov V, Paunovic K, Ilic J (February 2008)."Urban road-traffic noise and blood pressure and heart rate in preschool children".Environment International.34(2): 226–31.doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.08.003.PMID17869340.
  54. ^Kah Heng Lee; Geza Benke; Dean Mckenzie (2022)."The efficacy of earplugs at a major hazard facility".Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine.45(1). Springler: 107–114.doi:10.1007/s13246-021-01087-y.ISSN2662-4729.PMID35023076.S2CID221812245.Retrieved2022-08-10.
  55. ^Ntlhakana L, Kanji A and Khoza-Shangase K. (2015). "The use of hearing protection devices in South Africa: exploring the current status in a gold and a non-ferrous mine".Occupational Health Southern Africa:10–15.
  56. ^abcdeRawool VW (2011). "Chapter 6: Hearing Protection and Enhancement Devices".Hearing Conservation: In Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings.Thieme. pp. 136–173.ISBN978-1604062571.
  57. ^Berger, Elliott H.; Voix, Jérémie (2018). "Chapter 11: Hearing Protection Devices". In D.K. Meinke; E.H. Berger; R. Neitzel; D.P. Driscoll; K. Bright (eds.).The Noise Manual(6th ed.). Falls Church, Virginia: American Industrial Hygiene Association. pp. 255–308.Retrieved10 August2022.
  58. ^Groenewold M.R.; Masterson E.A.; Themann C.L.; Davis R.R. (2014)."Do hearing protectors protect hearing?".American Journal of Industrial Medicine.57(9). Wiley Periodicals: 1001–1010.doi:10.1002/ajim.22323.ISSN1097-0274.PMC4671486.PMID24700499.Retrieved15 October2022.
  59. ^"CDC - Buy Quiet - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics".cdc.gov.2019-01-10.
  60. ^"Safe-in-Sound: Excellence in Hearing Loss Prevention Award".Safe-in-Sound.RetrievedJuly 12,2016.
  61. ^Williams LK, Langley RL (2000).Environmental Health Secrets.Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences.ISBN978-1-56053-408-2.
  62. ^"EPA Identifies Noise Levels Affecting Health and Welfare".April 2, 1972.
  63. ^abSchmidt CW (January 2005)."Noise that annoys: regulating unwanted sound".Environmental Health Perspectives.113(1): A42-5.doi:10.1289/ehp.113-a42.PMC1253730.PMID15631959.
  64. ^Staples SL (February 1996). "Human response to environmental noise. Psychological research and public policy".The American Psychologist.51(2): 143–50.doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.143.PMID8746149.
  65. ^Leighton P (April 14, 2009)."Beverly considers rules to quiet loud parties".The Salem News.Archived fromthe originalon July 16, 2012.
  66. ^abScheifele P, Martin D, Clark JG, Kemper D, Wells J (April 2012)."Effect of kennel noise on hearing in dogs".American Journal of Veterinary Research.73(4): 482–9.doi:10.2460/ajvr.73.4.482.PMID22452494.
  67. ^"Noise Phobia in Dog".Veterinary World.1.
  68. ^Protopopova A, Mehrkam LR, Boggess MM, Wynne CD (2014)."In-kennel behavior predicts length of stay in shelter dogs".PLOS ONE.9(12): e114319.Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k4319P.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114319.PMC4281133.PMID25551460.
  69. ^Coppola CL, Enns RM, Grandin T (2006-01-01). "Noise in the animal shelter environment: building design and the effects of daily noise exposure".Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science.9(1): 1–7.doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0901_1.hdl:10217/4405.PMID16649947.S2CID12174466.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&oldid=1232789087"