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Jewish Englishis a cover term for varieties of theEnglish languagespoken byJews.They may include significant amounts ofvocabularyandsyntaxtaken fromYiddish,and bothclassicalandmodern Hebrew.These varieties can be classified into several types:Yeshivish,Yinglish,andHeblish,as well as more flexible mixtures of English and otherJewish languages,which may contain features and other elements from languages other than Yiddish and Hebrew.
The classification "Jewish English" eliminates the need for concern with identifying the specific origin of the non-English components of any such variant. This offsets, for example, misperceptions that can result from failure to note the Hebrew origin of a word that may have become widely known inAnglophonecontexts via Yiddish, and may be, therefore, simply regarded as Yiddish. (This problem is illustrated in thelist of English words of Yiddish origin.)[citation needed]
Variants
editSeveral terms for hybrid Jewish English are being used or have been suggested, such asEnglibrewandYeshivish(hybrid English used inyeshivas,Jewish religious schools).[1]
A set of terms refer to hybrids or mixtures of English and Yiddish rather than with Hebrew, and code-switching may be for representation of religious or cultural affiliation in speech, rather than language transfer reasons.[2]In the US these include: Yinglish, Yidgin English, Yidlish, Yiddiglish, Ameridish, Anglish, Heblish, Engdish, Engliddish, Engbrew, Englibrew, Jewish English, Jewish Dialect, Frumspeak, Yeshivish, Hebonics, Judeo-English.[2]
Hebrish
editHeblishorHebrish,less frequentlyHebglishorEngbrew,[3]all blends of the words "Hebrew"and"English",refer to any combination of the two languages, or tocode-switchingbetween the languages.
The termHeblishwas recorded earliest in 1979, withHebrish(1989) andHebglish(1993) appearing later. Other less common terms areHinglish(recorded from 1982) andHenglish(1983).[4]After that the public came back to using the term "Hebrish".
See also
edit- Hebraization of English(or Hebraicization), the use of the Hebrew Alpha bet to write English
- Yiddish words used in English
- List of English words of Yiddish origin
References
edit- ^Lambert, James (2018)."A multitude of" lishes ": The nomenclature of hybridity".English World-Wide.39(1): 8, 13.doi:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam(inactive November 1, 2024).RetrievedMay 9,2021.
{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^abBernstein, Cynthia (2006) [2002]. Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben (eds.).More than just yada, yada, yada (Jewish English).Walden:Blackwell.p. 251.ISBN9781405121095.
Yinglish, Yidgin English, Yidlish, Yiddiglish, Ameridish, Anglish, Heblish, Engdish, Engliddish, Engbrew, Englibrew, Jewish English, Jewish Dialect, Frumspeak, Yeshivish, Hebonics: all of these terms have been used to name a variety of English spoken by Jews in the United States.... those who identify closely with religious and cultural aspects of Jewish life often represent their affiliation in speech.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^Grishaver, Joel Lurie (1993).40 things you can do to save the Jewish people.Alef Design Group. p. 148.ISBN9781881283041.RetrievedMay 9,2021.
Joel's Nineteenth Law: Said in the name of Rabbi Yosi Gordon: Be an advocate ofHebglish(or if you prefer,Engbrew), the new "Yiddish" which is emerging around English rather than German. Use as many real Hebrew nouns in your English conversation as possible. / So let's talk about our version of "Eskimo Snow." While we know that all "Jewish" (Hebrew) words are good because they enhance identity and transmit culture, building atikkun olamvocabulary is a triple whammy. / a. It does all the "cultural uniqueness" stuff. Having a Jewish language makes a difference.....
- ^Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity.English World-Wide,39(1): 25.doi:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
Further reading
edit- Gold, David L. 1986. "An Introduction to Jewish English." Jewish Language Review. Vol. 6. pp. 94–120 [additions and corrections in vol. 7, 1987, p. 622, and Jewish Linguistic Studies, vol. 2, 1990, pp. 525–527].
- Gold, David L. 1985. "Names for Jewish English and Some of Its Varieties." American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage. Vol. 60. No. 2. Summer. pp. 185–187.
External links
edit- Jewish Languages - Jewish English
- Jewish Language Research WebsiteArchivedMarch 8, 2008, at theWayback Machine
- Museum of the Jewish People
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