Heart of palmis avegetableharvested from the inner core and growingbudof certainpalm trees,most notably thecoconut(Cocos nucifera), juçara (Euterpe edulis),açaí palm(Euterpe oleracea),palmetto(Sabalspp.), andpeach palm.Heart of palm may be eaten on its own, and often it is eaten in asalad.
There are palm varieties that have become domesticated farm species as an alternative to sourcing from wild palms. The main variety that has been domesticated isBactris gasipaes,known in English aspeach palm.[1]This variety is the most widely used for canning. Peach palms are self-suckeringand produce multiplestems,[2]with up to 40 on one plant. This lets producers lower costs by harvesting several stems from a plant while avoiding the death of the palm. Another advantage is that the peach palm has been selectively bred to eliminate the thorns of its wild cousins. Since harvesting is still labor-intensive, palm hearts are regarded as a delicacy.
Names
editMajor local names for heart of palm includepalm cabbageorpalmettoinFloridaandTrinidad;palmitoin South and Central America;ubodin thePhilippines;củ hủ dừainVietnam;cœur de palmierin French;corazón de palmaorcol de palmain Spanish;coração de palmaorpalmitoin Portuguese; andcuore di palmain Italian. Swamp cabbage in Florida
Nutrition
edit| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 79.5 kJ (19.0 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
3.1 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 0.0 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 1.6 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||
0.39 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1.55 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated usingUS recommendationsfor adults,[3]except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation fromthe National Academies.[4] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Hearts of palm are rich in fiber, potassium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, copper, vitaminsB2,B6,andC.[5]They are ranked as a "good" source ofprotein,riboflavin,andpotassium,and as a "very good source" ofdietary fiber,vitamin C,folate,calcium,iron,magnesium,phosphorus,zinc,copper,and especially,manganese,[6]along with being a good ratio betweenOmega -3andOmega -6fatty acids.The highsodiumcontent noted on the chart for hearts of palm relates to the canned product; it is not present in the fresh product.
Cultivation
editHarvesting and eating heart of palm is traditional in the cultures ofSoutheast AsiaandSouthandCentral America,pre-dating the colonial era. The species used depend on the region.[7]
In Southeast Asia, the dominant source of hearts of palm are coconuts (Cocos nucifera). Other palms species used include rattans (Calamusspp.), fishtail palms (Caryotaspp.), areca palm (Areca catechu),Linospadixspp.,Arengaspp., sago palms (Metroxylon sagu), and buri palms (Coryphaspp.), among others.[7]
In Central and South America, the dominant species used are juçara palms (Euterpe edulis), açaí palms (Euterpe oleracea), and pejibaye palms (Bactrisspp.). Other species used include sabal palmettos (Sabalspp.), grugru palms (Acrocomia aculeata), royal palms (Roystoneaspp.),Astrocaryumspp., maripa palms (Attalea maripa), urucuri palms (Attalea phalerata), cohune palms (Attalea cohune), hesper palms (Braheaspp.), andSyagrusspp., among others.[7]In South America,Euterpe precatoria(in Peru and Bolivia),Euterpe edulis(in Brazil), andPrestoea acuminata(in Ecuador) were formerly harvested commercially on a large scale, but currently not any longer due to overharvesting.[8]A 2000 case study in the journalBiotropicaproposed thatEuterpe eduliscould be sustainably grown and harvested.[9]Today, commercially available palmito in South America is typically derived from wildEuterpe oleraceaand cultivatedBactris gasipaes.[10]
Cultivation has also spread toSouth Asia,Africa,and other parts of the world, utilizing native palms likeRavenea madagascariensis,Phoenix canariensis,Lodoicea maldivica,andBorassus aethiopum,among others.[7]Based on a 1987 article, peach palms were previously shown to have stretched out from Bolivia to Honduras as well as the Amazon River into Central America, however recent studies into their conservation have estimated that their geographical distribution actually extends into the Caribbean and other continents.[11]
As of 2008,Costa Ricawas the primary source of fresh palm hearts in the U.S.[5]Peach palms are also cultivated in Hawaii,[2]and now have limited distribution on the mainland, primarily to the restaurant trade.Florida's wildSabal palmettoor cabbage palm was once a source of hearts of palm but is now protected by conservation law.[1]
Harvesting
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When harvesting the cultivated young palm, the tree is cut down, and the bark is removed, leaving layers of white fibers around the center core. During processing, the fibers are removed, leaving the center core or heart of palm. The center core is attached to a slightly more fibrous cylindrical base with a larger diameter. The entire cylindrical center core and the attached base are edible. The center core is considered more of a delicacy because of its lower fiber content.[citation needed]Arecaceaewas brought up in a 2003 article with regard to its long-winded harvesting process. It is mentioned that this palm reaches full maturation within 8–10 years and that the complete removal of the heart requires the ruination of the entire plant.[12]While there are concerns about the negative impacts of harvesting palm hearts, further conservation efforts could be explored using the research on the outcome of adaptations to moisture within the grown environment on the life span of heart of palm seeds.[13]
See also
editReferences
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- ^abZeldes, Leah A.(2010-11-17)."Eat this! Heart of palm, an exotic taste of the tropics".Dining Chicago.Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived fromthe originalon 2018-07-18.Retrieved2011-05-18.
- ^abRose Kahele (August–September 2007)."Big Island Hearts".Hana Hou!Vol. 10, No. 4.
- ^United States Food and Drug Administration(2024)."Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels".FDA.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-03-27.Retrieved2024-03-28.
- ^National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium.The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).ISBN978-0-309-48834-1.PMID30844154.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-05-09.Retrieved2024-06-21.
- ^ab"Hearts of Palm: Nutrition. Selection. Storage".Fruits & Veggies More Matters.Retrieved2019-03-21.
- ^"Hearts of palm, canned".Self NutritionData.Archived fromthe originalon 28 December 2019.Retrieved27 August2019.
- ^abcdTabora, P.C. Jr.; Balick, M.J.; Bovi, M.L.A.; Guerra, M.P.; Williams, J.T. (1993). "Hearts of palm (Bactris,Euterpeand others) ".Underutilized Crops: Pulses and Vegetables(PDF).London: Chapman & Hall. pp. 193–218.ISBN0412466104.
- ^Galetti, Mauro; Fernandez, JosÉ Carlos (April 1998)."Palm heart harvesting in the Brazilian Atlantic forest: changes in industry structure and the illegal trade".Journal of Applied Ecology.35(2): 294–301.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00295.x.hdl:11449/33053.ISSN0021-8901.
- ^Reis, Mauricio Sedrez dos; Fantini, Alfredo Celso; Nodari, Rubens Onofre; Reis, Ademir; Guerra, Miguel Pedro; Mantovani, Adelar (2000)."Management and Conservation of Natural Populations in Atlantic Rain Forest: The Case Study of Palm Heart (Euterpe edulis Martius)".Biotropica.32(4b): 894–902.ISSN0006-3606.
- ^Brokamp, Grischa (2015).Relevance and Sustainability of Wild Plant Collection in NW South America: Insights from the Plant Families Arecaceae and Krameriaceae.Wiesbaden: Springer Spektrum.doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08696-1.ISBN978-3-658-08695-4.
- ^Clement, Charles R.; UrpÍ, Jorge E. Mora (April 1987)."Pejibaye palm (Bactris gasipaes, Arecaceae): Multi-use potential for the lowland humid tropics".Economic Botany.41(2): 302–311.doi:10.1007/bf02858977.ISSN0013-0001.
- ^Gaiotto, F. A. (2003-09-01)."Genetic Structure, Mating System, and Long-Distance Gene Flow in Heart of Palm (Euterpe edulis Mart.)".Journal of Heredity.94(5): 399–406.doi:10.1093/jhered/esg087.eISSN1465-7333.ISSN0022-1503.
- ^De Almeida, T.M.H.; Andrade, A.C.S.; Lopes, H.M. (2009-07-01)."Brazilian cacti seed germination under different temperature and substrate conditions".Seed Science and Technology.37(2): 474–479.doi:10.15258/sst.2009.37.2.21.ISSN0251-0952.